Nanotechnology

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
SMRUTI RANJAN PARIDA
SAC150307007
GUIDED BY: PROF. B.N. DASH

TOPICS OF THE DAY
• INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITION
• HISTORY
• TIMELINE
• TOOLS & TECHNIQUES
• MATERIAL USED
• APPLICATIONS
• NANOTECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
• FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
• PITFALLS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
• CONCLUSION

Where does your imagination take you?Figure 1.1:
Preface
Is nanotechnology the gateway to the
future for human beings on Earth?
4

NANO & TECHNOLOGY
• A Nanometre is a unit of length in the metric system , equal to one
billionth of a metre (10-9).
• Technology is the making, usage and knowledge of tools , machines
and techniques, in order to solve a problem or perform a specific
function.

Millimetre scale (1 m = 1000 mm) ant and flea
• 5 mm
• 3mm
• 1mm
www.nanotec.org.uk/report/chapter2.pdf

Micrometre scale (1 mm = 1000 µm)
eye of a fruit fly and a red blood cell
• 400 µm
• 8 µm

Nanometre scale (1 µm = 1000 nm) – viruses &
DNA
• 50 – 100 nm • 2 nm

DEFINITION
• Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic scale.
• Nanotechnology refers to the constructing and engineering of the function system at very micro level or
we can say at atomic level.
• A nanotechnology is one billionth of a metre, roughly the width of three or four atoms. The average
human hair is about 75,000 nanometre wide.

HOW IT IS DIFFERENT?
1. Physical properties
• At very small sizes physical properties (magnetic,
electric and optical) of materials can change
dramatically.
2. Volume to surface area ratio
• As objects get smaller they have a much
greater surface area to volume ratio.
2 cm cube has a
surface area of 24 cm2
and a volume of 8 cm3
(ratio = 3:1)
10 cm cube has a surface
area of 600 cm2 and a
volume of 1000 cm3 (ratio =
0.6:1)

HISTORY
AT THE BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURY EINSTEIN EXPLAIN THE JITTERY DANCE OF MICROSCOPIC
PARTICLES- BROWNIAN MOTION. THE CONCEPTS THAT SEEDED NANOTECHNOLOGY WERE FIRST DISCUSSED
IN 1959 BY RENOWNED PHYSICIST RICHARD FEYNMAN IN HIS TALK THERE'S PLENTY OF ROOM AT THE BOTTOM,
IN WHICH HE DESCRIBED THE POSSIBILITY OF SYNTHESIS VIA DIRECT MANIPULATION OF ATOMS. THE TERM
"NANO-TECHNOLOGY" WAS FIRST USED BY NORIO TANIGUCHI IN 1974, THOUGH IT WAS NOT WIDELY KNOWN.
INSPIRED BY RICHARD FEYNMAN FURTHER RESEARCH WAS CARRIED ON
• FIRST, THE INVENTION OF THE SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE IN 1981 WHICH PROVIDED
UNPRECEDENTED VISUALIZATION OF INDIVIDUAL ATOMS AND BONDS, AND WAS SUCCESSFULLY USED TO
MANIPULATE INDIVIDUAL ATOMS IN 1989.
• SECOND, FULLERENES WERE DISCOVERED IN 1985 BY HARRY KROTO, RICHARD SMALLEY, AND ROBERT
CURL, WHO TOGETHER WON THE 1996 NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY.[12][13] C60 WAS NOT INITIALLY DESCRIBED
AS NANOTECHNOLOGY; THE TERM WAS USED REGARDING SUBSEQUENT WORK WITH
RELATED GRAPHENE TUBES (CALLED CARBON NANOTUBES AND SOMETIMES CALLED BUCKY TUBES) WHICH
SUGGESTED POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS FOR NANOSCALE ELECTRONICS AND DEVICES.
*Buckminsterfullerene C60, also known as the buckyball, is a
representative member of the carbon structures known
as fullerenes. Members of the fullerene family are a major
subject of research falling under the nanotechnology
umbrella.

