Nature and Importance of Agriculture
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Agriculture began around 10,000 years ago when nomadic hunter-gatherers settled and began cultivating plants and domesticating animals. This led to the development of civilizations with division of labor. Important early centers of agriculture emerged independently in several regions including China, India, the Near East, and Mesoamerica where crops like millet, rice, wheat, maize were domesticated. Over time agricultural practices advanced, but population growth created food supply challenges addressed by the Green Revolution through high-yielding varieties and modern inputs. Today major international research organizations continue working to develop new technologies and improve global food security.
Nature and Importance of Agriculture
- 1. Jupite Mark U. Banayag, L.Agr Faculty Compostela Valley State College Purok 10, Poblacion, Compostela, 8803 Compostela Valley [email protected] NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE JMUBanayag
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- 4. Agriculture is a sector of economic activity that provides human beings with some of their basic needs. Its outputs are food and raw materials. JMUBanayag
- 5. Agricultural sector of the economy supplies most of the raw materials used by the industrial sector JMUBanayag
- 6. We can formally define agriculture as the cultivation of the soil for food crops, and the breeding, feeding and management of livestock. JMUBanayag
- 8. • History of agriculture is difficult to trace. – Lack of historian in the ancient era • Theory of Evolution – Man has evolved from the apes. – 35,000 years BC during the Neolithic age (the new stone age), man evolved from Neanderthal man to Cromagnon man • Primitive man – Not an agriculturist rather a hunter/gatherer of food JMUBanayag
- 9. • The Bible – Creation of Adam and Eve in the “Garden of Eden” • Evolutionists’ belief – When the last glacier ice melted, animals and fishes died. – Thus, primitive man had to migrate to other places in search for food. JMUBanayag
- 10. • Evolutionists’ belief – Man discovered by accident that certain plants (herbaceous annuals) as wheat, rice, barley, rye and peas dropped near the camp site grew far from their natural habitat and reproduced as in the wilds. – Man discovered that some plants possessed seeds and these seeds could produce new plants. – Man who migrated in Europe discovered some tubers that could reproduce new plants. – Thus, the beginning of crop domestication and the birth of agriculture.JMUBanayag
- 11. Things changed around 10 000 B.C. • New lifestyle emerged – around modern Syria, Iraq, Egypt and Jordan – Nomads became settlers • Plant varieties domesticated – wheat, barley, peas, lentils, chickpeas, flax • Animals domesticated – cattle, goats, sheep, pigs JMUBanayag
- 12. Civilization began with agriculture. When our nomadic ancestors began to settle and grow their own food, human society was forever changed. JMUBanayag
- 13. • First Civilization – Flourished near the Nile River, Indus and Tigris Euphrates : as man began to settle and had division of labor. • Agriculture Progress and Civilization – Wonders of the world : The Hanging Garden of Babylon, Pyramid of Egypt, Leaning Tower of Pizza, The Taj Mahal, The Great Wall of China and the Rice Terraces of Philippines JMUBanayag
- 14. Our nomadic hunter-gatherer history (Vincent 2008) (CC BY-ND) JMUBanayag
- 15. (Woodlouse 2008) (CC BY-SA) JMUBanayag
- 16. (Agencia de Noticias do Acre 2009) (CC BY) JMUBanayag
- 17. Primitive people began to study plants. Is it edible? Does eating it modify well-being? Does it taste good? Can it used to keep me warm? As fuel? As clothing? Is it useful to combat pain? Disease? History of Agriculture
- 18. History of Agriculture Eventually people began asking questions such as….. How do they grow? How do they reproduce? How are they constructed? How are they nourished? How are they related to one another? How are traits passed from one generation to the next?
- 19. History of Agriculture The use of plant products eventually led to physicians, pharmacists, and scientists.
- 20. History of Agriculture Dioscorides Early Christian Era Wrote about the medicinal uses of plants Proposed ideas about the relationship of plants
- 21. History of Agriculture Theophrastus 1st scientific horticulturist Student of Plato and Aristotle Wrote the books History of Plants and The Causes of Plants.
- 22. History of Agriculture History of Plants Morphology of roots, flowers, and leaves. Anatomical features such as bark, pith, fibers, and vessels. The Causes of Plants Relationship of weather, soils, and agricultural practices. Importance of seeds Value of grafting Tastes and flagrances of plants Death of plants
- 23. History of Agriculture Linnaeus (1707-1778) Swedish botanist. Developed binomial classification scheme for plants. Based on their sexual or flowering parts. Basis for all classification systems today. Built upon the work of the Greeks, especially Dioscorides.
