Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating
matter on an atomic and molecular scale.
Generally ,nanotechnology deals with developing
materials ,devices, or other structures with at least
one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers.

 One nanometer
(nm) is one out of
billionth of a meter
(10-9m)

Nano scale is larger
than “Atomic scale”
and smaller than
“Micro scale”.

1959
“Richard Feynman” said "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom"
at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech describing
molecular machines building with atomic precision. It is often
held to have provided inspiration for the field of nanotechnology.

1974
The Japanese scientist “Norio Taniguchi “of the Tokyo University
of Science was the first to use the term "nano-technology" in a
Richard Feynman
conference .

early 1980’s
Nanotechnology and Nano-science got a boost with development
of Cluster science and the invention of the Scanning Tunneling
Microscope (STM). The scanning tunneling microscope, an
instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.
Norio Taniguchi

1985
The discovery of fullerenes.

1989
IBM researcher “Don Eigler” was the first to manipulate atoms using a scanning
tunneling microscope . He used 35 Xenon atoms to spell out the IBM logo

1991
Discovery of carbon nanotubes by a japanese scientist, Sumio Lijima.

2009
An improved walking DNA nanorobot invented.

Designing of a small protein that performed the function of natural goblin
proteins

2011
First programmable nanowire circuits for nanoprocessors invented.

1. Energy storage, production and conversion
2. Agricultural productivity enhancement
3. Water treatment and remediation
4. Disease diagnosis and screening
5. Drug delivery systems
6. Food processing and storage
7. Air pollution and remediation
8. Construction
9. Health
10 Monitoring
11. Vector and pest detection and control.

A fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow
sphere, ellipsoid or tubicle. Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and
they resemble the balls used in soccer. Cylindrical ones are called carbon
nanotubes or buckytubes. Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is
composed of stacked graphene sheets of linked hexagonal rings; but they may also
contain pentagonal (or sometimes heptagonal) rings.

The discovery of fullerenes greatly
expanded the number of known carbon
allotropes, Buckyballs and buckytubes
have been the subject of intense
research, both for their unique
chemistry and for their technological
applications, especially in
nanotechnology.

Buckminsterfullerene C60 (left) and carbon nanotubes (right) are two examples of
structures in the fullerene family.

Nanotechnology can be divided into three
segments.
 Tools
 Materials
 Devices

Nanotechnologic tools include
microscopy techniques and equipments
that permit visualization and
manipulation of items at the nano scale;
such as cells, bacteria, viruses and to
detect single molecules to understand AFM
the nature of science. The range of tools
includes the Atomic Force Microscope
(AFM), Scanning Tunneling
Microscope (STM), molecular
modeling software and various
production technologies.

STM

Nanomaterials can be grouped into three main
areas:

o Raw nanomaterials
o Nanostructured materials
o Nanotubes

There are two classes of miniature devices that are
commonly associated with nanotechnology:-

o Nano devices
o Mirco devices

There are two approaches for synthesis of nano
materials and the fabrication of nano structures:
These are known as the “top-down approach” and the
“bottom-up approach”.

Top down approach refers to slicing or
cutting of a bulk material to get nano sized
material. This is similar to making a stone
statue. You take a bulk piece of material and
modify it by carving or cutting stone, until you
have made the shape you want.
The process involves material wastage and
is limited by the resolution of the tools you can
use, Cause significant crystallographic damage
to the processed patterns.

Examples of this kind of approach
include the various types of lithographic
techniques

Bottom up approach refers to the build up of a material from
the bottom: atom by atom; molecule by molecule or cluster by
cluster. This is equal to the same approach one would take to
build a house: one takes lots of building blocks and puts them
together to produce the final bigger structure.
There is less wastage with this technique, and strong
covalent bonds will hold the constituent parts together.
A good example of this kind of approach is found in
nature; all cells use enzymes to produce DNA by taking the
component molecules and binding them together to make
the final structure.

These have greater mechanical strength per unit volume than that of
conventional materials. Electronic properties of CNTs have made them
used in flat panel displays in Tv’s and monitors, batteries, and other
electronic devices.

Different nanoscale materials can be used in thin films to make
them water-repellent, anti-reflective, self-cleaning, ultraviolet or
infrared-resistant, anti-fog, anti-microbial, scratch-resistant, or
electrically -conductive. Nanofilms are used now on
eyeglasses, computer displays, and cameras to protect or treat the
surfaces.

Transistors are electronic
switching devices where a small
amount of electricity is used like a gate
to control the flow of larger amounts of
electricity. In computers, the more
transistors, the greater the power.
Transistor sizes have been
decreasing, so computers have become
more powerful. Until recently, the
industry's best commercial technology
produced computer chips with
transistors having 65nm features.
Recent announcements indicate that
45nm feature technology soon will be
here.

