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Narrow complex tachycardias
- 1. Arrhythmias in RealLife Narrow Complex Tachycardias Salah Abusin, MBBS, MRCP (UK), ABIM Cardiology Fellow Chicago, IL,USA
- 2. Outline • Types • Mechanism of Tachyarrhythmias • ECG Interpretation & Acute Management • Algorithm for Management of NCTs • Problems
- 3. Types Atrial Tissue AV Junction (Supraventricular) • Sinus Tachycardia • AV nodal Reentry Tachycardia • Atrial Tachycardia • AV Reentry Tachycardia • Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia Pre Excitation Syndromes • Atrial Flutter • WPW • Atrial Fibrillation • Permanent Junctional Reentry • Sinus Node Reentry Tachycardia tachycardia • Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia • Mahaim tachycardia • Lown-Ganong- Levine Syn.
- 4. Mechanisms of tachyarrhythmias 1.Automaticity 2. Triggered Activity 3. Reentry
- 5. Automaticity • Normal – SA Node – AV Node • Abnormal – Idioventricular rhythm
- 6. Reentry • Requires the presence of two pathways – One slow, the other fast – Unidirectional block in one of the pathways – Slow conduction down the unblocked pathway allowing the other pathway to recover and maintain the circuit
- 7. Triggered Activity Delayed After Depolarization • Early – Prolonged QT – Torsades de Pointes • Late – Digoxin Toxicity
- 8. Narrow Complex Tachycardia Irregular Regular No P Waves P Waves present Atrial Fibrillation Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia Atrial Flutter with variable block
- 9.
- 10. Atrial Fibrillation • IrregularNarrow Complex Tachycardia • The commonest sustained arrhythmia • Absence of P waves • Atrial activity appears as irregular baseline or f (fibrillatory) waves • Usual ventricular rate 100-180 in the absence of therapy • If HR < 100 without medical treatment suspect underlying conductive tissue disease
- 11. Types • Paroxysmal – self-terminating episodes that generally last <7 days (most <24 hours) • Persistent – generally lasts >7 days and often requires electrical or pharmacologic cardioversion. • Permanent – failed cardioversion or when further attempts to terminate the arrhythmia are deemed futile. Hurst's the Heart, 12th Edition
- 12. Causes • Ischemic Heart Disease • Hypertensive Heart Disease • Other organic heart disease/cardiomyopathy • Mitral Valve disease • ASD • WPW • Lung Disorders (Acute e.g. PE, Chronic e.g. COPD) • Post Surgical e.g. CABG • Thyrotoxicosis • Alcohol
- 13. II aVL V2 III aVF V3 V1 P P P P P P P II V5 25mm/s 10mm/mV 100Hz 005D 12SL 233 CID: 31 EID:34 EDT: 09:14 16-M Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
- 14. Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) • Irregular Narrow Complex Tachycardia • >= 3 P wave morphologies • Varying PP, PR, RR intervals • P waves may be blocked • P waves may conduct with aberrancy • Unstable rhythm usually progresses to atrial fibrillation
- 15. Causes • COPD • Cor pulmonale • Hypoxia • Heart Failure • Postoperative State • Sepsis • Pulmonary Edema
- 16. Management • Treatment of the underlying cause • Correction of electrolytes (K, Mg) • AV nodal blocking agents • Anticoagulation depending on stroke risk
- 17. Narrow Complex Tachycardia Irregular Regular No P Waves P Waves present AV nodal Reentry Identify P wave morphology/rate tachycardia, AVNRT Relationship between P and QRS Identify RP interval
- 18. AV nodal ReentryTachycardia
- 19. AVNRT • Regular Narrow Complex Tachycardia • Usual rate 150-250 • Abrupt onset and offset • Variable relation to P wave – P wave buried in the QRS – Short RP interval – Atypical AVNRT Long RP • Usually no underlying heart disease
- 20.