- 24. Not only towns and cities begin to flourish, but also knowledge, the arts and the technological sciences. JMUBanayag
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- 27. Agriculture is remarkably recent • First hominids 4 000 000 years ago • First farmers 10 000 years ago Farming has existed for 0.25% of our history JMUBanayag
- 28. • First Production of Food by Crop Cultivation/Domestication – 7,000 to 10,000 years ago – Agriculture had originated in the well-watered highlands of Indus, Tigris Euphrates and Nile River • Proposed location for the Birth of Primitive Agriculture – Southeast Asia : diverse geography and diversity of vegetation and mild climate JMUBanayag
- 29. Center of Origin of Plants JMUBanayag
- 30. Ancient Centers of Agriculture According to Vavilov: – 1. China – millet, soybeans, legumes and vegetables – 2. India and Indo-Malayan Center including Phils. – rice , sugarcane, legumes, tropical fruits as mangoes and citrus – 3. Central Asia – wheat, peas, oil plants and cotton JMUBanayag
- 32. According to Vavilov: – 4. Near East – wheat, grapes, peas, cherry almond and fig – 5. Mediterranean Center – beet and vegetables – 6. Ethiopia – barley and wheat – 7. South Mexico and Central America – corn, beans, squash, chilli-pepper, fruits, cacao and cotton – 8. South America (Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia) with subcenters in Chile, Brazil, and Paraguay) – potato, cassava, peanut, pineapple, cashew and rubber tree Ancient Centers of Agriculture JMUBanayag
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- 35. Some of the most important crops of the world • Wheat -human food, good protein • Rice -human food • Maize -fed to livestock • Potato -human food • Barley -fed to livestock • Oats -fed to livestock • Sorghum -fed to livestock • Soy bean -fed to livestock, high protein and oil content JMUBanayag
- 36. Some of the most important crops of the world – Sugarcane – Citrus – Cotton fiber/seed – Bean, pea – Rye – Banana – Tomato – Millets – Sesame – Oil Palm – Peanut – Sweet potato and yams – Coffee – Tobacco – Rubber – Cacao – Tea JMUBanayag
- 37. Philippine Agriculture • Aboriginal people, the Pygmies or Negritos from Central Asia 25,000 years ago were not agriculturists • They wandered and derived their food from hunting , fishing and gathering wild fruits JMUBanayag
- 38. Philippine Agriculture • Indonesians – second migrant from Southeastern Asia 5,000 years ago: practiced crude agriculture “kaingin” also known as “shifting cultivation”, “slash and burn” or “Sweden-like” – start of the Phil. Agriculture • Agriculture – main industry in the Pre- Spanish Philippines JMUBanayag
- 39. Two Methods of Cultivation Used by Ancient Farmers in the Philippines 1. Kaingin – Farmer has to move to another forest and clear again hence “shifting cultivation” – This was not given much attention in the past by policy makers – population was small – As population grew enormously, together with logging, kaingin agriculture was one of the most destructive method due to deforestation of the country JMUBanayag
- 40. Two Methods of Cultivation Used by Ancient Farmers in the Philippines 1. Kaingin – cutting of trees, shrubs, and bushes, allowed to dry and then burned – holes are bored in the ground with pointed stick and seeds of corn, rice or vegetables are planted – after one or two croppings, weeds grow and farmers have to move to another forest JMUBanayag
- 41. Two Methods of Cultivation Used by Ancient Farmers in the Philippines 2. Tillage –Regular cultivation of the soil using wooden plow and harrows drawn by carabao –Stir the soil to loosen it and pulverize to kill the weeds and for ease of planting –Enables the farmer to stay in his farm permanently instead of moving or shifting cultivation JMUBanayag
- 42. Two Methods of Cultivation Used by Ancient Farmers in the Philippines 2. Tillage –Birth of permanent settlement and development of tools and equipment for efficient land preparation and planting –In regions, irrigation was used to increase production as evidence by the Ifugao Rice Terraces JMUBanayag
- 43. Population and Food Supply • Crop Production – Important industry : crop products are essential to the existence of man – Man without food for 24 hours will quarrel; 48 hours without food will steal; and 72 hours without food will fight JMUBanayag
- 44. Population and Food Supply • Thomas Malthus, British economist – predicted that population growth was much faster than the increase in food production leading to mass starvation • Malthus’ predictions were not entirely correct. • Research centers were established. • Scientific discoveries and advance technology increased productivity. JMUBanayag
- 45. Population and Food Supply • Use of high-yielding varieties through breeding, massive application of fertilizer and better soil and water management practices, and effective and more efficient crop protection practices for weeds, insects and plant diseases JMUBanayag
- 46. Population and Food Supply • Agriculture became a way of life – when crop and animal domestication occurred • Man realized that there are so many problems with the raising of crops and animals • Discovery and manufacture of pesticides, fertilizers that increased production • Destruction/extinction of beneficial flora and fauna in the environment JMUBanayag