A nanowire is a nanostructure, with the
diameter of a nanometer (10-9 meters).
Alternatively, nanowires can be defined as structures
that have a thickness or diameter restricted to tens
of nanometers or less.
Many different types of nanowires
exist, including metallic
(e.g., Ni, Pt, Au), semiconducting
(e.g., Si, InP, GaN, etc.), and insulating
(e.g., SiO2, TiO2). Molecular nanowires are
composed of repeating molecular units either
organic (e.g. DNA) or inorganic.
The nanowires could be used, in the near
future, to link tiny components into extremely small
circuits. Using nanotechnology, such components
could be created out of chemical compounds.

Silica nanowire

Nanolithography is the art and science of
etching, writing, or printing at the
microscopic level, where the dimensions of
characters are on the order of nanometers
(units of 10-9 , or millionths of a millimeter).
This includes various methods of modifying
semiconductor chips at the atomic level for
the purpose of fabricating integrated circuits
( IC s).
Instruments used in nanolithography
include the Scanning Probe Microscope
(SPM) and the Atomic Force Microscope
(AFM). Either the SPM or the AFM can be
used to etch, write, or print on a surface in
‘single-atom’ dimensions.

Nanocomputer is the logical name
for a computer which is smaller than the
microcomputer, This is based on nano
technology and in fact one of its major
applications. More technically, it is a
computer whose fundamental parts are
Intel’s 32nm Nehalem chip architecture
no bigger than a few nanometers. For which incorporates about 1.9 billion
comparison, the smallest part of current transistors in a single chip

state-of-the-art microprocessors
measures 28 nm as of 2012. Nano
components are very efficient and
therefore these nanocomputers will be
at high speed and have high degree of
efficiency.

People show their emotions in many ways, and some of which a computer
can be programmed to detect. By employing nanotechnology, and using a camera and
image analysis software, some computers are able to observe a user’s body language
and, with proper programming can accurately interpret a person’s
posture, restlessness and various facial expressions. Nanotechnology provides
onboard sensors which can monitor heartbeats, breathing rates, fluctuations in blood
pressure, and other body changes such as skin temperature and voice.
Human skin has the capability of transmitting electric signals. That can be
utilized as a method of transmission. Nanotechnology researchers have already been
able to develop computers that are designed with nano sensors that have the ability
to actually ‘see’ and ‘hear’ the people.
Computer programmers are also attempting to employ nanotechnology into
programs that they expect to be able to accurately determine a person’s emotions.

Another wonderful invention of nanotechnology
are nanosensors.These are biological ,chemical or
surgical sensory edges or points which are used to
detect and transfer nano particle information to the
other devices of microscopic/macroscopic world.
Their basic purpose is to devleop nano products such A prototype of the diabetes sensor
compared with a coin.It detects
as silicon computer chips and nano robots Acetone in the Breath of Diabetes.
fabrications.

Nanosensors works with their special sensory
ability which can detect information and data. Their
arrangement is like ordinary sensors but nano
sensors are developed at nanoscale which makes
them different from ordinary ones.

Nanorobots are robots that are programmable whose
components are at or close to the scale of a nanometer
Basic nanomachines are already in use. Nanobots will
be the next generation of nanomachines. Advanced
nanrobots will be able to sense and adapt to
environmental stimuli such as heat, light, sounds, surface
textures, and chemicals; perform complex calculations;
move, communicate, and work together; conduct
molecular assembly; and to some extent, repair or even
replicate themselves.
These can be used for medicinal purposes as well as
technical purposes.

Dendrimers are a type of nanorobots that can be precisely
programmed and used for a wide variety of applications, including
treatment of cancer and other diseases. Dendrimers carrying different
materials on their branches and can do several things at once, such as
recognizing diseased cells, diagnosing disease states (including cell
death), drug delivery, reporting location, and reporting outcomes of
therapy.

The benefits that nanotechnology promises include:

Less material consumption.
More efficient energy generation methods.
Greater computing power.
High speed performances.
New health treatments.

o Nanoscopic devices or material manufacturing processes leave
behind nanoparticles which can infiltrate in the cells of humans, animals
and all living organisms that may be unprepared for the influx of
artificial particles.

o Nanoscopic particles, when inhaled, could make their way into the
brain via the olfactory tract. This raises some concerns about the possible
health risks connected to the recent developments in nanoscience and
nanotechnology.

o Society is carefully considering the impacts of new technologies
can have, and trying to ensure that any risk to be minimized and
managed, while maximizing the benefits.

o There is already some researches going on to find any potential
risks, and the impact of various particles on organisms and the
environment is being examined. Networks of scientists have also been
established to discuss and evaluate these results (such as the EU
Nanosafe Network).

http://www.crnano.org - Center for Responsible Nanotechnology CRN

http://www.bookboon.com – Nanotechnology by Jeromy Ramsdon

http://www.sciencedaily.com

http://www.nanodeltech.com

http://www.sciencecentral.com

http://www.nanotechnology.uk

http://www.howstuffworks.com

Nanotechnology

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