NANOTECHNOLOGY

ADVANCEMENT OF
NANOSCIENCE AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY

NANO & TECHNOLOGY
• A Nanometre is a unit of length in the metric system
, equal to one billionth of a metre (109).
• Technology is the making ,usage and knowledge of
tools ,machines and technique in order to solve a
problem a specific function.

DEFINATION
• Nanotechnology –is the study of manipulating matter
on an atomic size.
• Nanotechnology refers to the constructing and
engineering of the functional systems at very micro
level or at atomic level.
• A Nanometre is one billionth of a meter , roughly the
width of three or four atoms .The average human hair
is about 25,000 nm wide.

HISTORY
• The first ever concept was presented in 1959 by the famous professor of
physics DR. Richard P . Feynman.
• He gave a lecture at an american physical society meeting at caltech titled
“there’s plenty of room at the bottom “.
• He suggested that it should be possible to make machines at a nanoscale
that “arrange the atoms the way we want” and do chemical synthesis by
mechanical manipulation.
• This lecture was the birth of the idea and study of nanotechnology.
• The term nanotechnology had been coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1979.
• Invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 & the discovery of
fullerene in 1985 lead to the emergence of nanotechnology.
• The early 2000s also saw the beginnings of commercial applications of
nanotechnology ,although these were limited to bulk application of
nanomaterial.

Tools & Technology
• There are several important
modern developments.
 The Atomic force
microscope (AFM).
 the scanning tunneling
microscope (STM) are
scanning probe that
launched nanotechnology.
 The AFM was developed
overcome drawback with
STM- it can only image
conducting or
semiconducting surfaces.
The AFM imaging almost
any type of surface
including polymers
,ceramics ,composite ,glass
and biological sample.

•Various technique of nanolithography such as :
 OPTICAL LITHOGRAPHY
 It uses visible or ultraviolet light
to form pattern on the photoresist
through printing.
 Used in the exposure of
microchips .
 It is the key to the age of micro-
and nanoelectronics.
 Electron beam lithography
 It uses beam of electron to form
the circuit patterns needed for
material deposition (or removal)
from water surfaces.
 X-RAY LITHOGRAPHY
 It uses x-rays to transfer a
geometric pattern from a mask to
a light sensitive chemical
phtoresist .
 DIP PEN
NANOLITHOGRAPHY
 It is a scanning probe
lithography technique where
an atomic force microscope
(AFM) tip is used to create
patterns directly on a range of
substances with a variety of inks.

Carbon Nanotube
• Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a
cyclindrical nanostructure.
• They have length-to-diameter ratio of upto
132,000,000:1.
• Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural
family .their name is derived from their long, hollow
structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick
sheets of carbon called graphene.
• PROPERTIES
• Highest strength to weight ratio, helps in creating light
weight spacecrafts .
• Easily penetrate membranes such as cell walls. Helps
in cancer treatment .
• Electrical resistance changes significantly when other
molecules attach themselves to the carbon atoms.
Helps in developing sensors that can detect chemical
vapours.

Carbon Nanotube
Application
• Easton-bell sports, inc. using CNT in
making bicycle component.
• Zyvex Technologies using CNT for
manufacturing of light weight boats.
• Replacing transistors from the silicon
chips as they are small and emit less heat.
• In electric cables and wires.
• In solar cells .
• In fabrics.

Nanorods (quantum dots)
• Nanorods are one morphology of nanoscale
objects.
• dimensions range from 1-100 nm.
• They may be synthesised from metals or
semiconducting materials.
• A combination of ligands act as shape control
agents and bond to different facets of the
nanopod with different strengths . This allows
different faces of the nanorod to grow at
different rates ,prpducing an elongated object.
 USES:
• In display technologies because the reflectivity
of the rods can ne changed by changing their
orientation with an applied electric field .
• In microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
• In cancer therapreutics.

Nanobots
• Close to the scale of 10-9.
• Largely in R&D phase.
• Nanobots of 1.5 nanometers across ,capable of
counting specific molecules in a chemical sample.
• Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size ,it
would probably be necessary for very large
numbers of them to work together to perform
microscopic and macroscopic tasks .
• Capable of replication using environmental
resources.
• Application:
• Detection of toxic component in environment.
• In drug delivery.
• Biomedical instruction.

Approaches in nanotechnology
1. Bottom up :
• Assembling nano material atom –
by-atom or molecule –by-molecule
(self assembling)’
• This approach is much cheaper.
• Things become much larger.
• Example of molecular self assembly
are Watson crick base pairing ,
nano-lithography .

2. Top down
• Nanomaterials are
synthesised by breaking
down of bulk solids into
nanosizes .
• Solid state technique can be
used to create devices
known as
nanoelectromechanical
systems which are related to
microelectromechanical
system .
• This is dominating process
in semiconductor
manufacturing.

