Nanotechnology to detect cancer

Nanotechnology to detect cancer

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  NANOTECHNOLOGY TO DETECTCANCER NAME: RIMI MONDAL 3rd YEAR 6th SEM, B.PHARM BHARAT TECHNOLOGY
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  A TABLE OFCONTENTS ►INTRODUCTION ►NANOPARTICLES ►GOLD NANOPARTICLES ►QUANTUM DOTS ►NANOROBOTS: MEDICINE OF FUTURE ►NANOPROBES ►REFERENCE
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  INTRODUCTION The prefix “nano”isa Greek word for “dwarf” One nanometer (nm) is equal to one-billionth of a meter. A human hair is approximately 80,000 nm wide Red blood cells is 7000 nm wide.Atoms are smaller than 1 nanometer. The application of nanotechnology is rapidly progressing, and has tremendous potential to make a revolutionary impact in healthcare, with profound effects on current treatment paradigms for various disease states. this unique technology might be a ray of hope in treating a complicated disease like cancer, a disease that accounted for up to 7,021,000 deaths in 2007 worldwide, and is the second leading global killer (12.5% of deaths) Although scientists have made a relentless effort over the past few decades to contain cancer, current cancer treatment regimens consist of doses of compounds that are non- specific and highly toxic. Also, the inability of conventional diagnosis tools to detect cancer in an early and potentially curable stage further hinders effective treatment options, and thus by the time cancer is detected it may be too late to prevent metastasis to other organs in the body. Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, different nano-carriers have come forward as feasible solutions for many of the drawbacks associated with existing cancer treatments
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  NANOPARTICLES NANOMEDICINE is thethe medical application of nanotechnology. NANOPARTICLES are particles between 1 and 100 nanometers in size.They are used in drug delivery system. Types of nanoparticles ♠ NANOTUBES ♠ NANOCRYSTALS ♠ DENDRIMERS ♠ LIPOSOMES ♠ SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES(SLNs)
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  ♦NANOTUBES : Consistsof organic and inorganic compounds formed into single or multi walled structures composed of self assembling sheets of atoms arranged into tubes.carbon nanotubes are large,cylindrical molecules built by hexagonally placed carbon atoms.their wall consists of 1 or more layers of graphene.they undergo cellular internalization. ♦NANOCRYSTALS: Crystals smaller than 1micrometer.nanocrystals can be used as a versatile method of improving the pharmacodyanamic and pharmacokinetic properties of poorly soluble medications. ♦DENDRIMERS:They are branched,tridimensional polymers that resemble sphere.branches of dendrimers called dendrons.dendrons are capped with free functional groups that is swapped to other substituents in order to modify chemical and physical properties. ♦LIPOSOMES:They are spherical vesicles with particle size 30nm to several micrometers.they consists of lipid bilayers with polar group headed.liposomes might encase hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances,prevent degradation of their contents and release them for a purpose. ♦SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES(SLN):these nanoparticles consists of solid lipid stabilized with an emulsifying layer in an aqueous dispersion.inner liquid lipids replaced by solid ones.they protect chemically labile and sensitive drug molecules from degradation in the external&internal environment.
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  SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES •Nanoparticles may be created using several methods.the methods of creation include attrition,pyrolysis.while some methods are top down.top down methods involve breaking the larger materials into nanoparticles. • Attrition method include methods by which macro or micro scale particles are ground in a ball mill or other size reduction mechanism.the resulting particles are air classified to recover nanoparticles • Pyrolysis (bottoms up methods) a vapour precursor (liquid or gas) is forced through hole or opening at high pressure and burnt.the resulting solid is air classified to recover oxide particles from by-product gases.pyrolysis often results in aggregates and agglomerates. • Liquid phase synthesis methods involve solvothermal methods(precursors are dissolved in hot solvents like n-butyl alcohol),sol gel methods(uses chemical solution or colloidal particles to produce integrated networkgel)
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  HOW NANOMEDICINE WORK? •The nanoparticle drug-delivery systems can work in different ways. Along with carrying the drug for delivery, nanoparticles can be engineered to carry specific compounds that will let them bind, or attach, to molecules on tumour cells. Once attached, they can safety deliver the drug to the specific tumour site. • Nanoparticles can also help with drug solubility. For a drug to work, it must be able to enter the bloodstream, which means it needs to be soluble. For example, the cancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol) is insoluble so has to be dissolved in a delivery agent to get into the blood. But this agent can cause allergic reactions in patients. • To overcome these issues, chemists have developed a nanoparticle out of the naturally occurring protein albumin. It carries the paclitaxel and makes it soluble but without the allergic reactions. • Tumours commonly have disordered and leaky blood vessels sprouting through and off them. These vessels allow chemotherapy drugs to readily enter the tumour, but because chemotherapy molecules are so small, they also diffuse through the vessels and out of the tumour, attacking surrounding tissues. Nanoparticles are larger molecules that get trapped inside the tumour, where they do all the damage. • Once they have delivered their drug cargo to cells, nanoparticles can be designed to break down into harmless byproducts.
