National Symbols of Sri Lanka (Free eBook)

National Symbols of Sri Lanka
The Sri Lanka

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Preface
Sri Lanka, an island nation nestled in the Indian Ocean, is a land of unparalleled beauty and
deep-rooted cultural significance. From its lush landscapes and golden beaches to its ancient
temples and bustling cities, Sri Lanka is a country that thrives on its rich heritage, history,
and diverse traditions. At the heart of this vibrant nation lies its collection of national
symbols—each one a testament to the country's unique identity and enduring values.
The national symbols of Sri Lanka go beyond mere representations; they embody the spirit
of a nation and reflect its soul. These symbols tell the story of Sri Lanka's journey,
representing its cultural legacy, its connection to the past, and its vision for the future. They
speak to the people’s pride, their values, and the deep bonds that tie them to their land,
heritage, and spirituality.
In this eBook, we will explore the national symbols of Sri Lanka, including the national flag,
emblem, anthem, flower, tree, bird, butterfly, gemstone, sport, national day, and the
official languages. Each symbol holds a significant place in the hearts of the people of Sri
Lanka, capturing their collective consciousness and the rich tapestry of their history.
Formally designated by the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka,
symbols such as the national flag, anthem, and national day are recognized as core
representations of the country. Together, these symbols provide a window into Sri Lanka’s
history, cultural practices, and social values, offering both citizens and visitors a deeper
understanding of what it means to be Sri Lankan.
Join us as we delve into these emblematic representations, celebrating the beauty and
significance they hold in the context of Sri Lanka's vibrant culture and timeless heritage.
Through this exploration, we hope to inspire a deeper appreciation for the symbols that
define Sri Lanka’s national identity, forging a connection between its past, present, and
future.

Disclaimer
The content of this eBook is intended solely for educational and informational purposes,
and is not meant to harm, disrespect, or offend the country of Sri Lanka or its people. The
authors and editors have made every effort to ensure that the information presented is
accurate, respectful, and culturally sensitive. However, due to the evolving nature of
language, culture, and history, some interpretations or representations may vary. We
encourage readers to explore and engage with additional sources for a well-rounded
understanding of Sri Lanka's national symbols and heritage.
By reading this eBook, readers acknowledge and accept that the authors and publishers
cannot be held responsible for any unintended errors, omissions, or misinterpretations of
the material. This work aims to foster a greater appreciation for Sri Lanka’s rich culture and
history and should be viewed as a resource for learning and discovery.

Table of Contents
o Preface
o Disclaimer
o Table of Contents
 The National Symbols of Sri Lanka
 The National Flag of Sri Lanka
 The National Emblem of Sri Lanka
 The National Anthem of Sri Lanka
 The National Day of Sri Lanka
 The National Languages of Sri Lanka
 The National Tree of Sri Lanka
 The National Flower of Sri Lanka
 The National Bird of Sri Lanka
 The National Butterfly of Sri Lanka
 The National Sport of Sri Lanka
 The National Gemstone of Sri Lanka
 Unofficial National Symbols of Sri Lanka
o References
o About the Author

The National Symbols of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, an island nation in South Asia, is rich in culture,
history, and natural beauty. Its national symbols reflect
the country’s unique identity and heritage. These symbols
represent the country’s values, traditions, and deep
connections to its history, religion, and society.
The national symbols of Sri Lanka include the national
flag, emblem, anthem, flower, tree, bird, butterfly,
gemstone, sport, national day, and languages. The
Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri
Lanka formally designates the national flag, national
anthem, national day, and official language as key
national symbols.

The National Flag of Sri Lanka
The National Flag of Sri Lanka, also known as the Lion Flag or Sinha Flag, is an important
symbol of the country’s heritage and identity. It was officially adopted on May 22, 1972,
with a rectangular shape in a 1:2 proportion. According to the Constitution of Sri Lanka, the
flag is referred to as "The National Flag of the Republic of Sri Lanka shall be the Lion Flag."
Design and Features
At the heart of the flag is a golden lion holding a sword, called a Kastane, in its right fore-
paw. This lion is set against a maroon background, symbolizing strength and courage. In the
four corners of the flag are stylized yellow Bo leaves, which are significant in Sri Lankan
culture, especially in Buddhism.
The flag also includes two vertical stripes on the left side. A green stripe represents the
Muslim community, while an orange stripe symbolizes the Tamil community. The flag is
bordered with a yellow (gold) line, emphasizing unity among all ethnic groups. This design
reflects the island’s diverse cultural and religious makeup.
Historical Background
The history of the Sri Lankan flag traces back to ancient times. It is said that Prince Vijaya,
the legendary founder of Sri Lankan civilization, used a lion flag when he arrived on the
island in the 5th century BC. Centuries later, King Dutugemunu, a Sinhalese king, used a flag
with a lion holding a sword, accompanied by symbols of the Sun and the Moon.
During the colonial era, European powers altered local traditions, yet the lion flag remained
a key symbol of resistance, particularly in the Kingdom of Kandy, the last indigenous
kingdom of Sri Lanka. In the early 20th century, the independence movement revived

interest in the original lion flag. This revival was sparked when the flag was rediscovered at
the Royal Hospital in Chelsea, UK, during British rule.
When Sri Lanka gained independence in 1948, the first Prime Minister, D.S. Senanayake,
hoisted the lion flag during the independence ceremony. In 1951, a National Flag Committee
was formed to make the flag more inclusive, leading to the addition of the green and orange
stripes representing the Tamil and Muslim communities. The flag was further modified in
1972 with the addition of the Bo leaves in the corners, replacing earlier Buddhist symbols.
By 1978, the Bo leaves were designed to appear more natural, completing the flag’s current
look.
Symbolism of the Flag
The design of the Sri Lankan flag carries deep symbolism, reflecting the nation’s culture,
history, and religious values:
 The Lion and Maroon Background: The lion represents the Sinhalese people, while
the maroon background symbolizes the strength and courage of the nation.
 Bo Leaves: The four Bo leaves at the corners symbolize Buddhism and its four
virtues: Kindness (Mettha), Compassion (Karuna), Equanimity (Upeksha), and
Happiness (Muditha).
 The Sword: The lion’s sword signifies the sovereignty of Sri Lanka.
 Green Stripe: Represents the Muslim community in Sri Lanka.
 Orange Stripe: Represents the Tamil community in Sri Lanka.
 Yellow Border: The yellow border represents the minority communities, including
the Burghers, Veddas, and Kaffirs.
Additionally, finer details of the lion's image have specific meanings:
 Curly Hair on the Lion’s Head: Represents wisdom, religious observance, and
meditation.
 The Beard: Symbolizes purity of speech.
 The Nose: Represents intelligence.
 Two Front Paws: Symbolize purity in handling wealth.
 The Sword Handle: Represents the elements of water, fire, air, and earth.
 Eight Hairs on the Lion’s Tail: Symbolize the Noble Eight-fold Path in Buddhism,
representing right view, right speech, and right conduct.
Colors of the Flag
The Sri Lankan flag uses four main colors: maroon, yellow (gold), orange (saffron), and green
(teal). These colors not only give the flag its distinctive look but also hold cultural and
symbolic significance:
 Yellow (often referred to as golden yellow) represents generosity and wealth.

