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![•Light bulb filament: alternative to tungsten filaments in incandescent lamps.
•Magnets: MWNTs coated with magnetite
•Optical ignition: A layer of 29% iron enriched SWNT is placed on top of a layer of
explosive material such as PETN, and can be ignited with a regular camera flash.
•Solar cells GE's carbon nanotube diode has a photovoltaic effect. Nanotubes can
replace ITO in some solar cells to act as a transparent conductive film in solar cells
to allow light to pass to the active layers and generate photocurrent.
•Superconductor: Nanotubes have been shown to be superconducting at low
temperatures.
•Ultracapacitors: MIT is researching the use of nanotubes bound to the charge
plates of capacitors in order to dramatically increase the surface area and therefore
energy storage ability.[3]
•Displays: One use for nanotubes that has already been developed is as extremely
fine electron guns, which could be used as miniature cathode ray tubes in thin high-
brightness low-energy low-weight displays. ).
•Transistor: developed at Delft, IBM, and NEC.
Applications](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/nanotechnology-160117174518/75/Nanotechnology-13-2048.jpg)
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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology involves engineering materials at the nanoscale, around 1 to 100 nanometers. Richard Feynman is considered the father of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has applications in many fields including electronics, computing, medicine, cosmetics, foods, the military, and energy. By 2020, products with nanotechnology components could be worth $1 trillion. Materials behave differently at the nanoscale compared to larger scales due to statistical mechanics and quantum effects. Nanotechnology is approached through top-down methods like lithography or bottom-up methods like self-assembly.
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Nanotechnology
- 1. Nanotechnology • "Nano" isa Greek word. • Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers • Put another way, this is about 1/50,000th the width of a human hair. Normal office paper is about 100,000nm thick. • Nanotechnologists will typically work in the range 1-100nm. • Physicist Richard Feynman is the father of nanotechnology.
- 2. Future Scope Nanotechnology isthe engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced. •Development in nanotech will affect •Electronics •Computing •Medicine •Cosmetics •Foods •Military •Energy •all walks of life. •By 2020, $1 trillion worth of products could be nano- engineered by nanotechnology Nanotechnology With 15,342 atoms, this parallel-shaft speed reducer gear is one of the largest nanomechanical devices ever modeled in atomic detail.
- 3. •Number of physicalproperties change when compared to macroscopic systems. •A number of physical phenomena become noticeably pronounced as the size of the system decreases. •These include both statistical mechanical effects and quantum mechanical effects •This effect does not come into play by going from macro to micro dimensions. •Materials reduced to the nanoscale can suddenly show very different properties like •opaque substances become transparent (copper) •inert materials become catalysts (platinum) •stable materials turn combustible (aluminum) •solids turn into liquids at room temperature (gold) •insulators become conductors (silicon) •A material such as gold, which is chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent chemical catalyst at nanoscales. •Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the scale of a nanometres (10-9 metres). Nanotechnology
- 4. •Approaches in nanotechnology: •Top-downapproach •The top-down approach is similar to making a stone statue. •Examples of this kind of approach are •lithographic techniques (such as photo-, ion beam-, electron- or X-ray- lithography) •Cutting •Etching •grinding. •These techniques have been used to great effect to produce the miniature of electronic components, such as •computer chips, •MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) Nanotechnology Rock Statue
- 5. •Bottom-up approach •can bethought of as the same approach one would take to building a house •one takes lots of building blocks and puts them together to produce the final bigger structure •A good example of this kind of approach is found in nature; all cells use enzymes to produce DNA by taking the component molecules and binding them together to make the final structure. •Examples of this kind of approach are •Chemical synthesis •Self-assembly •Molecular fabrication are all examples of bottom-up techniques. •Examples of structures made using bottom-up techniques. •Cosmetics •Fuel additives •Experimental atomic and molecular devices Nanotechnology Brick Building