Material used
 Zinc oxide :
• Dirt repellent , hydrophobic , cosmetics &stain resistant.
 Silver ion:
• Healing property
 Aluminum silicate :
• Scratch resistance
 Gold ion :
• Chip fabrication , drug delivery.

Nanotechnology in Drugs ( cancer )
• Provide new options for drug delivery and drug
therapies.
• Enable drug to be delivered to precisely the
right location in the body and release drug
doses on a predetermined schedule for optical
treatment .
• Atttach a drug to a nanosized carrier.
• They become localized at the disease site , i.e
cancer tumour.
• Then they release medicine that kills the
tumour.
• Current treatment is through radiotherpy or
chemotherapy.
• Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries.

Nanotechnology in Fabrics
• The properties of familiar materials are
being changed by manufacturers who are
adding nanosized components to
conventional materials to improve
performance.
• For example ,some clothing manufacturers
are making water and stain repellent
clothing using nano-sized whiskers in the
fabric that cause water to bead up on the
surface.
• In manufacturing bullet proof jackets.
• Making dirt resistant , antimicrobial , anti
bacterial fabrics.

Nanotechnology in Electronics
• Electrodes made from nanowires
enable flat panel displays to be flexible
as well as thinner than current flat
panel displays.
• Nanolithography is used for fabrication
of chips .
• The transistors are made of nanowires
that are assembled on glass or thin
flims of flexible plastics.
• E-paper , displays on sunglasses and
map on car windshields.

Nanotechnology in Mobile
• Morph , a nanotechnology concept device
developed by Nokia Research Centre (
NRC) and the University of Cambridge
(UK).
• It will be able to charge itself from
available light sources using photovoltaic
nanowire grass covering it’s surface.
• Nanoscale electronics also allow stretching.
Nokia envisage that a nanoscale mesh of
fibers will allow our mobile devices to be
bent , stretched and folded into any number
of conceivable shapes.

Nanotechnology in computers
• The silicon transistors in your computer
may be replaced by tansistors based on
carbon nanotubes.
• Nanorods is a upcoming technology in the
displays techniques due to less
consumption of electricity and less heat
emission.
• size of microprocessor are reduced to
greater extend.
• Reseachers at North Carolina State
University says that growing arrays of
magnetic nanoparticles called nanodots.

 Hewett Packard is developing a memory device that uses
nanowires coated with titanium dioxide .
• One group of these nanowires is deposited parallelto another
group.
• When a perpendicular nanowire is laid down over a group of
parallel wires , at each intersaction a device called memristor is
formed.
• A memristor can be used as a single – component memory cell in
an integrated circuit.
• By reducing the diameter of the nanowires , researchers believe
memristor memory can achieve higher memory density than
flash memory chips.
• Chips produced between 65nm -45nm ,later with the help of
nanotechnology 22nm chips were made.

Other uses :
• Cutting tools made of nanocrystalline materials ,such as
tungsten carbide , titanium carbide are more wear and erosion
resistant .
• Silver nanocrystals have been embedded in bandages to kill
bacteria and prevent infection.
• Nanoparticulate –based synthetic bone
• Formed by manipulating calcium and phosphate at the
molecular level.
• Aerogels lightest known solid due to good insulating
properties is used in space suits .

Possibilities for the future
• Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture
lighterstronger and programmable materials that
 Require less energy to produce that conventional material
 That promise greator fuel efficiency in land transportation
,ships ,aircraft and space vehicles.
• The future of nanotechnology could very well include the use
of nanorobotics.
• The rebuilding of the depleted ozone layer could potentially be
able to be performed.
• There would be entire nano surgical to help cure everything
from natural aging to diabetes to bone spurs.

Pitfalls of Nanotechnology
• Nanoparticle can get into the body through the skin , lungs and
digestive system , thus creating free radicals that can cause cell
damage.
• Once nanoparticles are in the bloodstream, they will be able to
cross the blood – brain barrier.
• The most dangerous Nano- application use for military
purposes is the Nano-bomb that contain engineered self
multiplying deadly viruses that can continue to wipe out a
community .
• Nanobots because of their replicating behavior can be big
threat for GRAY GOO.

Refernces
1. http: //science.howstuffworks.com/nanotechnology3.htm
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/carbom-nanotube
3. http://en.wikipedia./org/wiki/Nanotechnology
4. http://crnano.org/whatis.htm
5. http://www.wifinotes.com/nanotechnology?introduction-to-
nanotechnology.htm
6. www.nafenindia.com/final report nano ok.pd
7. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/1082857.ht
8. www.iisermohali.ac.in/-crnts/

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