Nanoparticles and their medical applications

Topic:
Nanoparticles and their medical
applications
Mudasir malik
University of agriculture faisalabad

Contents:
• INTRODUCTION
• PROPERTIES OF NANO PARTICLES
• SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES
• APPLIACTIONS OF NANOMATERIALS
• NANOPARTICLES IN HEALTH AN MEDICINE
• DRUG DELIVERY
• CANCER TREATMENT
• APPLICATIONS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY
• SURGERY
• VISUALISATION
• ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
• CONCLUSION

Nano technology an introduction:
Nanoscience: is the study of phenomenon of controlling
materials at Nano scales, where properties differ significantly
from those at a larger scale.
What is Nano chemistry?:
Nano chemistry is related with the production and the reactions
of nanoparticles, nanostructures and their compounds.
The cumulative work is called nanotechnology.

Conti…
Nano-particles :are particles between 1 and 100
nanometers in size. In nanotechnology, a particle is
defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit
with respect to its transport and properties.
Nano technology is already making today’s products:
• Lighter
• Stronger
• Faster
• Smaller
• More Durable

Classification of Nano Materials:
Nano particles
(diameter)
Ultrafine particles are the
same as nanoparticles and
between 1 and 100
nanometers in size
fine particles are sized
between 100 and 2,500
nanometers, and
coarse particles cover
a range between 2,500 and
10,000 nanometers.

PROPERTIES OF NANO PARTICLES:
Bulk materials have constant physical properties
regardless of its size, among nanoparticles the size
often dictates the physical and chemical properties.
Thus, the properties of materials change as their size
approaches the nanoscale.
• More surface area
• Colour
• Conductivity
• Tensile strength
• Optical properties

Synthesis of Nano-particles:
There are several methods for creating nanoparticles, including
• Attrition
• Pyrolysis
• Hydrothermal synthesis
• Radiolysis

Medical Applications
Of Nanoparticles:

Pharmaceutical Nano systems:
Carbon Nano tubes:
• These are small macromolecules that are
unique for their size, shape, and have unique
physical properties. Nano tubes have some
special advantages over other drug delivery
and diagnostic systems due to their unique
physical properties.
Metallic Nano particles:
• Metallic Nano particles have used in drug
delivery, especially in treatment of cancer and
also in biosensors. Amongst various metals,
silver and gold Nano particles are of prime
importance for biomedical use.

Liposomes:
• Liposome: These have been
extensively explored and most
developed Nano carriers for novel and
targeted drug delivery due to their
small size, these are 50-200 nm in
size.
• When dry phospholipids are hydrated,
closed vesicles are formed. Liposomes
are biocompatible, versatile and have
good entrapment efficiency. It finds
application as long circulatory and in
passive and active delivery of gene,
protein and peptide.

Dendrimers:
Dendrimers are a type of nanostructure that can be
precisely designed and manufactured for a wide variety
of applications, including treatment of cancer and other
diseases.
Dendrimers carrying different materials on their
branches can do several things at one time, such as
drug delivery
recognizing diseased cells,
diagnosing disease states (including cell death)

Drug delivery:
Drug delivery refers to approaches, formulations,
technologies, and systems for transporting a
pharmaceutical compound in the body as needed
to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effect.
Nano technology based drug delivery is based
upon three facts:
• efficient encapsulation of the drugs,
• successful delivery of said drugs to the targeted region
of the body,
• successful release of that drug there.
• Examples of drug delivery systems are Au Nano
particles, liposomes, dendrimers, Nano tubes etc.

Operative Dentistry:
• Nano fillers constitute spherical silicon dioxide
(SiO2) particles with an average size of 5-40 nm.
The real innovation about Nano fillers is the
possibility of improving the load of inorganic
phase.
• The nanofiller used is aluminosilicate powder
with1:4 M ratio of alumina to silica and a
refractive index of 1.508. These Nano
composites have superior hardness and also
have excellent handling properties

Application In Ophthalmology:
• Some applications of nanotechnology to ophthalmology
are include treatment of oxidative stress; measurement
of intraocular pressure; use of Nano particles for
treatment of choroidal new vessels, to prevent scars after
glaucoma surgery, and for treatment of retinal
degenerative disease using gene therapy.
• A novel Nano scale dispersed eye ointment (NDEO) for
the treatment of severe evaporative dry eye has been
successfully developed. The excipients used as
semisolid lipids were petrolatum and lanolin, as used in
conventional eye ointment, which were coupled with
medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) as a liquid lipid; both
phases were then dispersed in polyvinyl pyrrolidone
solution to form Nano dispersion.

Cancer:
• Cancer is an uncontrolled division/proliferation of
cells.
• The 10 to 100 nm small size of nanoparticles, allows
them to preferentially accumulate at tumor sites.

Nano wires are used to prepare sensor test chips,
which can detect proteins and other biomarkers left
behind by cancer cells.
Nano shells of 120 nm diameter, coated with gold
were used to kill cancer tumors in mice.
Cadmium selenide Nano particles in the form of
quantum dots are used in detection of cancer tumors
because when exposed to ultraviolet light, they glow.

• Nano particles are used in cancer photodynamic therapy,
wherein the Au particle is inserted within the tumor in the body
and is illuminated with light from the outside. The particle
absorbs light and if it is of metal, it will get heated due to
energy from the light. High energy oxygen molecules are
produced due to light which chemically react with and destroy
tumors cell, without reacting with other body cells.
Photodynamic therapy has gained importance as a
noninvasive technique for dealing with tumors.
• This technique also allows healthy tissue to be spared,
because the gold Nano spheres can be created to select only
cancer cells or other abnormal cells. This specific selection
allows for healthy tissue to be spared.

Antibiotic Resistance:
• Zinc Oxide Nano particles can decrease the antibiotic
resistance and enhance the antibacterial activity of
Ciprofloxacin against microorganism, by interfering with various
proteins that are interacting in the antibiotic resistance.
• Immune response: the Nano device Bucky balls have been
used to alter the allergy/ immune response. They prevent mast
cells from releasing histamine into the blood and tissues, as
these binds to free radicals better than any anti-oxidant
available, such as vitamin E.

Surgery:
• Nano particles can be used as flesh welders.
• In this technique, green liquid containing gold coated Nano
shells is allowed to dribble along the seam and two sides are
weld together using laser.
• This method can be used for arteries which have been cut
during organ transplant.
• Moreover, Nano robots are also used in the surgical
procedures.

Visualization:
• Drug distribution and its metabolism can be determined by
tracking movement.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging, known as MRI, is a widely-used
technique to noninvasively see into the human body. It requires
contrasting agents to assist the technique. Uniform and
extremely small-sized iron oxide nanoparticles are successful
as contrast agents for MRI.

Conti...
• In addition to creating a clearer image because of the
nanoparticle’s size, another reason that they are used as a
contrast agent is because these particles also have a long half-
life.
• Iron oxide nanoparticles have been found to have a greater
half-life than traditional gadolinium based contrast agents.
• The longer half-life allows for MRI to be used to track blood
pooling in a patient.

Conclusion:
• Nano materials have increased surface area.
• Nanotechnology is a rapid expanding area of research where novel
properties of materials manufactured on the nanoscale can be utilized
for the benefit of construction infrastructure.
• A core piece of this technology is the production of nanomaterials for
electronic, chemical, medical, pharmaceutical, and environmental
applications.
• Many of these NPs do not appear to pose much risk either to the
physical environment or to human health.

Nanoparticles and their medical applications

Nanoparticles and their medical applications

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