 Maroon (sometimes called red) symbolizes the strength and history of the Sinhalese
people.
 Orange (saffron) reflects the Tamil community and their cultural presence.
 Green (teal) symbolizes the Muslim community’s contribution to Sri Lankan society.
 Current flag’s actual color scheme and color codes are as follows:
Color scheme Maroon Yellow (gold) Orange (saffron) Green (teal)
HEX #941E32 #F7B718 #DF7500 #005F56
RGB 148-30-50 247-183-24 223-117-0 0-95-86
CMYK 0-80-66-42 0-26-90-3 0-48-100-13 100-0-9-63
Pantone 19-1863 TCX 14-0957 TCX 16-1164 TCX 18-5322 TCX

The National Emblem of Sri Lanka
The National Emblem of Sri Lanka is a significant symbol representing the country’s culture,
history, and values. It is an official symbol used by the government and in various
administrative contexts. Rich in meaning, the emblem combines elements from Buddhism,
Sinhalese heritage, and national identity, reflecting the diverse influences that have shaped
Sri Lanka’s past and present.
Symbolism of the Emblem
The National Emblem of Sri Lanka is carefully designed with symbolic elements that carry
deep meanings:
 The Lion: At the heart of the emblem is a golden lion, passant (walking), holding a
sword in its right forepaw. The lion is a symbol of strength, courage, and sovereignty,
representing the Sinhalese ethnic identity. It is also a prominent feature on Sri
Lanka's national flag. The lion’s image connects the emblem with the country’s
historical roots and national pride.
 The Lotus: Surrounding the lion are golden lotus petals, which represent purity and
enlightenment in Buddhist tradition. While the lotus holds great importance in
Buddhist culture, it is often mistakenly referred to as Sri Lanka's national flower. In
fact, the national flower of Sri Lanka is the Blue Water Lily (Nymphaea Stellata),
though the lotus remains an essential symbol of Sri Lanka’s Buddhist heritage.
 Grain Vase and Stalks of Rice: Below the lion is a traditional grain vase, with stalks of
rice emerging from it. This symbol represents prosperity, abundance, and the
significance of agriculture in Sri Lankan society. It emphasizes the island’s long
history of cultivating fertile land and its reliance on food security for the wellbeing of
its people.
 Dharmachakra (Wheel of Dharma): Positioned above the lion is the Dharmachakra,
or wheel of dharma, a symbol of Buddhism and righteous rule. The wheel represents
the Buddhist path to enlightenment and ethical governance, embodying the
commitment to justice and righteousness in Sri Lanka’s political and moral life.
 Sun and Moon: On either side of the emblem are the sun and the moon, two
powerful symbols of wisdom, enlightenment, and serenity. The sun represents

knowledge and illumination, while the moon symbolizes calmness and purity.
Together, they also reflect the Buddhist journey towards Nirvana, embodying
balance and harmony.
Historical Evolution of the Emblem
The history of Sri Lanka’s national emblem dates back centuries, with influences from
various colonial powers and ancient royal symbols.
Portuguese Influence (1597–1658)
During the Portuguese colonial period, a Coat of Arms was used to represent Portuguese
Ceylon. The emblem featured an elephant in the foreground, with eight coconut trees and
high mountains in the background. Elements from this design were later adapted during
British rule, and even appeared in the early years of the Dominion of Ceylon.
Dutch Influence (1640–1796)
The Dutch also left their mark on Sri Lankan symbols during their rule over coastal areas.
Their Coat of Arms included an elephant holding a cinnamon branch in its trunk, symbolizing
Sri Lanka’s cinnamon trade. The background showed mountains and six coconut trees, with
small shields representing key regions of the island.
British Rule (1796–1948)
Under British colonial rule, Sri Lanka’s Coat of Arms depicted a lateral view of an elephant,
with a stupa (Buddhist shrine) in the background. This design was used until Sri Lanka gained
independence in 1948. During this period, the emblem also appeared on the country’s flag,
alongside the Union Jack.
Early Emblem of Ceylon (1954–1972)
After independence in 1948, Ceylon adopted a new Coat of Arms that featured a lion
holding a sword, which drew inspiration from the Royal Banner of the Kandyan Kingdom.
Surrounding the lion were golden lotus petals, symbolizing Buddhism. This emblem was
used until 1972, when Ceylon became a republic and changed its name to Sri Lanka.
Transition to the Sri Lanka Emblem (1972)
In 1972, when Sri Lanka became a republic, the emblem was redesigned to better reflect the
nation’s new identity. Under the guidance of Nissanka Wijeyeratne, Chairman of the
National Emblem and Flag Design Committee, and Venerable Mapalagama Wipulasara
Maha Thera, the current emblem was created. The new design retained the lion and lotus
petals, but with important additions: The Dharmachakra, the grain vase, stalks of rice, and

the symbolic sun and moon. This updated emblem better reflected the nation’s
commitment to Buddhist values, prosperity, and unity.

