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Nanotechnology
- 1. Mrs. Vijaylakshmi S.Jiagjinni Assit.Prof. Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engg. Basaveshwar Engg. College, Bagalkot E-mail: [email protected] M.No: 9880500028
- 2. CONTENTS Introduction What is “Nanotechnology”? WhyNanotechnology? Nanoscale What makes the Nanoscale special? Nanotechnology History Need of Nanotechnology in Electronics Nanotechnology in Electronics Common Applications of Nanotechnology in electronics
- 3. INTRODUCTION What is “Nano”? Nanoin Greek means ‘dwarf’…..but in actual Nano is even smaller than dwarf i.e atomic level of anything.
- 4. WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY? Makingthings small in scale by modifying materials at their atomic and molecular level by which some very unusual and useful properties are generated. Building very small structures in nanometer scale (nm)
- 5. WHY NANOTECHNOLOGY? • Useatomic properties of materials • Less is more in medicine • Increase power of computer chips • Sensors responding to lower concentrations • Stain-resistant clothing • Bathroom coating: self-cleaning !!! New applications being implemented almost daily (www.smalltimes.com) Integrate biology, chemistry, eng…
- 6. What is Nanoscale? 1.27 × 10 m7 0.22 m 0.7 × 10-9 m Fullerenes C60 12,756 Km 22 cm 0.7 nm 10 millions times smaller 1 billion times smaller 4 Nanometre is one billionth of meter
- 7. What makes theNanoscale special? High density of structures is possible with small size. Physical and chemical properties can be different at the nano-scale (e.g. electronic, optical, mechanical, thermal, chemical). The physical behavior of material can be different in the nano-regime because of the different physical properties scale with dimension (e.g. area vs. volume).
- 8. It’s hard toimagine just how small nanotechnology is. One nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10¯⁹ of a meter.
- 9. Ordinary objects areabsolutely huge measured on what scientists call the nanoscale: •Atom: ~0.1 nanometers. •Atoms in a molecule: ~0.15 nanometers apart. •DNA double-helix: ~2 nanometers in diameter. •Typical protein: ~10 nanometers long. •Computer transistor (switch): ~100-200 nanometers wide. •Typical bacteria: ~200 nanometers long. •Human hair: 50,000–100,000 nanometers in diameter. •One piece of paper: ~100,000 nanometers thick. •Girl 1.2 m (4ft) tall: ~1200 million nanometers tall. •Man 2m (6.5 ft) tall ~ 2000 million nanometers tall. •Empire State Building: 381m (1250 ft) tall: ~381,000 million nanometers tall.
- 10. NANOTECHNOLOGY • Nanotechnology isthe manipulatingstudy of matter on an atomic scale. • Nanotechnology refers to the constructing and theengineering of functional systems at very micro level or we can say at atomic level. • A Nanometer is one billionth of a meter, roughly the width of three or four atoms.
- 11. The lateNobel Prize winning scientst Richard P. Feynman established the potential of nanosize devices in 1959. Proposed using machine tools to make smaller machine tools, which, in turn, would be used to make still smaller machine tools, and so on all the way down to the molecular level. He suggested that such nanomachines, nanorobots and nanodevices ultimately could be used to develop a wide range of atomically precise microscopic instrumentation and manufacturing tools.
- 12. Feynman arguedthat these tools could be applied to produce vast quantities of ultrasmall computers and various microscale and nanoscale robots. He concluded that this is “a development which I think cannot be avoided.” The vision of nanotechnology was born.
- 13. History of nanotechnology In1959 Richrad Feynman presented ideas for creating Nano scale machines Norio Taniguchi introduced the term ‘nanotechnology’ 1980s, development in this field was greatly enhanced with advances in electron microscopy
- 14. Need of Nanotechnologyin Electronics Today microelectronics are used and they solve our most of the problems. The two exceptional disadvantages of micro electronics are: Physical size Increasing cost of fabrication of integrated circuits. To overcome these disadvantages nanotechnology can be used.
- 15. Nanotechnology in Electronics Nanoelectronicsrefer to the use of nanotechnology on electronic components, especially transistors. Nanoelectronics often refer to transistor devices that are so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively. Besides being small and allowing more transistors to be packed into a single chip, the uniform and symmetrical structure of nanotubes allows a higher electron mobility, a higher dielectric constant (faster frequency), and a symmetrical electron/ hole characteristic.
- 16. Increasing the densityof memory chips Decreasing the weight and thickness of the screens Nanolithography is used for fabrication of chips. Reducing the size of transistors used in integrated circuits. Improving display screens on electronics devices. Reducing power consumption. Advantages of Using Nanotechnology in Electronics
- 18. What is aCarbon Nanotube? A Carbon Nanotube is a tube-shaped material, made of carbon, having a diameter measuring on the nanometre scale. Carbon Nanotubes are formed from essentially the graphite sheet and the graphite layer appears somewhat like a rolled-up continuous unbroken hexagonal mesh and carbon molecules at the apexes of the hexagons. Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family.
- 19. Graphene transistor • Grapheneis a single sheet of carbon atoms packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice, isolated from graphite. • Allows electrons to move at an extraordinarily high speed. • With its intrinsic nature of being one-atom-thick, can be exploited to fabricate field-effect transistors that are faster and smaller.
- 20. Single Electron Transistor •A single electron transistor needs only one electron to change from the insulating to the conducting state. • Deliver very high device density and power efficiency with remarkable operational speed. • Quantum dots with sub- dimensions of 100nm can be fabricated.