- 6. Applications • There aremany familiar products and machines that we use every day which already rely on nanotechnology
- 7. •Diagnostics • Biological testsmeasuring the presence or activity of selected substances become quicker more sensitive and more flexible when certain nanoscale particles are put to work as tags or labels. •Magnetic nanoparticles, bound to a suitable antibody, are used to label specific molecules, structures or microorganisms. •Gold nanoparticles tagged with short segments of DNA can be used for detection of genetic sequence in a sample. •Tissue Engineering •Nanotechnology can help to reproduce or to repair damaged tissue. •This so called “tissue engineering” makes use of artificially stimulated cell proliferation by using suitable nanomaterial-based scaffolds and growth factors. Applications
- 8. •Drug delivery •The overalldrug consumption and side-effects can be lowered significantly by depositing the active agent in the morbid region only and in no higher dose than needed. •This highly selective approach reduces costs and human suffering. •Some potentially important applications include cancer treatment with iron nanoparticles or gold shells. •Catalysis •Chemical catalysis benefits especially from nanoparticles, due to the extremely large surface to volume ratio. •The application potential of nanoparticles in catalysis ranges from fuel cell to catalytic converters and photocatalytic devices. •Catalysis is also important for the production of chemicals. Applications
- 9. •Filtration •Nano filtration ismainly used for the removal of ions or the separation of different fluids. •The membrane filtration technique is named ultrafiltration, which works down to between 10 and 100 nm. •One important field of application for ultra filtration is medical purposes as can be found in renal dialysis. •Semiconductor devices •An example of such novel devices is based on spintronics. •The dependence of the resistance of a material (due to the spin of the electrons) on an external field is called magnetoresistance. •This effect can be significantly amplified (GMR - Giant Magneto-Resistance) for nanosized objects. •The GMR effect has led to a strong increase in the data storage density of hard disks and made the gigabyte range possible. Applications
- 10. •Lasers •Quantum dots arenanoscaled objects, which can be used, among many other things, for the construction of lasers. •The advantage of a quantum dot laser over the traditional semiconductor laser is that their emitted wavelength depends on the diameter of the dot. •Quantum dot lasers are cheaper and offer a higher beam quality than conventional laser diodes •Foods •Nanotechnology can be applied in the production, processing, safety and packaging of food. •A nanocomposite coating process could improve food packaging by placing anti- microbial agents directly on the surface of the coated film. •Nanocomposites could increase or decrease gas permeability of different fillers as is needed for different products. •Textiles •The use of engineered nanofibers already makes clothes water- and stain-repellent or wrinkle-free. •Textiles with a nanotechnological finish can be washed less frequently and at lower temperatures. Applications
- 11. Structural •Clothes: waterproof tear-resistantcloth fibers. •Combat jackets: MIT is working on combat jackets that use carbon nanotubes as ultrastrong fibers and to monitor the condition of the wearer •. •Concrete: In concrete, they increase the tensile strength, and halt crack propagation. •Polyethylene: Researchers have found that adding them to polyethylene increases the polymer's elastic modulus by 30%. •Sports equipment: Stronger and lighter tennis rackets, bike parts, golf balls, golf clubs, golf shaft and baseball bats. •Ultrahigh-speed flywheels: The high strength/weight ratio enables very high speeds to be achieved. •Bridges: For instance in suspension bridges (where they will be able to replace steel), or bridges built as a "horizontal space elevator". Applications