- 21. Management • Acute Episode – Vagal Maneuvers • Valsalva, carotid sinus massage, – IV adenosine – IV/PO Betablockers, Calcium Channel Blockers – DC Cardioversion • Prevention – PO Betablockers, Calcium Channel Blockers – Radiofrequency Ablation
- 22. Narrow Complex Tachycardia Irregular Regular No P Waves P Waves present Identify P wave morphology/rate Relationship between P and QRS Identify RP interval
- 23. RP Interval • Distancefrom the R wave to the NEXT P wave • Short if RP interval < ½ RR interval • Long if RP interval > ½ RR interval
- 24. Long RP Interval RPinterval > ½ RR interval RR RP
- 25. Short RP interval RPinterval < ½ RR interval RR RP
- 26. Regular Narrow ComplexTachycardia P wave morphology Atrial rate Relationship between No P Waves P Waves present P and QRS RP interval Atrial rate >200 Short RP Long RP interval Flutter waves Abnormal P wave Abnormal P wave Atrial Flutter Atrial tachycardia Atrial tachycardia With AV delay Short RP Long RP interval Retrograde P wave Retrograde P wave AVNRT, AVRT Atypical AVNRT
- 27. Definition of normalP • Duration 0.08 to 0.11 (2-3 small squares) • Axis (0-75) • Upright in II, III, aVF • Upright/biphasic in III, aVL, V1, V2 • Amplitude <2.5mm in II (2.5 small squares) • Amplitude in V1 positive <1.5mm (1.5 small sq) negative <1mm (1 small sq) • PR interval 0.12 – 0.2 (3-5 small squares)
- 28. RR P P P P RP AV node reentry tachycardia, AVNRT
- 29. F F F F F Atrial Flutter
- 30. Atrial Flutter • RegularNarrow Complex Tachycardia • Flutter waves conducting ~ 300/min • Usually 2:1 block with a ventricular response of 150/min • Same causes as atrial fibrillation • No baseline in II, III, aVF • Discrete P waves in V1
- 31. Mechanism of AtrialFlutter • Typical F waves inverted F waves in II, III, aVF
- 32. Management • Similar toatrial fibrillation – Requires anticoagulation • More Difficult to control rate with medical treatment compared to atrial fibrillation • Usually requires DC Cardioversion • Radiofrequency ablation highly successful in restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm
- 33. RR RP P P P P Atrial Tachycardia
- 34. Atrial tachycardia • Atrialrate is 100-240 i.e. slower than atrial flutter • Usually 1:1 conduction without medical treatment • Not terminated by vagal maneuvers • Mechanism – Intra atrial reentry – Automatic – ectopic focus – triggered
- 35. Management • AV nodalblocking agents • Some are amenable to Radiofrequency ablation
- 36.
- 37. Problem 1 • 68year old Nigerian male with PMH of HTN, DM comes to Cardiology clinic for a routine check up • He takes metoprolol in addition to Lisinopril for Blood Pressure Control • HR 70/min, irregular, BP 150/70
- 38. • Regularity ofrhythm • P wave present or absent Atrial Fibrillation
- 39. Problem 2 • 62year old female with known ESRD on HD via left AV fistula developed sudden onset of palpitations during dialysis; feels her HR racing • HR 170/min, BP 130/80 • Clinical Examination revealed rapid regular heart beat, mild LE edema, left AV fistula
- 40. • Regularity of rhythm • P wave present or absent • • RP interval P wave morphology/rate AVNRT • Relationship between P and QRS
- 41. Problem 3 • 59year old African American Male, with DM, HTN, Obesity presents to his internist with two weeks history of shortness of breath on exertion • HR 140/min, BP 140/90 • JVP difficult to assess due to obesity • Chest clear, mild LE edema (unchanged according to patient)
- 42. • Regularity of rhythm • P wave present or absent Atrial • RP interval • P wave morphology/rate Flutter • Relationship between P and QRS
- 43. Problem 4 • 74year old African American Female with remote history of ASD repair and Pulmonary Hypertension comes for follow up • She takes metoprolol for hypertension • HR 80/min, BP 120/70
- 44. • Regularity of rhythm • P wave present or absent Atrial • RP interval Tachycardia • P wave morphology/rate • Relationship between P and QRS with 2:1 Block
- 45. Problem 5 • 52year old Middle Eastern Female with known non ischemic cardiomyopathy is admitted with heart failure exacerbation • HR 105/min, BP 100/60 • JVP raised, bibasal crackles, and bilateral LE edema 2+
- 46. • Regularity of rhythm • • P wave present or absent RP interval Atrial • P wave morphology/rate Fibrillation • Relationship between P and QRS