The National Anthem of Sri Lanka
The national anthem of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka Matha ("Mother Sri Lanka"), is a powerful and
unifying symbol of the island nation. Known by its Sinhala title, "ශ්‍රී ලංකා මාතා" and its Tamil
counterpart, "சிறீ லங்கா தாயே", it has a deep cultural and historical significance. The
anthem was first performed at a national event on February 4, 1949, during Sri Lanka's
Independence Day celebrations. It was officially adopted as the national anthem on
November 22, 1951, and was given constitutional recognition in 1978 under the Republic of
Sri Lanka's Constitution.
Sinhala version
ශ්‍රී ලංකා මාතා අප ශ්‍රී ලංකා
නමමෝ නමමෝ නමමෝ නමමෝ මාතා
සුන්දර සිරිබරිනී
සුරැඳි අති ම ෝභමාන ලංකා
ධානය ධනය මනක
මල් පලතුරු පිරි ජය භුමිය රමයා
අප හට සැප සිරි මසත සදනා
ජීවනමේ මාතා
පිළිගනු මැන අප භක්තී පූජා
නමමෝ නමමෝ මාතා අප ශ්‍රී ලංකා
ඔබ මේ අප විදයා
ඔබ මය අප සතයා
ඔබ මේ අප ක්තති
අප හද තුළ භක්තී
ඔබ අප ආමලෝමක්ත
අපමේ අනුප්‍රාමේ
ඔබ අප ජීවන මේ
අප මුක්තතිය ඔබ මේ
නව ජීවන මදමිමන්
නිතින අප පුබුදු කරන් මාතා
ඥාන වීයය වඩවමින රැමගන
යනු මැන ජය භූමී කරා
එක මවකමග දරු කැල බැවිනා
යමු යමු වී මනාපමා
මේම වඩා සැම මේද දුරැර දා
නමමෝ නමමෝ මාතා අප ශ්‍රී ලංකා
Tamil version
சிறீ லங்கா தாயே – நம் சிறீ லங்கா
நயமா நயமா நயமா நயமா தாயே
நல்லலழில் ல ாலி சீரணி
நலங்கள் ோவும் நிறை வான
் மணி லங்கா

ஞாலம் புகழ் வள வேல் நதி மறல மலர்
நறுஞ்ய ாறல லகாள் லங்கா
நமதுறு புகலிடம் என ஒளிர்வாே்
நமதுதி ஏல் தாயே
நம தறல நினதடி யமல் றவத்யதாயம
நமதுயியர தாயே – நம் சிறீ லங்கா
நமதாரருள் ஆனாே்
நறவ தவிர் உணர்வானாே்
நமயதர் வலிோனாே்
நவில் சுதந்திரம் ஆனாே்
நமதிளறமறே நாட்யட
நகு மடி தறனயோட்யட
அறமவுறும் அறிவுடயன
அடல் ல றி துணிவருயள
நமதார் ஒளி வளயம
நறிே மலர் என நிலவும் தாயே
ோலமலாம் ஒரு கருறண அறன ேந்த
எழில்லகாள் ய ே்கள் எனயவ
இேலுறு பிளவுகள் தறம அையவ
இழிலவன நீ க்கிடுயவாம்
ஈழ சியராமணி வாழ்வுறு பூமணி
நயமா நயமா தாயே – நம் சிறீ லங்கா
English translation
Thou Mother Lanka,
Oh Mother Lanka we salute, salute, salute, salute Thee!
Plenteous in prosperity, Thou,
Beauteous in grace and love,
Laden with grain and luscious fruit,
And fragrant flowers of radiant hue,
Giver of life and all good things,
Our land of joy and victory,
Receive our grateful praise sublime, we worship, worship Thee.
Oh Mother Lanka! We salute, salute, salute, salute Thee!
Thou gavest us Knowledge and Truth,
Thou art our strength and inward faith,
Our light divine and sentient being,
Breath of life and liberation.

Grant us, bondage free, inspiration.
Inspire us forever.
In wisdom and strength renewed,
Ill-will, hatred, strife all ended,
In love enfolded, a mighty nation
Marching onward, all of us as Children of One Mother,
Lead us, Mother, to fullest freedom, we worship, worship Thee
Oh Mother Lanka! We salute, salute, salute, salute Thee!
Origins and Theories
The origins of Sri Lanka's national anthem have been the subject of debate, with three
primary theories about its creation:
 Rabindranath Tagore Theory: Some claim that the famous Indian poet Rabindranath
Tagore composed the anthem.
 Tagore and Samarakoon Collaboration: Another theory suggests that while Tagore
composed the music, Ananda Samarakoon wrote the lyrics.
 Ananda Samarakoon’s Creation: The most widely accepted theory is that Ananda
Samarakoon, a Sri Lankan musician and composer, independently wrote both the
lyrics and the music for Sri Lanka Matha in 1940, years before Sri Lanka gained
independence.
Samarakoon was influenced by his time studying at Visva-Bharati University in West Bengal,
India, under the guidance of Rabindranath Tagore. However, the extent of Tagore’s
involvement in the anthem’s creation remains unclear.
The Anthem’s First Performance and Adoption
Before independence, Sri Lanka’s national identity was still in the process of being shaped.
In 1948, a competition was held to find the national anthem, and "Namo Namo Matha" by
Samarakoon was chosen among other entries. However, during the official independence
ceremony on February 4, 1948, the British national anthem, "God Save the King," continued
to be used.
It wasn’t until 1951 that Namo Namo Matha (later renamed Sri Lanka Matha) was officially
adopted as the national anthem. The anthem was first sung by students at Mahinda College
in Galle. The government formed a committee under the leadership of J.R. Jayewardene, the
Finance Minister, to evaluate the national anthem. The committee chose Samarakoon’s
anthem with minor modifications to the lyrics.
The anthem was officially adopted on November 22, 1951, and Samarakoon's work was also
translated into Tamil by Sri Lankan Tamil poet Muruggapillai Nallathambi.
Controversy Over the Anthem

In the late 1950s, controversy surrounded the first line of the anthem, "Namo Namo Matha,
Apa Sri Lanka," particularly after the deaths of two prime ministers. Some believed that this
line brought bad luck, and in 1961, the government decided to modify it to "Sri Lanka
Matha, Apa Sri Lanka", despite strong opposition from Samarakoon.
The Tamil Version of the Anthem
The Tamil version of Sri Lanka's national anthem is called Sri Lanka Thaaye, and it is a direct
translation of the Sinhala version. Both versions share the same music and carry the same
meaning, but they have been used differently in the country’s history.
For years, only the Sinhala version of the anthem was sung at official events, government
functions, and international sports ceremonies. The Tamil version was mainly sung in the
Tamil-majority northern and eastern regions of Sri Lanka. This division led to the exclusion
of the Tamil version from many national events, leading to calls for greater inclusivity.
Inclusion of the Tamil Version in Official Events
In March 2015, President Maithripala Sirisena announced that there was no official ban on
singing the national anthem in Tamil. This was a significant step toward inclusivity, though it
faced backlash from some Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists who opposed the idea of using
the Tamil version at official events.
On February 4, 2016, during Sri Lanka's 68th Independence Day celebrations, the Tamil
version of the anthem was sung at an official event for the first time in decades. This marked
a historic moment in the country’s journey toward greater unity and inclusiveness.
However, in 2020, the Tamil version was removed from the main Independence Day
celebrations, which led to some disappointment among those advocating for the broader
use of the anthem in both languages. The Tamil version was reinstated at the 76th
Independence Day celebrations in 2024, signaling a return to a more inclusive approach,
embracing Sri Lanka’s linguistic and cultural diversity.