Tools & Techniques
• There are several important modern developments.
o The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM).
o The Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM) are scanning
probes that launched nanotechnology.
• Various techniques of nanolithography such as:
o Optical lithography.
o X-ray lithography.
o Dip pen nanolithography.
o Electron beam lithography (inkjet printer) were also
developed.
Lithography is MEMS context is typically the transfer of a
pattern into a photosensitive material by selective
exposure to a radiation source such as light.

Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM)
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM).

Carbon Nanotube
 Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical
nanostructure.
 They have length to diameter ratio of up to 132000000:1.
 Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family. Their
name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls
formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, called graphene.
Properties
• Highest strength to weight ratio, helps in creating light weight
spacecraft.
• Easily penetrate membranes such as cell walls. Helps in
cancer treatment.
• Electric resistance changes significantly when other
molecules attach themselves to the carbon atom. Helps in
developing sensors that can detect chemical vapours.
Carbon Nanotubes

CNT Continues…
Applications
 Easton-Bell Sports Inc. using CNT in making bicycle
components.
 Zyvex Technology using CNT for manufacturing of light
weight boats.
 Replacing transistors from the silicon chips as they are
small and emits less heat.
 In electric cables and wires.
 In solar cells.
 In fabrics.

Nanorods(quantum dots)
 Nanorods are one morphology of nanoscale objects.
 Dimensions range from 1-100 nm.
 They may be synthesized from metals or semiconducting materials.
 A combinations of ligands act as shape control agents and bond to
different facets of the nanorod with different strengths. This
allows different faces of the nanorod to grow at different rates,
producing an elongates object.
Uses:
• In display technologies, because the reflectivity of the rods can changed by
changing their orientation with an applied electric field.
• In micro-electromechanical systems(MEMS).
• In cancer therapeutics.
Quantumdots

Nanobots
o Close to scale of 10-9.
o
Nanobots of 1.5 nanometre across, capable of counting
specific molecules in a chemical samples.
o
Since nanorobots would be microscopic in size, it would
probably be necessary for very large numbers of them to
work together to perform microscopic and macroscopic
tasks.
o Capable of replication using environment resources.
o Applications :
 Detection of toxic components in environment.
 In drug delivery.
 Biomedical instrumentation.

Material used
• Zinc oxide:
o Dirt repellent , hydrophobic, cosmetic & stain resistant.
• Silver ion:
o Healing property
• Aluminium silicate:
o Scratch resistance
• Gold ion:
o Chip fabrication, drug delivery.
Gold ion Aluminium silicate

Applications
Nano Fabrics
Electronic Devices
Optical Engineering
Defence & Security
Medicine & Drugs
Cosmetics
Biotechnology
Applications of Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology in Drugs(Cancer)
• Provide new options for drug delivery and drug therapies.
• Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right location in
the body and release drug doses on a predetermined
schedule for optimal treatment.
• Attach the drug to a nanosized carrier.
• They become localized at the disease site, i.e. cancer tumour.
• Then they release medicine that kills the tumour.
• Current treatment is through radiotherapy or
chemotherapy.
• Nanobots can clear the blockage in arteries.

Nanotechnology in Fabrics
• The properties of familiar materials are
being changed by manufacturers who
are adding nano-sized components to
conventional materials to improve
performance.
• For ex. Some clothing manufacturers are
making water and stain repellent clothing
using nano-sized whiskers in the fabric
that cause water to bead up on the surface.
• In manufacturing bullet proof jacket.
• Making spill & dirt resistant,
antimicrobial, antibacterial fabrics.

Nanotechnology in Mobile
• Morph, a nanotechnology concept device developed by Nokia
Research Centre(NRC) and the University of Cambridge(UK).
• The Morph will be super hydrophobic making it extremely dirt
repellent.
• It will be able to charge itself from available light sources using
photovoltaic nanowire grass covering it’s surface.
• Nanoscale electronics also allow stretching. Nokia envisage that a
nanoscale mesh of fibres will allow our mobile devices to be bent,
stretched and folded into any number of conceivable shapes.