- 12. Electromagnetic •Buckypaper - athin sheet made from nanotubes that are 250 times stronger than steel and 10 times lighter that could be used as a heat sink for chipboards, a backlight for LCD screens or as a faraday cage to protect electrical devices/aeroplanes. •Computer circuits: A nanotube formed by joining nanotubes of two different diameters end to end can act as a diode, suggesting the possibility of constructing electronic computer circuits entirely out of nanotubes. •Because of their good thermal properties, CNTs can also be used to dissipate heat from tiny computer chips. •The longest electricity conducting circuit is a fraction of an inch long. (Source: June 2006 National Geographic). •Conductive films: A 2005 paper in Science notes that drawing transparent high strength swathes of SWNT is a functional production technique . Carbon nanotube films are substantially more mechanically robust than ITO films, making them ideal for high reliability touch screens and flexible displays. Nanotube films show promise for use in displays for computers, cell phones, PDAs, and ATMs. Applications
- 13. •Light bulb filament:alternative to tungsten filaments in incandescent lamps. •Magnets: MWNTs coated with magnetite •Optical ignition: A layer of 29% iron enriched SWNT is placed on top of a layer of explosive material such as PETN, and can be ignited with a regular camera flash. •Solar cells GE's carbon nanotube diode has a photovoltaic effect. Nanotubes can replace ITO in some solar cells to act as a transparent conductive film in solar cells to allow light to pass to the active layers and generate photocurrent. •Superconductor: Nanotubes have been shown to be superconducting at low temperatures. •Ultracapacitors: MIT is researching the use of nanotubes bound to the charge plates of capacitors in order to dramatically increase the surface area and therefore energy storage ability.[3] •Displays: One use for nanotubes that has already been developed is as extremely fine electron guns, which could be used as miniature cathode ray tubes in thin high- brightness low-energy low-weight displays. ). •Transistor: developed at Delft, IBM, and NEC. Applications
- 14. Chemical •Air pollution filter:Future applications of nanotube membranes include filtering carbon dioxide from power plant emissions. •Biotech container: Nanotubes can be opened and filled with materials such as biological molecules, raising the possibility of applications in biotechnology. •Hydrogen storage: Research is currently being undertaken into the potential use of carbon nanotubes for hydrogen storage. They have the potential to store between 4.2 and 65% hydrogen by weight. This is an important area of research, since if they can be mass produced economically there is potential to contain the same quantity of energy as a 50l gasoline tank in 13.2l of nanotubes. •Water filter: Recently nanotube membranes have been developed for use in filtration. This technique can purportedly reduce desalination costs by 75%. The tubes are so thin that small particles (like water molecules) can pass through them, while larger particles (such as the chloride ions in salt) are blocked. Applications
- 15. • Carbon nanotubeis discovered in 1991. • It opens the new era in material science. • These molecules have amazing electronic, magnetic and mechanical properties. • They are at least 100 times stronger than steel, but only one-sixth as heavy. • Nanotubes can conduct heat and electricity far better than copper. Carbon Nanotubes
- 16. Strength •Carbon nanotubes areone of the strongest and stiffest materials known, in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively. •This strength results from the covalent bonds formed between the individual carbon atoms. •In 2000, a multi-walled carbon nanotube was tested to have a tensile strength of 63 GPa •In comparison, high-carbon steel has a tensile strength of approximately 1.2 GPa. •CNTs have very high elastic moduli, on the order of 1 TPa. •Since carbon nanotubes have a low density for a solid of 1.3-1.4 g/cm³, its specific strength of up to 48,462 kN·m/kg is the best of known materials, compared to high-carbon steel's 154 kN·m/kg. Carbon Nanotubes
- 17. •Under excessive tensilestrain, the tubes will undergo plastic deformation, which means the deformation is permanent. •This deformation begins at strains of approximately 5% and can increase the maximum strain the tube undergoes before fracture by releasing strain energy. •CNTs are not nearly as strong under compression. •Because of their hollow structure and high aspect ratio, they tend to undergo buckling when placed under compressive, torsional or bending stress Carbon Nanotubes
- 18. •Carbon nanotubes additionallycan also be used to produce nanowires of other chemicals, such as gold or zinc oxide. •These nanowires in turn can be used to cast nanotubes of other chemicals, such as gallium nitride. •These can have very different properties from CNTs – for example, gallium nitride nanotubes are hydrophilic, while CNTs are hydrophobic, giving them possible uses in organic chemistry that CNTs could not be used for. Chemical nanowires
- 19.