The National Day of Sri Lanka
The National Day of Sri Lanka, also known as Independence Day, is celebrated every year
on February 4th. This significant day marks the country's independence from British colonial
rule, which was officially granted on February 4, 1948. As per the Sri Lankan Constitution,
the day is recognized as the “National Day of the Republic of Sri Lanka,” and it is a national
holiday that holds deep meaning for the nation.
The Significance of Independence Day
Independence Day is a momentous occasion for Sri Lankans, as it commemorates the hard-
fought freedom gained after years of struggle against colonial rule. The day serves as a
reminder of the sacrifices made by national heroes who fought for the country’s
sovereignty. It is a time for the nation to reflect on its journey toward independence, while
also acknowledging the challenges and triumphs that have shaped Sri Lanka’s history.
Main Celebrations in Colombo
The capital city, Colombo, is the heart of the Independence Day celebrations. The day
begins with the President of Sri Lanka hoisting the national flag at an official ceremony,
marking the start of the national commemoration. This symbolic act is followed by a 21-gun
salute, traditionally performed by the Sri Lanka Navy from its ceremonial naval gun battery.
This salute honors the sacrifices made for independence and is a sign of respect for the
nation.
One of the most prominent features of the celebrations is the military parade, which
showcases the unity and strength of Sri Lanka’s armed forces, including the army, navy, air
force, police, and civil defense force. This parade is a grand display of discipline, skill, and
national pride.
The President then delivers an important speech, reflecting on the country's achievements,
addressing national issues, and paying tribute to the heroes who contributed to Sri Lanka’s
independence. A moment of silence is observed in honor of these figures, marking their
invaluable role in the nation's history.
Religious and cultural activities also play a vital part in the celebrations. People of all
religious backgrounds come together to offer prayers for the prosperity of Sri Lanka.

Additionally, traditional dances, performances, and exhibitions representing the country’s
diverse heritage are organized, reflecting the multicultural essence of the island.
Key Locations for Celebrations
The primary celebrations are held at significant locations in Colombo, including the
Independence Memorial Hall in Cinnamon Gardens and Galle Face Green, a large ocean-
side park in the heart of the city. These venues provide a fitting backdrop for the day’s
events, drawing thousands of citizens and visitors alike to participate in the celebrations.
While Colombo remains the main venue for the official events, in recent years, the
celebrations have occasionally been held in other parts of Sri Lanka. Districts such as
Anuradhapura and Trincomalee have hosted the primary events, making the observance of
Independence Day more inclusive and spread across the country.
Nationwide Observance
In the week leading up to Independence Day, Sri Lankan households decorate their homes
with the national flag, a display of patriotism and unity. On the day itself, many people
gather to watch a live telecast of the official events, which include the President’s flag-
hoisting, speech, and the military parade. This live broadcast allows citizens from across the
country to participate in the national celebrations, regardless of their location.
In addition to the main celebrations in Colombo, local government officials in districts
across Sri Lanka conduct their own flag-hoisting ceremonies and deliver speeches. These
local observances ensure that the significance of the day is felt in every corner of the island,
promoting national pride and unity.

The National Languages of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka officially recognizes two national languages: Sinhala and Tamil. This is enshrined
in the country's Constitution, specifically in Chapter IV (Language), Article 19, which
declares that "The National Languages of Sri Lanka shall be Sinhala and Tamil." This
recognition reflects the nation's rich cultural diversity and ensures that both languages play
an equal role in public life.
Sinhala Language
Sinhala is an Indo-Aryan language predominantly spoken by the Sinhalese people, who
make up the majority of Sri Lanka's population. It is spoken by approximately 74.9% of the
population, equating to about 16.6 million speakers. Sinhala is written using the Sinhala
script, a unique writing system that has evolved over centuries.
Though primarily spoken by the Sinhalese ethnic group, Sinhala is also used by other
communities in Sri Lanka, such as the Moors and Indian Tamils, making it a key language of
communication across the island. Around 92% of Sri Lanka's population is proficient in
Sinhala, emphasizing its widespread usage.
Language Codes for Sinhala:
ISO 639-1: si
ISO 639-2: sin
Tamil Language
Tamil is a Dravidian language with a rich cultural and literary heritage. It is spoken by the Sri
Lankan Tamils, Sri Lankan Moors, and a significant portion of the Indian Tamil population in
the country. Tamil is one of the oldest living classical languages and has a history spanning
over two millennia.
In Sri Lanka, approximately 19% of the population, or about 3.8 million people, speak Tamil.
Tamil is written using the Tamil script, which is also used by Tamil-speaking communities in
other parts of the world. As of 2019, the global number of Tamil speakers was estimated at
around 86 million.
Language Codes for Tamil:
ISO 639-1: ta
ISO 639-2: tam

Role of English and Other Languages
While Sinhala and Tamil are the official national languages, English holds significant
importance in Sri Lanka, especially in education, commerce, and scientific work. Although
not a national language, English serves as a link language, bridging communication between
different ethnic and linguistic communities. Many Sri Lankans are bilingual, with a large
number speaking English as a second language.
In addition to the official languages, Sri Lanka is home to other languages spoken by smaller
communities. These include Creole Malay, Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole, and the Veddah
language, which contribute to the island’s linguistic diversity.
Legal Framework for Language Use
The Constitution of Sri Lanka guarantees that both Sinhala and Tamil are used in various
official and administrative contexts. This legal framework, outlined in Articles 20 to 25 of
Chapter IV (Language), provides the following key provisions:
1. Use of National Languages in Government Institutions: Both Sinhala and Tamil are
used in Parliament, Provincial Councils, and Local Authorities, ensuring that the two
languages are represented in legislative bodies.
2. Medium of Instruction: Schools must offer instruction in both Sinhala and Tamil.
English is also used as the medium of instruction for higher and further education.
3. Languages of Administration: All government offices must provide services in both
national languages, ensuring accessibility to all citizens.
4. Language of Legislation: Laws are enacted in both Sinhala and Tamil, ensuring that
the legal system is accessible to all.
5. Language of the Courts: Legal proceedings are conducted in both Sinhala and Tamil,
promoting fairness and equality in the judicial process.
6. Provision for Adequate Facilities: The government is responsible for providing the
necessary facilities to ensure the effective use of both national languages in all
official contexts.
7. Repeal of Inconsistent Laws: Any laws that contradict these provisions are deemed
to be repealed, reinforcing the primacy of the national languages in public life.
This legal framework ensures that Sinhala and Tamil have equal status and are used
effectively in the country’s administration, education, and legal systems. The inclusion of
both languages as official languages reflects Sri Lanka’s commitment to inclusivity and
respect for its diverse communities.