Nanotechnology in Electronics
• Electronics made from nanowires enable
flat panel displays to be flexible as well
as thinner than current flat panel displays.
o Nanolithography is used for
fabrication of chips.
o The transistors are made of nanowires,
that are assembled on glass or thin films
of flexible plastic.
o E-paper, displays on sunglasses and map
on car windshields.

Nanotechnology in Computers
• The silicon transistors in your computer may be replaced by
transistors based on carbon nanotubes.
• A carbon nanotube is a molecule in form of a hollow
cylinder with a diameter of around a nanometre which
consists of pure carbon.
• Nanorods is a upcoming technology in the displays
techniques due to less consumption of electricity and less
heat emission.
• Size of the microprocessors are reduced to greater extend.
• Researchers at North Caroline State University says that
growing arrays of magnetic nanoparticles, called nanodots.

• Hewlett Packard is developing a memory device that uses nanowires coated with
titanium dioxide.
• One group of these nanowires is deposited parallel to another group.
• When a perpendicular nanowire is laid over a group of parallel wires, at each
intersection a device called a memristor is formed.
• A memristor can be used as a single-component memory cell in an integrated circuit.
• By reducing the diameter of the nanowires, researchers believe memristor memory
chips can achieve higher memory density than flash memory chips.
• Magnetic nanowires made of an alloy of iron and nickel are being used to create
dense memory device.

 Chips produced by Intel before “i” series processors were between 65nm-45nm.
 Later with the help of nanotechnology 22nm chips were made which itself is a
milestone.
Advantages of using CNT:
• CNT can be used to produce smaller and faster components.
• This will also result in computers that consume less energy.
• High speed and high capacity memory.
• Allows circuits to be more accurate on the atomic level.

Other uses
 Cutting tools made of nanocrystalline materials, such as tungsten carbide, tantalum carbide and
titanium carbide, are more wear and erosion-resistance, and last longer than their conventional
counterparts.
 Silver nanocrystals have been embedded in bandages to kill bacteria and prevent infection.
 Nanoparticulate-based synthetic bone
 Formed by manipulating calcium and phosphate at the molecular level.
 Aerogel lightest known solid due to good insulating
properties is used in space suits and proposed to
use in space craft.

Nanotechnology in India
• IIT Mumbai is the premier organization in the field of nanotechnology.
• Research in the field of health, environment, medicines are still on.
• Starting in 2001 the government of India launched the Nano Science and Technology Initiative(NSTI).
• Then in 2007 the Nano-Science and Technology mission 2007 was initiated with an allocation of Rupees
1000 crores for a period of five years.
• The main objects of the Nano Mission are:
 basic research promotion,
 infrastructure development for carrying out front–ranking research,
 development of nanotechnology and their applications,
 international collaborations.

Possibilities for the Future
• Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture lighter, stronger, and programmable materials that
 requires less energy to produce than conventional material
 and that promise greater fuel efficiency in the land transportation, ships, aircraft, and space vehicles.
• The future of nanotechnology could be very well include the use of nano-robotics.
• The nano-robots have the potential to take on human task as well as tasks that human could never complete.
The rebuilding of the depleted ozone layer could potentially be able to be performed.

Pitfalls of Nanotechnology
 Nano-particles can get into the body through the skin, lungs & digestive system, thus creating free
radicals that can cause cell damage.
 Once nanoparticle are in the bloodstream , they will be able to cross the blood-brain barrier.
 The most dangerous Nano-application use for military purpose is the Nano-bomb that contains
engineered self multiplying deadly viruses that can continue to wipe out a community , country or
even a civilization.
 Nano-bots because of their replicating behaviour can be big threat for GRAY GOO.

Conclusion
• NT as defined by size is naturally very broad, including fields of science as diverse
as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics,
energy storage, micro fabrication, molecular engineering etc.
• The world market for products that contains nanomaterial is expected to reach
$2.6 trillion by 2015.
• NT may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of
applications such as in nano medicine, nano electronics, biomaterials, energy
production and consumer products.

“THE NEXT BIG THING IS REALLY SMALL”

Nanotechnology

More Related Content

What's hot

Similar to Nanotechnology

Recently uploaded

Nanotechnology

Editor's Notes