- 47. Population and Food Supply • Traditional breeding/natural selections – produced resistant cultivars/animals to pest pests • Biotechnology/genetic engineering – genetically modified organisms (GMO) • World population increases rapidly yet arable land for food production is diminishing • Biotechnology enables researchers to provide plants with new beneficial traits and reduces the cost of production and protects the land JMUBanayag
- 48. Population and Food Supply • Agricultural Research Centers Established – Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) , Tainan, Taiwan- vegetables – International Center for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya- trees in crop, animal and fish production – International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Banos, Laguna, Phils., rice, 1959, – International Center for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT), El Batan, Mexico, Barley , wheat and maize, 1964 JMUBanayag
- 49. Population and Food Supply • Centro Internationale Agricule Tropicale (CIAT), Palmira, Columbia, beef, cassava, field beans, farming systems, swine , maize, rice, 1968 • International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, farming systems, rice, maize, cowpea, soybean, lima bean, pigeon peas, root, tuber crops-cassava, sweet potato, yam, 1965 JMUBanayag
- 50. Population and Food Supply • International Potato Center (CIP),Lima Peru,potatoes for tropic and temperate regions,1972 • International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India, Sorghum, pearl millet, pigeon peas, chick peas, farming systems, ground nuts, 1972 JMUBanayag
- 51. Population and Food Supply • International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), Nairobi, Kenya, Trypanosomiasis,theileriasis,1974 • International Livestock Center for Africa (ILCA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, livestock production systems, 1974 • International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IPBGR) FAO, Rome,Italy, conservation of plant genetic material- cereals,1973 JMUBanayag
- 52. Population and Food Supply • West African Rice Development Association (WARDA), Monrovia, Liberia, rice, 1971 • International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), Lebanon, crop and mixed farming systems research, sheep, barley ,wheat, JMUBanayag
- 53. Agricultural Research in the Philippines 1. State colleges and universities offering degrees in agriculture 2. Department of Agriculture Research Networks 3. National commodity research centers – FIDA – Fiber Industry Development Authority – NTA – National Tobacco Administration – PhilRice – Philippine Rice Research Institute – PCA – Philippine Coconut Authority – SRA – Sugar Regulatory Administration – PRCRTC – Phil. Rootcrops Research and Training Center – NPRCRTC – Northern Phil. Rootcrops Research and Training Center – NARC – National Abaca Research Center JMUBanayag
- 54. Agricultural Research in the Philippines 4. Specialized discipline-oriented research centers – IPB – Institute of Plant Breeding – NCPC – National Crop Protection Center – NPGRL – National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory – PHTRC – Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center – BIOTECH – National Institutes of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology JMUBanayag
- 55. Agricultural Research in the Philippines 5. Private seed companies – East West – Monsanto – Pioneer – Syngenta – Allied Botanicals JMUBanayag
- 56. Major International Research Organization – IRRI – International Rice Research Institute (Philippines) – CIMMYT – Centro International de Mejoramiente de Maize y Trigo (Mexico) – CIP – Centro International de Patatas – ICRISAT – International Center for Semi-Arid Tropics (India) CIAT – Centro de International de Agricultural Tropical (Colombia) – ICARDA – International Center for Agricultural Research for Dry Areas (Syria) JMUBanayag
- 57. Major International Research Organization – IITA – International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (Nigeria) – ICRAF – International Center for Research on Agroforestry (Kenya) – AVRDC – Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (Taiwan) – Bioversity International – for International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (Italy) JMUBanayag
- 58. Evidences of our works related to agriculture: 1. World food summit 2. Food and Agriculture Organization 3. Formulation of policies and programs JMUBanayag
- 59. IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE • Source of Raw Material • Vast Employment Opportunities • Source of Saving • Source of Government Income JMUBanayag
- 60. Q1. How many million people in the world suffering from hunger based on the latest data? a.10 d. 800 b. 100 e. 925 c. 400
- 61. • 800 million people in the world - suffer from hunger and malnutrition (2008 or 2009). • World food production - must increase 50 percent by 2030 to meet increasing demand JMUBanayag
- 62. Another source….. 925 million hungry people in 2010 JMUBanayag
- 63. Number of hungry people in the world: 925 million hungry people in 2010 JMUBanayag
- 64. There are 7 billion people in the world. Thus, with an estimated 925 million hungry people in the world, 13.1 %, or almost 1 in 7 people are hungry. JMUBanayag