- 47. Problem 6 • 54year old White Male with PMH of a known arrhythmia comes for routine follow up • He takes metoprolol XL 200mg once daily • HR 110/min, irregular, BP 130/70
- 48. • Regularity of rhythm • P wave present or absent Atrial Flutter • RP interval with variable Block • P wave morphology/rate • Relationship between P and QRS
- 49. Problem 7 • 49year old male with no PMH, presents to the Emergency Room with sudden onset of palpitations, headache • HR 145/min, BP 140/90
- 50. • Regularity of rhythm • P wave present or absent • RP interval • • P wave morphology/rate Relationship between P and QRS AVNRT
- 51. Problem 8 • 36year old African American Male with no PMH comes for a routine outpatient visit to his primary care doctor • HR 115/min, BP 120/80
- 52. • Regularity of rhythm • P wave present or absent Atrial • • RP interval P wave morphology/rate Tachycardia • Relationship between P and QRS with 2:1 Block
- 53. Problem 9 • 61year old Hispanic female with no PMH, presents to the Emergency Room with fatigue, loss of weight, palpitations, and feeling warm all the time. • HR 200/min, BP 120/80
- 54. • Regularity of rhythm • P wave present or absent Atrial • • RP interval P wave morphology/rate Fibrillation • Relationship between P and QRS
- 55. Problem 10 • 48year old male with severe obesity, a chronic skin disorder, and chronic LE edema is sent to hospital from this primary care doctor after he finds his HR to be very fast • HR 141/min, BP 130/70 • In the ER an ECG was performed • Due to concerns for Pulmonary Embolism (PE), a CT Pulmonary Angiogram was performed and was reported as negative for PE
- 56. • Regularity of rhythm • P wave present or absent • RP interval Atrial • P wave morphology/rate Tachycardia • Relationship between P and QRS
- 57. • Diagnosed withprobable ectopic atrial tachycardia • No response to IV adenosine • No response to IV esmolol • NO response to IV amiodarone • Started becoming more breathless
- 58. • Performed DCCardioversion 50J Biphasic, then 200 with no response • At second attempt at DC Cardioversion 200J reverted to Sinus rhythm
- 60.
Editor's Notes
- #10 No P waves Atrial Fibrillation
- #14 Narrow Complex tachycardia Estimate HR Calculate HR in irregular rhythm, multiply by10 the number of complexes in a 6 second interval 10x10=100 Identify P waves, variable P wave morphology, variable PP, variable PR intervals No P waves Atrial Fibrillation Narrow Complex Tachycardia
- #18 P wave are buried in the QRS complex so cannot be seen on a surface ECG
- #19 Narrow complex tachycardia Regular, Rate of 190 No P waves
- #23 P wave are buried in the QRS complex so cannot be seen on a surface ECG
- #29 Regular Narrow Complex Tachycardia, ~140/min, short RP, retrograde P wave
- #30 Narrow complex tachycardia, Regular, 150/min, two P waves to every QRS complex at 300/min,
- #34 Regular Narrow Complex tachycardia, Long RP, abnormal P wave (biphasic in II, inverted in aVF, upright in III)
- #35 Re entry underlying heart disease, specturem A fib/flutter, 90-120, 2:1 block, Ablation 75% success Crista terminalis, base of pulmonary vein, ablation if incessant
- #39 HR 90/min, irregular, narrow complex tachycardia, no P waves Atrial Fibrillation
- #41 HR 180/min, narrow complex tachycardia, regular, no P waves AVNRT
- #43 HR 150/min, narrow complex tachycardia, regular, atrial rate of 300/min, 2:1 block, saw tooth pattern atrial flutter Not atrial tachycardia (atrial rate too fast)
- #45 HR 87/min, narrow complex, regular, 2:1 block, atrial rate of 150/min, Not atrial flutter because atrial rate is much lower than that
- #47 110/min, narrow complex tachycardia, irregular, no P waves, coarse baseline Atrial fibrillation
- #49 110/min, narrow complex tachycardia, irregular, atrial rate of 300/min, variable ventricular response, atrial flutter with variable block
- #51 HR 150/min, narrow complex tachycardia, regular, retrograde P wave, short RP, AVNRT
- #53 HR 115/min, narrow complex tachycardia, 2:1 block, atrial rate of 230/min, baseline between the P waves in II, III, aVF
- #55 210/min, narrow complex tachycardia, irregular, no P waves, A fib
- #57 HR 140/min, narrow complex tachycardia, regular, borderline abnormal P, biphasic in II, III, aVF, Long RP atrial tachycardia