The National Tree of Sri Lanka
The Ceylon Ironwood (Mesua ferrea), locally known as Naa, is Sri Lanka’s national tree. It
was officially declared as such on February 26, 1986, in recognition of its cultural, religious,
and historical significance, as well as its unique qualities. The tree's association with
spirituality and its broad utility have made it an iconic symbol of Sri Lanka's natural heritage.
Botanical Characteristics
The Ceylon Ironwood is a large tree, known for its impressive height and hard, durable
wood. It has the following distinguishing features:
 Height: The tree can grow to heights ranging from 18 to 30 meters (approximately
98 feet).
 Trunk Diameter: Mature trees may have a trunk diameter of up to 2 meters (about
6.7 feet).
 Bark: Young trees have ashy grey, flaky bark, while older trees have a dark ash-grey
bark with a reddish-brown streak or blaze.
 Leaves: The leaves are glossy green to blue-grey, measuring around 7-15 cm in
length and 1.5-3.5 cm in width. The underside of the leaves is whitish, and young
leaves are reddish to yellowish when they first emerge.
 Flowers: The tree produces large, fragrant flowers, measuring 4-7.5 cm in diameter.
The flowers have four white petals and numerous orange-yellow stamens at the
center.

 Fruit: The tree’s fruit is an ovoid to globose capsule, typically containing one or two
seeds.
Religious Significance
The Ceylon Ironwood holds deep spiritual meaning in Theravada Buddhism. It is believed
that the future Buddha, Maitreya, will achieve enlightenment under this tree. According to
Buddhist prophecies:
 The Maitreyavyakarana Sutra describes a Naga tree (interpreted as the Ceylon
Ironwood) as the place where Maitreya will attain enlightenment. The text mentions
that the tree’s branches rise up to fifty leagues and its foliage spans far and wide,
symbolizing the vastness of the future Buddha’s wisdom.
 Similarly, the Anagatavamsa (Chronicle of the Future Buddha) prophesies that
Maitreya will reach enlightenment under a Naga tree. This connection between the
tree and spiritual awakening is rooted in Buddhist traditions and emphasizes the
tree’s sacred status.
The term "Naga" in these scriptures is synonymous with "dragon" in Chinese, adding an
additional layer of mystical reverence surrounding the tree.
Uses and Benefits
The Ceylon Ironwood has been used for various purposes due to its hardwood, aesthetic
value, and medicinal properties:
1. Wood and Timber Uses
 The tree’s wood is extremely hard and durable, making it ideal for heavy
construction. It is particularly used for:
o Railway sleepers
o Structural beams
o Furniture
 In ancient Sri Lanka, the wood was used in the construction of Buddhist temples and
monasteries.
2. Ornamental Value
 Due to its graceful shape, attractive leaves, and large fragrant flowers, the Ceylon
Ironwood is widely cultivated as an ornamental tree in gardens and parks.
3. Traditional Medicine
 Various parts of the tree have therapeutic properties. The flowers, leaves, seeds,
and roots are used in traditional medicine in Sri Lanka, India, and Malaysia. They are
believed to have benefits for a range of ailments.

 In particular, the seeds produce an oil that has been used for lighting lamps and for
cosmetic and perfume production.
4. Historical and Cultural Significance
 Remnants of ancient Buddhist monasteries in Sri Lanka, especially around Dambulla,
Sigiriya, Kandalama, and Ritigala, often have Ceylon Ironwood trees growing near
them. These trees are believed to be descendants of those that were planted during
the Anuradhapura period.
 In Assam, India, the seeds of the tree were once used for lighting lamps before the
introduction of kerosene.
5. Architectural Use
 The 14th-century Embekka temple in the Kandy district features pillars made from
Ceylon Ironwood. This highlights the tree’s historical use in the construction of
sacred places.

The National Flower of Sri Lanka
The Blue Water Lily, scientifically known as Nymphaea Stellata / Nymphaea nouchali, is Sri
Lanka’s national flower, having been officially declared as such on February 26, 1986. This
beautiful aquatic flower is a symbol of purity, truth, and spiritual enlightenment in Sri
Lankan culture, and it holds a significant place in both Buddhism and Hinduism.
Local Names and Varieties
In Sri Lanka, the Blue Water Lily is referred to as Mahanel or Manel (මානෙල්) in Sinhala.
The Tamil names for the flower include Aambal (ஆம் ல்), Neelambal (நீ லாம் ல்), and
Neelothpalam (நீ யலாை் லம்).
The flower is a part of the species Nymphaea nouchali, which has seven distinct varieties.
However, the Blue Water Lily (Nymphaea Stellata) is the one that holds the cultural and
symbolic significance as Sri Lanka’s national flower.
Characteristics and Description
 Color: The Blue Water Lily typically has pale blue petals, with a yellowish base. The
petals may fade to a dull blue or violet color as they mature.
 Habitat: It grows in shallow waters across Sri Lanka, often found in wetlands, ponds,
and lakes.
 Size: The flower is relatively small to medium-sized, making it distinct from other,
larger water lilies.