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  NANOCRYSTALS
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  GOLD NANOPARTICLES • COLLOIDALGOLD can be used to target tumors and provide detection using SERS (surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy) in vivo. These gold nanoparticles are surrounded with Raman reporters, which provide light emission that is over 200 times brighter than quantum dots. • Gold nanoparticles accumulate in tumors, due to the leakiness of tumor vasculature, and can be used as contrast agents for enhanced imaging in a time-resolved optical tomography system using short-pulse lasers for skin cancer detection in mouse model. • HOLLOW GOLD NANOSPHERES: Used for photothermal ablation therapy. • GOLD NANO RODS:size ranges 1-100nm. They may be synthesized from metals or semiconducting materials. • NANOSHELLS:is a type of spherical nanoparticle consisting of a dielectric core which is covered by a thin metallic shell (usually gold). These nanoshells involve a quasiparticle called a plasmon which is a collective excitation or quantum plasma oscillation. Nano emulsion USED AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS : they are oil in water droplets ranging from 200-600nm2 .they are high energy droplets thermodyanamically driven to fuse with lipid containing organism.the electostatic attraction between the cationic charge of the emulsion & the anionic charge on the pathogen enhances fusion,which releases energy active ingredients and destabilizes lipid membrane resulting in cell lysis and death. Microsphere: Used for the targeted drug delivery in microsurgery. with diameters typically ranging from 1 μm to 1000 μm (1 mm).types:Glass microsphere, Polyethylene microspheres, Expandable microsphere, microbeads.
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  QUANTUM DOTS• QDsare very small semiconductor particles, only several nanometers in size, so small that their optical and electronic properties differ from those of larger particles. QDs are for molecular and cellular imaging. • QDs usually consist of an inorganic transition metal core/shell system, and the majority of QDs are made up of cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium telluride (CdTe), indium phosphide (InP), and indium arsenide (InAs) as core elements inside a shell, usually zinc sulfide (ZnS). • 3 characteristic properties: semiconductors, zero dimension, strong fluorescence. TYPES OF QD QDs FOR IMAGING MEMBRANE RECEPTORS(SURFACE): Soonhag kim chose 3 different QDs of wavelength 605,655 and 755nm conjugate with 3 cancer related aptamers-AS1411,TTA1 &MUC-1. AS1411 binds to nucleolin in plasma membrane of cancer cells.TTA1 binds to extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C of cancer cells.MUC-1 targets mucin. QDs FOR IMAGING CYTOSKELETON COMPONENTS(INTRACELLULAR):Bruchez et.al labeled F-actin filaments with red nanocrystal probes conjugated with biotin.Wu et.al used QD 630 streptavidin and QD 535 streptavidin to stain microtubules and actin filaments. QDs FOR IMAGING NUCLEAR ANTIGENS (INTRANUCLEAR):Tumor cells have some specific over expressed nuclear antigens relating to their endless proliferation such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA).QDs coated with urea or acetate groups might stain the nucleus. QDs FOR IMAGING TUMOR NEOVASCULATURE: Newly forming blood vessels expressed alphavbeta3 integrin binds to arginine glycine aspartic peptides.
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  NANOROBOTS : MEDICINEOF FUTURE • Nanorobots are nanodevices that will be used for the purpose of maintaining and protecting the human body against pathogens. • They will have a diameter of about 0.5 to 3 microns and will be constructed out of parts with dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers. • The powering of the nanorobots can be done by metabolizing local glucose and oxygen for energy. • Other sources of energy within the body can also be used to supply the necessary energy for the devices. • They will have simple onboard computers capable of performing around 1000 or fewer computations per second. • A navigational network may be installed in the body, which may provide high positional accuracy to all passing nanorobots.
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   This willenable the physician to keep track of the various devices in the body  These nanorobots will be able to distinguish between different cell types by checking their surface antigens  When the task of the nanorobots is accomplished, they can be retrieved by allowing them to exfuse themselves via the usual human excretory channels
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  NANOPROBES • Nanoprobe canbe made to generate radiation, that could kill bacteria, viruses and cancer cells . • Nanoprobe comprising of a single caged actinium-225 atom would detect (using antibodies) and enter a cancerous cell. • Location and destruction of cancer cells by acoustic signals.
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  REFERENCE ♣ https://phys.org/news/2016-05-nanotechnology-cancer.html ♣ https://www.google.co.in/search?q=nanotechnology+to+detect+cancer&client=firefox- b&source ♣Cell biology by Gerald Karp,1st edition ♣ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanorobotics ♣ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoprobe_(device) ♣ https://nano.cancer.gov/objects/pdfs/Cancer_brochure_091609-508.pdf ♣ Essential of medical pharmacology by KD Tripathi,6th edition ♣ Medicinal chemistry by D.Sriram and P.Yogeswari,2nd edition ♣ http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/what-is-cancer ♣ http://www.understandingnano.com/introduction.html ♣ https://www.slideshare.net/JpReddy2/synthesis-of-nano-materials
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  THANK YOU….!!!