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Natural language processing
This document provides an outline on natural language processing and machine vision. It begins with an introduction to different levels of natural language analysis, including phonetic, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic analysis. Phonetic analysis constructs words from phonemes using frequency spectrograms. Syntactic analysis builds a structural description of sentences through parsing. Semantic analysis generates a partial meaning representation from syntax, while pragmatic analysis uses context. The document also introduces machine vision as a technology using optical sensors and cameras for industrial quality control through detection of faults. It operates through sensing images, processing/analyzing images, and various applications.
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Prepared by Yogendra Tamang, BEX-066-448.
Introduction to language analysis levels: phonetic, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and machine vision.
Quote by Johan Wolfang Von Goethe emphasizing the importance of foreign languages in understanding one's mother tongue.
Explains language as a representation of understanding.
Distinction between natural languages (e.g., English, Nepali) and artificial languages (e.g., C++, Java).
Describes understanding as mapping input forms to useful forms and defines language in terms of source and target representations.
Focus on understanding the meaning of written/spoken sentences and how to express it in natural language.
Steps from raw speech signal analysis to pragmatic analysis for final meaning representation.
Describes phonetic analysis starting with analog signal and frequency spectrogram.
Constructing words from phonemes and the use of a phoneme database.
Syntactic analysis builds structural descriptions from phonetic analysis results, creating hierarchical structures.
Discussing grammar and parser in syntactic analysis.
Breakdown of the sentence 'Krishna ate the apple' into its grammatical components.
Generates partial meanings from syntactic structures.
Explains the importance of semantics with examples of the term 'plant'.
Explains semantic relationships through contextual examples about the sea.
Describes pragmatic analysis using context, intentions, and pronouns.
Introduces machine vision as industrial quality control and supervision technology.
Details optical sensors and cameras used in fault detection within industries.
Describes three systems of machine vision: sensing, processing, and applications.
List of references including books and websites for further reading.
Closing statement expressing gratitude.
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Natural language processing
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- 2. OUTLINES Introduction Level of Analysis Phonetic Syntactic Semantic Pragmatic Introduction to Machine Vision
- 3. “The man whoknows no foreign language knows nothing of his mother tongue” -Johan Wolfang Von Geothe(1749-1932) German Poet, Playwright and Philosopher
- 4. What is Language??? Representing yourunderstanding
- 5. language spoken bypeople, e.g. English, Nepali, Spanish, as opposed to artificial languages, like C++, Java, etc.
- 6. Background -Understanding???? Process of mappingfrom input form into a more useful form…. -Language???? A pair(source language, target representation) together with a mapping between elements of each other
- 7. Natural Language Processing 1.What doesthe written/spoken sentence mean?(Natural Language Understanding) 2.What is to be represented and how to express it in natural language(Natural Language Generation)
- 8. Natural Language Understanding RawSpeech Signal Sequence of Word Spoken Speech Recognition(phonetic) Structure of Sentence Syntactic Analysis Partial Representation of meaning of sentence Semantic Analysis Final Representation of meaning of sentence Pragmatic Analysis
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- 10. Phonetic Analysis Constructing wordsfrom Phonemes through frequency spectrogram Eg. th+i+ng=thing Phoneme Database is used
- 11. Syntactic Analysis i. Exploitsresult of Phonetic Analysis ii. Builds Structural description of Sentence. iii. Flat input sequence is converted into hierarchical structure(parsing).
- 12. Syntactic Analysis 1. Grammar: 2.Parser: A declarative Representation A procedure
- 13. Syntactic Analysis “Krishna atethe apple” sentence noun_phrase proper_noun verb_phrase verb noun_phrase determiner “Krishna” “ate” “the” noun “apple”
- 14. Semantic Analysis Generates partial meaning/representationfrom its syntactic structure
- 15. Semantic Analysis “plant” =industrial plant “plant” = living organism Importance of semantics?????
- 16. Semantic Analysis The sea isat the home for billions factories and animals The sea is home to million of plants and animals
- 17. Pragmatic Analysis Uses contextof utterance Where, by who, to whom, why, when it was said Intentions: inform, request, promise, criticize, … Handling Pronouns “Kusum eats apples. She likes them.” She=“Kusum”, them=“apples”.
- 18. Machine Vision worldwide industrialquality control and supervision technology.
- 19. Machine Vision -- Consistsof optical sensors, cameras for detection of faults -- Being used for industries for last 20 years
- 21. Machine Vision 3 Systems 1.Sensing and Digitizing image data 2. Image processing and analyzing 3. Applications
- 22. References: Rich, Knight, Nair,”Artificial Intelligence, 3rd edition, McGraw Hill Education http://www.site.uottawa.ca Machinevision.co.uk www.ussvision.com
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