- 21. Carbon-based nanosensors Graphene andcarbon nanotubes have: Excellent thermal conductivity High mechanical robustness Very large surface to volume ratio making them superior materials for fabrication of electromechanical and electrochemical sensors with higher sensitivities, lower limits of detection, and faster response time. Any additional gold atom that adsorbs on the surface of a vibrating carbon nanotube would change its resonance frequency which is further detected.
- 23. Computer processing Moore’s Law describesa trend of technology. States That: 'The number of transistors that can be put on a single chip will double every two Years".
- 24. Because of nanotechnology, the speedof computers has increased while the price of computing has decreased.
- 25. Memory and storage 2GB in 1980s $80,000 2 GB in 1990s $200 2 GB in 2010 $5
- 26. Current research shows thatby using nanotechnology, 1 000 GB of memory can fit on the head of this pin. 1000 GB is 1 Terabyte.
- 27. Displays Carbon nanotubes ona glass or plastic sheet allow manufacturers to make clear conductive panels for displays that are extremely thin.
- 29. FUTURE SCOPE IN NANOTECHNOLOGY Nanotechnologyfor flexible Electronics Nanotechnology for wireless devices Nanotechnology for molecular devices
- 30. NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS Stretchableelectronics or flexible electronics is likely to be the future of mobile electronics. Potential applications include wearable electronic devices, biomedical uses, compact portable devices, and robotic devices. In the future, it is likely that graphene will become a dominant material in flexible electronics. Graphene is nothing but an allotrope of carbon that has superb electrical conductivity, flexibility, and physical strength.
- 31. NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR MOLECULAR DEVICES Reducingsize of electronics is the need of era and this can be achieved with the help of molecules that can be used in active devices. These molecules behave as diodes or programmable switches that make connections between wires and consume less current. Thousands of molecules can be sandwiched between two crossing micro-scale wires to create an active devices. Since molecular devices fit between the wires, large area savings
- 32. MOTOROLA and theStylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Motorola, Inc. 2003. Electronic Device Companies 1TB/sq. in. densityIBM (millipede), Seagate, HP, etc. Data Storage Size, performance and mobility; Pervasive computing HP, IBM, Hitachi, Fujitsu, Intel, etc. Nano Computer Enabler for low power processing and memory IBM, Intel, AMD, TI, Motorola, etc. Transistor (Silicon and Organic) Brighter, lower power, inexpensive displays Motorola, Samsung, NEC, Matsushita, etc. Displays Universal flash memory; higher density Nantero, HP, IBM, etc.Nano Memory BenefitCompanyDevices A Partial List
- 33. Nano materials Nano powders- building blocks of nano materials (particles less than 100 nm in size) Porous metallic ‘nanocubes’ store large amounts of H2 Nanoparticles of gold for new catalysts The scale of nanopowders www.cordis.lu/nanotechnology
- 34. Carbon nanotubes (sensors, fuel cells, computers andtelevisions) Nano membrane filtration systems (safe, clean,
- 35. Molecular electronic ‘cross barlatches’ (tiny Nano devices) Quantum dots and artificial atoms (small devices that contain a tiny
- 36. Nanotechnology applications Medicine Ex. Nanobiotechnology Energy ex. Renewable energy Electronics and information technologies
- 37. Chemistry and Environment Consumer goods Militaryand security applications
- 38. Nanotechnology in Agriculture Plant production Ex:Delivery of DNA to plants Animal Production Ex: Nano tube sensors to detect hormone level changes Animal or Plant Health Ex: Detect pathogens
- 39. Agrochemical Ex: Nanoparticles in pesticides Infood industry Convergence Nano-Geo-(Bio)- Info technology Sensing Ex: Detect chemicals or food borne pathogen Safety Packaging Ex: Prevent or respond to spoilage
- 40. Future Predictions of Nanotechnology •Earringsthat become your cell phone by allowing listening amplification and location-focused microphones to interface with voice-activated technology. •Chips in your jacket, shirt, blouse, or pants that can be downloaded with your ID, allowing fast access to secure items. •Holographic lenses in eyeglasses that work like bifocals. While one hemisphere of the lens is unaffected, the other is connected to networks of information, providing the ultimate in virtual reality for users.
- 41. Research Challenges Nano technologybrings on new challenges •Existing tools for investigations at the atomic level are expensive to acquire and maintain •New research tools need to be developed to explore the nano real time applications •Specialized facilities are required to maintain the cleanliness need for nano technology •A new infrastructure might be required for the equipment yet-to-be-developed
- 42. Education Challenges Nano technologyrequires education and training in multiple fields for successful collaboration •Combinations of chemistry, physics, engineering, biology, computer science, and many related disciplines are needed to fully understand the development of nano technology •The development of the nano technology industry will require well educated technicians •Scientific education needs to begin early in the learning process
- 43. CONCLUSION As aconclusion to this topic I would like to say that Nanotechnology is a brand new technology that has just began, it is a revolutionary science that will change all what we knew before. The future that we were watching just in science fiction movies will in the near future be real. This new technology will first of all, keep us healthy because of Nano robots that will repair every damage that we have in our body. Nanotechnology will give us an abundant energy because it will transform energy more effectively. Nanotechnology covers a lot of domains today and will cover a lot more in the near future, it is infinitely big and will make a lot of inventions come true like teleportation for example which scientists are working on today.
- 44. "The next bigthing is really small”