Cultural and Religious Significance
The Blue Water Lily is deeply intertwined with Sri Lanka's cultural identity, especially
within the Buddhist and Hindu traditions. It holds symbolic meanings such as:
1. Symbol of Purity and Enlightenment: The Blue Water Lily is often associated with
the Buddha and Buddhist teachings. It is believed to represent spiritual purity,
truth, and discipline. According to Buddhist tradition, it is one of the 108 auspicious
symbols found on Prince Siddhartha’s footprint.
2. Symbol of Rebirth and Spiritual Awakening: In Buddhism and Hinduism, water lilies
(in general) are symbols of rebirth. The flower opens in the morning and closes at
night, signifying the cycle of life, renewal, and spiritual awakening. It also rises out
of the mud, representing enlightenment and the overcoming of adversity.
3. Ceremonial Use: The Blue Water Lily is used in ceremonies and rituals, where it
symbolizes the purity of the Buddha and the path to enlightenment.
Medicinal and Culinary Uses
Beyond its religious significance, the Blue Water Lily has practical uses in medicine and
cuisine:
 Medicinal Properties: The Blue Water Lily is used in Ayurvedic medicine for its
soothing and healing properties. Different parts of the plant, including its flowers,
leaves, and tubers, are used for treating various ailments, from stress relief to
improving digestion.
 Culinary Use: The tubers of the Blue Water Lily are edible and were historically used
as famine food. In Sri Lanka, especially during periods of food scarcity, villagers
began cultivating the tubers in abandoned paddy fields. Today, the tubers are boiled
or used in curries. They are rich in starch and have been consumed in other parts of
the world, such as India and West Africa.
 Ornamental Use: The Blue Water Lily is also an ornamental flower widely used in
cultural and religious festivals in Sri Lanka. Its elegant form and beautiful color make
it a favorite in temples and gardens.
Mistaken Identity
There has been some confusion regarding the depiction of Sri Lanka’s national flower. In
some official representations, a larger, more colorful variety of water lily has been
mistakenly used instead of the true Blue Water Lily (Nymphaea Stellata). For example:
 The Sri Lanka Philatelic Bureau issued a stamp featuring an incorrect image,
showing a blue-purple water lily instead of the pale blue flower of the Nymphaea
Stellata.
This error has been perpetuated over time, and the purple water lily (often confused with
Nymphaea Stellata) has become widely accepted as the true national flower, despite being
a different species.

Key Differences Between the Blue Water Lily and Purple Water Lily
While both belong to the Nymphaea genus, there are clear distinctions between the Blue
Water Lily (Nymphaea Stellata) and the Purple Water Lily:
1. Size: The Blue Water Lily is typically smaller and less colorful compared to the purple
variety.
2. Petals and Structure: The Blue Water Lily has fewer petals, stamens, stigmatic
heads, and carpals than the purple variety.
3. Habitat:
o Blue Water Lily thrives in all climatic zones of Sri Lanka: dry, intermediate,
and wet zones.
o The Purple Water Lily is mainly found in the dry zone of the island.
4. Flower Color: The Blue Water Lily’s color is described as pale violet or pale blue,
whereas the purple variety tends to have more vibrant colors.
5. Cultural Depictions: The Blue Water Lily is the one depicted in ancient frescoes at
places like Sigiriya, where it is shown adorning the hairdos of female celestial
figures.

The National Bird of Sri Lanka
The Sri Lankan Junglefowl is the national bird of Sri Lanka, and it’s a symbol of the island's
rich biodiversity. This striking bird, native to Sri Lanka, is renowned for its vibrant plumage
and distinctive features. It can be spotted in the island’s national parks, jungles, and
scrublands, often at altitudes ranging from sea level to 2,000 meters. The birds scientific
name is Gallus lafayettii, and sometimes called as Gallus lafayetii)
Physical Characteristics
 Male (Roster/Cock):
o The male Sri Lankan Junglefowl is a showstopper with its bright orange-red
body and distinctive golden mane of feathers. This mane runs from the head
to the base of the spine.
o Its wings and tail are dark purple to black, creating a striking contrast with its
fiery body.
o The bright red comb with a yellow center on the male’s head is one of its
most prominent features. The face is adorned with bare red skin and large
wattles.
o Males are significantly larger than females, with a length of 66-72 cm (26-28
inches) and a weight of 790-1140 grams.
 Female (Hen):
o The female is smaller, measuring about 35 cm (14 inches) in length and
weighing 510-645 grams.

o She has dull brown feathers with white patterning on her belly and breast,
which provides excellent camouflage in the forest.
o This helps protect her from predators, as she blends seamlessly into the
environment.
Habitat and Behavior
 Habitat: The Sri Lankan Junglefowl thrives in a range of habitats, from dense jungles
and forests to the hill country. It is highly adaptable and can be found at elevations
from coastal lowlands up to 2,000 meters.
 Behavior: Primarily a terrestrial bird, the Sri Lankan Junglefowl spends much of its
time on the ground, scratching the earth for food, which includes seeds, fallen fruit,
and insects. They are omnivorous and opportunistic feeders.
 Nesting: The female lays two to four eggs, often in a nest on the forest floor or in
abandoned nests made by other birds. These nests are typically located in the steep
hill country, offering extra protection from predators.
Reproduction
 Mating Behavior: During mating season, the male's colorful plumage is used to
attract the female. He may engage in displays of dominance, including loud calls and
strutting, to impress the female.
 Nesting Sites: The nests are often located in secluded, dense areas to shield them
from potential predators. This adds an extra layer of safety for the eggs and chicks.
Conservation and Legal Protection
 The Sri Lankan Junglefowl is protected by law in Sri Lanka. It was historically hunted
for its meat, but this practice is now illegal.
 Conservation efforts are in place to ensure that the species thrives. While not
currently at significant risk of extinction, the bird is an important part of Sri Lanka’s
natural ecosystem and biodiversity.
Significance in Sri Lankan Culture
 The Sri Lankan Junglefowl holds a deep cultural significance. Its vibrant orange-red
and yellow plumage mirror the colors of the Sri Lankan national flag, making it a
symbol of the nation’s identity and pride.
 It is also seen as a national symbol of vitality and the island’s rich cultural heritage.
Its appearance is tied to the sacred symbolism of nature, as the bird is both a
representative of the land and a creature of remarkable beauty.
Interesting Facts
1. Endemic to Sri Lanka: The Sri Lankan Junglefowl is endemic, meaning it is found only
in Sri Lanka and nowhere else in the world. This makes it a true symbol of the island's
unique fauna.

2. Ancestor of Domestic Chickens: The Sri Lankan Junglefowl is considered the
ancestor of the modern-day domestic chicken. In fact, the domestic chickens that
we know today are descendants of the wild junglefowl species, including the Sri
Lankan variant.
3. Ground Dweller: Despite its brilliant plumage, the Sri Lankan Junglefowl is an
excellent ground dweller. It uses its sharp vision to detect predators from a distance
and can often be seen scratching the earth for food.
4. Ecological Role: The Sri Lankan Junglefowl plays an important role in the ecosystem,
as it helps control insect populations and spreads seeds, contributing to the health of
the forest.