- 65. Year Population 1000 275 million 1500 450 million 1650 500 million 1750 700 million 1850 1.2 billion 1900 1.6 billion 1950 2.55 billion 1955 2.8 billion JMUBanayag
- 66. Year Population 1970 3.7 billion 1980 4.5 billion 1990 5.3 billion 1995 5.7 billion JMUBanayag
- 67. Year Population 2006 6.5 billion 2011 7 billion 2025 8 billion 2043 9 billion 2083 10 billion JMUBanayag
- 68. Every 3.6 seconds someone dies of starvation. JMUBanayag
- 69. Malnutrition is a general term that indicates a lack of some or all nutritional elements necessary for human health JMUBanayag
- 70. Every year 15 million children die of hunger About 183 million children weigh less than they should for their age One in twelve people worldwide is malnourished, including 160 million children under the age of 5 JMUBanayag
- 71. Agriculture plays a great role on different aspects of our lives. It provides the foundation through which people survive through the provision of food to both humans and their animals. JMUBanayag
- 72. Without agriculture, chances of survival would be minimal as both people and livestock would die out of starvation. JMUBanayag
- 73. Agriculture reduces poverty by providing both a source of food and employment. JMUBanayag
- 74. STATE OF THE PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE • The Philippine is rich in agricultural potential. However, agricultural commodities reveal a poor state of agriculture competitiveness. • The modernization of the country’s agriculture sector has been mandated with the signing of law Republic Act 8435 or the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA). • AFMA was signed into law in 1997 and yet the country remains the biggest rice importer in the world. JMUBanayag
- 75. Land utilization in the Philippines as of 1996 (NLUC 2002) Land Use Area (ha) Percentage Agriculture 9 728 800 32.95 Forestry 19 062 600 64.56 Settlement 131 400 0.44 Mining and quarrying 8 700 0.029 Inland Fisheries 595 700 2.02 Open Land 1 100 0.004 Total 29 528 300 100.00 JMUBanayag
- 76. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and the Threats (SWOT) to Philippine Agriculture. • Strengths –Availability of expertise in agricultural research and development –Basic institutions in research –Endowed with natural resources –Availability of agricultural technologies to boost production JMUBanayag
- 77. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and the Threats (SWOT) to Philippine Agriculture. • Weaknesses – Physical • Climate – Typhoons, drought • Soil – erosion of top soil particularly in sloppy areas – Biological • Insect Pests • Weeds • Pathogens • Nutrient deficiencies and toxicities • Suitable varieties JMUBanayag
- 78. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and the Threats (SWOT) to Philippine Agriculture. • Weaknesses – Socio-economic • Low farm income • Small land holdings • Decreasing interest in agriculture • Inadequate support and extension services for optimum production • Inadequate incentives and support for efficient production – E.g. irrigation and postharvest infrastructure • Inadequate farm-to-market roads • Marketing problems JMUBanayag
- 79. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and the Threats (SWOT) to Philippine Agriculture. • Opportunities – Diverse agro-environment for diverse cropping system – Wide range of soil and climate to grow different crops – Whole year round growing period • Sunlight: 11-13 hrs • Temperature: 24-32oC • Rainfall: 2400-4000mm/yr JMUBanayag
- 80. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and the Threats (SWOT) to Philippine Agriculture. • Threats – Population – Globalization – Weak governance – Deteriorating natural resources endowments – Climate change JMUBanayag
- 85. Fruits Banana Pummelo Durian Davao Region (XI) Mango Tamarind Ilocos Region (I) Pineapple Northern Mindanao (X) Calamansi MIMAROPA (IV-B) JMUBanayag
- 86. Fruits Lanzones Mangosteen ARMM (XII) Papaya SOCCSKSARGEN Rambutan CALABARZON (IV-A) Orange CAR Mandarin Cagayan Valley (II) Watermelon Western Visayas JMUBanayag
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- 89. Vegetables Eggplant, Tomato, Garlic Ilocos Region Lettuce Northern Mindanao Cabbage, Brocolli, White Potato, Carrots, Chinese Pechay CAR Asparagus SOCCSKSARGEN JMUBanayag
- 90. Vegetables Ampalaya, Okra, Stringbeans, Onion Central Luzon Gourd , Radish CALABARZON Ginger, Squash Cagayan Valley Kangkong ARMM Native Pechay Bicol Region JMUBanayag
- 91. Cereals, Legumes & Root crops Rice SOCCSKSARGEN Corn Cagayan Valley Cassava ARMM Mongo Ilocos Region Peanut Ilocos Region Ubi Central Visayas Camote, Gabi Eastern Visayas JMUBanayag
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- 97. Cutflowers Gladiolus CAR Rose CAR Chrysanthemum CAR Anthurium CAR Orchids Bicol Region JMUBanayag
- 98. Plantation crops Coconut Davao Region Coffee SOCCSKSARGEN Sugarcane Western Visayas Abaca Bicol Region Rubber Zamboanga Peninsula Tobacco Ilocos Region Cotton Central Visayas JMUBanayag
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- 102. Agriculture Performance 2016 2.b CommdtyFactSht_2016F 2.c ais_agri_export_import2017 2.d Regional Agricultural Production Accounts 2015-2017 JMUBanayag
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