The National Butterfly of Sri Lanka
Declared the National Butterfly of Sri Lanka on March 25, 2010, the Sri Lankan Birdwing
(Troides darsius) is an awe-inspiring butterfly that stands as a symbol of the island's rich
biodiversity. This butterfly is endemic to Sri Lanka, meaning it is found nowhere else in the
world, and it also holds the title of being the largest butterfly species in Sri Lanka. It is
belonging to Papilionidae family.
Key Features of the Sri Lankan Birdwing
The Sri Lankan Birdwing is easily recognized for its striking, glossy black wings adorned with
bright yellow patterns. These vivid features make it one of the most visually stunning
butterflies.
 Wingspan: It is the largest butterfly in Sri Lanka, with a wingspan typically ranging
from 150 to 180 millimeters.
 Habitat: It thrives in Sri Lanka’s low-country wet zone but is also found in home
gardens and some forested areas. Though common in certain regions, it becomes
rarer in the hill and dry zones of the island.
 Coloration: The black wings of the Sri Lankan Birdwing are contrasted by yellow
patterns, making it a spectacular sight. The butterfly's distinct color pattern helps it
stand out among other butterflies in Sri Lanka. Its body color is dark brown or near
black color.
 Genus: It is belonging to Troides genus (birdwing) butterflies.

Male vs Female
 Male: The male Sri Lankan Birdwing has a jet-black body and a bright golden-yellow
patch on the hind wing. This yellow patch, which is separated by black veins, is one
of the most prominent features of the male.
 Female: The female is larger than the male and features more extensive black on
the hindwings. Her golden-yellow patch is more variable and is often reduced to a
central patch, with a row of sub-marginal patterns. The female also has a white
dusting beside the veins of her forewings.
Conservation Concerns
Although the Sri Lankan Birdwing is not yet endangered, it faces significant threats to its
survival:
 Deforestation is the primary threat to this species. The butterfly depends on
Aristolochia plants as a food source for its larvae, and as these plants are destroyed
by habitat loss, the butterfly's survival is put at risk.
 CITES Protection: The Sri Lankan Birdwing is listed in Appendix II of CITES
(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), meaning that
international trade of this butterfly is regulated to prevent exploitation.
 IUCN Status: Despite the threats, the Sri Lankan Birdwing is classified as "Least
Concern" on the IUCN Red List (2012). However, continued conservation efforts are
necessary to preserve its delicate habitat and the Aristolochia plants crucial for its
lifecycle.
Why the Sri Lankan Birdwing Was Chosen as the National Butterfly
The selection of the Sri Lankan Birdwing as the national butterfly was influenced by several
key factors:
1. Endemic to Sri Lanka: It is found nowhere else in the world, making it a unique
national symbol.
2. Largest Butterfly in Sri Lanka: Its impressive size makes it an iconic species of the
island's fauna.
3. Wide Distribution: It is found across multiple regions of the island, making it a visible
and widely recognized species.
4. Beautiful and Easy to Identify: Its striking black and yellow wings make it a stand-out
creature in the butterfly world.
5. Cultural and Religious Associations: The butterfly holds significance in Sri Lankan
culture, particularly due to its yellow color.
Cultural and Religious Significance
The color yellow holds a deep symbolic meaning in Sri Lankan culture, especially in
Buddhism:

 Symbolism of Yellow: In Buddhist tradition, yellow represents virtues such as
humility, wisdom, and the pursuit of enlightenment. Monks traditionally wear
yellow or saffron robes, embodying these values.
 Yellow in the National Flag: The national flag of Sri Lanka incorporates yellow to
symbolize various aspects of the country’s culture and heritage. The yellow is
prominently featured in the lion, Bo Leaves, and the border of the flag, which
represents Sri Lanka’s identity.

The National Sport of Sri Lanka
In 1991, volleyball was officially recognized as the National Sport of Sri Lanka. The sport
holds a special place in the country's sporting culture and is widely played at all levels, from
schools to professional leagues. Its journey in Sri Lanka began in 1916, when R.W. Camack,
the Director of Physical Education at the Colombo Y.M.C.A., introduced volleyball to the
country.
History of Volleyball in Sri Lanka
 Introduction: Volleyball was first introduced to Sri Lanka by R.W. Camack in 1916.
He demonstrated the game to teacher trainees and students at the Colombo
Y.M.C.A. Its appeal quickly spread across the country, and it soon became a central
part of Sri Lankan sporting life.
 International Origins: Volleyball was invented by William G. Morgan in 1895 in
Holyoke, Massachusetts, USA. Originally called "Mintonette," the sport rapidly grew
in popularity. It was officially included in the Olympics in 1964, cementing its status
as one of the most widely played team sports globally.
 Volleyball Federation: In 1951, the Sri Lanka Volleyball Federation (SLVF) was
established to manage and promote volleyball across Sri Lanka. Today, the SLVF
remains the primary governing body for volleyball in the country.
 Historical Precedent: Some believe that the sport Elle, a traditional game similar to
volleyball, was once considered Sri Lanka's national sport. However, with the
introduction and growth of volleyball, the latter eventually took precedence.

The Game of Volleyball
Volleyball is a fast-paced and dynamic team sport that requires skill, teamwork, and
strategy. The objective is to score points by grounding the ball on the opposing team’s side
of the court. Here's a closer look at the key elements:
 Team Setup: Each team consists of six players.
 The Court: The game is played on a rectangular court divided by a net.
 Basic Play: The game follows three basic parts:
1. Serve: A player serves the ball to start the rally.
2. Pass: Teammates work together to pass the ball, trying to set it up for an
attack.
3. Attack: Players attempt to spike the ball into the opponent's side of the court
to score a point.
Teams must work together to both defend and attack, making volleyball a highly
cooperative and strategic game. Players need to communicate well and execute skills such
as passing, setting, and spiking.
Volleyball Ball Specifications
The official volleyball ball used in competitive matches has the following key characteristics:
 Circumference: 65–67 cm (26–26 inches)
 Weight: 260–280 grams
 Air Pressure: 0.30–0.325 kg/cm²
 Material: Typically made of synthetic or genuine leather, the volleyball is designed
to be lightweight yet durable for intense play.
The ball is made up of 18 rectangular panels, carefully wrapped around a bladder to form its
spherical shape. The ball's design ensures it’s easy to handle and maintain the speed and
energy required during fast-paced volleyball matches.

The National Gemstone of Sri Lanka
In October 2003, the blue sapphire was officially declared the National Gemstone of Sri
Lanka. This recognition highlighted the island's longstanding association with the gem trade
and its remarkable history of producing some of the world's most beautiful and valuable
sapphires. To commemorate this distinction, the Sri Lankan government issued a postage
stamp worth LKR 4.50 on October 2, 2003, featuring the blue sapphire.
The Blue Sapphire: Characteristics and Significance
The blue sapphire is a precious variety of the mineral corundum, with its vivid blue hue
making it one of the most sought-after gemstones in the world. Sri Lanka has earned global
renown for producing Ceylon Sapphires, a term that refers specifically to sapphires from Sri
Lanka. These stones are prized for their clarity, brilliance, and color.
Famous Blue Sapphires of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka has produced numerous blue sapphires that have achieved international fame.
Some of the most notable sapphires include:
1. The Logan Sapphire
2. The Giant of the Orient
3. Blue Bella of Asia
4. The Star of India
5. Pride of Sri Lanka

6. Empress Maria’s Sapphire
7. Bismarck Sapphire
8. The Star of Bombay
These gemstones have not only been highly valued by royalty and collectors but have also
adorned crowns, tiaras, and thrones throughout history, symbolizing power, wealth, and
prestige.
Mining and Production in Sri Lanka
Gem mining in Sri Lanka is a centuries-old practice, primarily centered around pit mining. Sri
Lankan miners dig deep pits in search of valuable gems, and over the centuries, this method
has yielded some of the world’s finest gemstones. What makes Sri Lankan gem mining
unique is that it often yields a variety of gemstones from the same pit. Minerals, including
sapphires, have been washed down from higher mountainous regions to the lowlands,
creating a diverse gem environment in specific locations.
The blue sapphires from Sri Lanka are particularly renowned for their exceptional color,
brilliance, and overall beauty, which has made them a top choice for jewelers, collectors,
and enthusiasts worldwide.
Historical Significance of Blue Sapphires
Sri Lanka’s reputation as a center of gemstone production dates back over 2,000 years.
Historical texts, including references from the Bible, suggest that King Solomon of Israel
imported gems from Sri Lanka, which further underscores the island's longstanding
association with gem trading.
 Ancient Sri Lankan Kings were known for their passion for gems, particularly blue
sapphires, and they took great pride in cultivating gem mining and trading with
ancient empires such as the Roman and Persian empires. These gemstones were
considered so valuable that they were often used in crowns and royal ornaments.
 Over the centuries, Sri Lanka has continued to produce gems of exceptional quality,
especially the blue sapphire, making it one of the most respected sources for
gemstones globally.

Unofficial National Symbols of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka has several symbols that reflect the nation's identity and spirit, even though they
lack official status. These symbols, while not formally recognized, are deeply cherished by
the people and represent the country’s rich cultural and natural heritage.
National Animal: Though Sri Lanka does not have an official national animal, the Sri Lankan
elephant (Elephas maximus maximus) is revered across the island. These majestic creatures
play a vital role in the nation's cultural and religious practices, especially in ceremonies like
the famous Kandy Esala Perahera. Historically, elephants have symbolized power, wisdom,
and grace. Their significance goes beyond wildlife conservation; they are integral to Sri
Lanka's traditions and national pride.
Other animals, such as the lion and the grizzled giant squirrel, also hold cultural importance.
The lion, particularly celebrated among the Sinhalese, represents courage and strength.
Although the Sri Lankan lion (Panthera leo sinhaleyus) is extinct, it remains a key part of Sri
Lanka’s heritage. The Sri Lankan leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya), endemic to the island, is
another notable species that embodies the nation’s wildlife.
National Color: Sri Lanka does not have an official national color, but maroon is widely
associated with the country. The rich, deep hue holds cultural and historical significance. It is
prominently featured in the national flag, symbolizing the Sinhalese ethnicity, which forms
the largest ethnic group in Sri Lanka. Other colors on the flag, including saffron, orange, and
green, represent the diverse ethnic groups, adding further depth to Sri Lanka's identity.
National Dress: Sri Lanka's national dress is not officially defined, but traditional clothing
like the sarong for men and the sari for women are iconic. These garments are worn
throughout the country, from urban Colombo to the rural villages of Jaffna. They reflect the
island's multicultural society, where various communities have influenced fashion. The
sarong and sari are not only practical but also serve as a visual link to Sri Lanka's deep
cultural roots.
National Monument: The Independence Memorial Hall, located in Colombo, stands as a
symbol of Sri Lanka’s hard-won independence. Although not officially a national monument,
its historical significance is profound. Inspired by the Royal Audience Hall of the Kingdom of
Kandy, the memorial represents unity, resilience, and the nation's struggle for freedom. It is
a place of reflection and pride for Sri Lankans, marking the end of colonial rule in 1948.
National Dish: Rice and curry is the quintessential Sri Lankan dish, a true representation of
the island's culinary traditions. It consists of a serving of rice accompanied by a variety of
curries, often made with fresh vegetables, meat, or seafood. Sri Lankan curries are known
for their rich flavors, influenced by the island’s diverse geography and multicultural
influences. Dishes are often paired with coconut sambols, chutneys, and pickles, creating a
unique balance of taste. This iconic meal reflects the warmth, hospitality, and creativity of
Sri Lankan culture.

References
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Perspective.
5. Perera, K. (2002). Sri Lanka: A Historical Overview of its National Emblem and
Symbols.
6. Dissanayake, W. (1997). The Significance of National Symbols in Sri Lankan Society.
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8. Wimalaratne, S. (2010). Sri Lankan Birdlife and Conservation.
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Butterfly.
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Lankan Species.
13. Jayawardena, C. (2014). Sri Lankan Sapphires: The Gemstone Legacy.
14. Sri Lanka Sports Ministry. (2001). The History and Popularity of Volleyball in Sri
Lanka.
15. Wickremasinghe, M. (1999). Buddhism and National Symbols of Sri Lanka.
16. Heritage Bureau of Sri Lanka. (2011). The Evolution of National Symbols in Sri Lanka.
17. Fernando, R. & Samarasinghe, S. (2017). The Cultural and Religious Significance of Sri
Lankan National Symbols.

About the Author
This book is written by a group of editors from The Sri Lanka, a website committed to
exploring and preserving the rich cultural, historical, and natural heritage of Sri Lanka. The
team at The Sri Lanka has spent years gathering, analyzing, and presenting authentic
information about the nation's diverse symbols and their deep connections to its traditions,
religion, and society.
The authors of this book are passionate about educating others and fostering a deeper
understanding of Sri Lanka's identity through its national symbols. By sharing valuable
knowledge in an engaging and accessible format, the team hopes to inspire readers to
appreciate the unique cultural and historical significance of Sri Lanka’s national treasures.
For more information, visit The Sri Lanka

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