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Neb agriculture
This document discusses various topics related to agriculture and economic activities. It begins by classifying economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary. It then discusses different types of agricultural systems such as subsistence farming, shifting agriculture, and commercial agriculture. Specific topics covered include the origins of agriculture, animal domestication, von Thünen's model of agricultural land use, and the various revolutions that have transformed agriculture like the Green Revolution. The document also maps out global patterns of agriculture and discusses the role of transportation, climate, and agribusiness in shaping modern agriculture.
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Neb agriculture
- 1.
- 2. Classification of EconomicActivitiesClassification of Economic Activities • Primary or Extractive Activities Hunting & Gathering – Farming – Livestock raising or herding – Lumbering – Mining – Quarrying • Working in the natural environment-often the environment suffers.
- 3. Primary or Extractive Economy- Teak logsnear Mandalay, Myanmar
- 4. Top picture-aquaculture orfish farming in Thailand Right-fishing, one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, is vital to many countries (Iceland, Japan, etc.), but fish stocks are running low due to over fishing in many parts of the world
- 5. Classification of EconomicActivitiesClassification of Economic Activities • Secondary Activities – The stages are; Stone Age-Copper Age- Bronze Age-Iron Age, etc. – Manufacturing- converting raw materials into finished goods. – Major changes in human history marked by new ways to convert raw materials into finished good.
- 6. Classification of EconomicActivitiesClassification of Economic Activities • Tertiary Activities provide essential services in a complex society – Doctors, dentist, hospitals – Lawyers – Teachers – Stores, shops – Banks, offices • Quaternary and Quinary are high tech and specialization – Administration – Research
- 7. AgricultureAgriculture Agriculture – thepurposeful tending of crops and raising of livestock in order to produce food and fiber.
- 8. • The Persistenceof Agriculture • The US only has 2 million farmers. • Mechanization and farm consolidation have forced out many small scale farmers. • Yet US farm production is at an all time high. • IN MOST OF THE WORLD-AGRICULTURE REMAINS THE LEADING EMPLOYMENT SECTOR- 40% of the world’s population are farmers
- 9. Before FarmingBefore Farming •Food production, preparation and consumption plays a major role in all culture. • Food taboos by custom or religion, food intolerances- dairy, eggs or fish, peanuts, etc. • Hunting & Gathering or Fishing was the only way to acquire food for most of our existence. – San of southern Africa – Aboriginals of Australia – Native Americans of Brazil
- 10. Bushmen of theBushmenof the Kalahari still liveKalahari still live By hunting andBy hunting and gatheringgathering
- 11. Hunting & GatheringSocietiesHunting & Gathering Societies • Settlements are NOT PERMANENT • Populations remain small • Early hunter-gatherers lived in wetter & better environments and had an easier life than those of the modern day. – Eastern North America- forests, wildlife & nuts – Pacific Coast Americas- salmon fishing – Aleuts of tundra caribou herds – Interior North America- buffalo herds
- 12. Hunting & GatheringSocietiesHunting & Gathering Societies • Technology improved slowly • Bone & stone tools & weapons • Learned to control fire- protection-cooking • Metallurgy evolved with copper, bronze, gold and later iron for arrowheads, knives, axes and other utensils. • Even pre-agricultural societies had complex tools, utensils & weapons
- 13. Hunting & GatheringSocieties-FishingHunting & Gathering Societies-Fishing • 12,000-15,000 yrs. Ago coastal flats were flooded as glaciers melted • Continental shelves became shallow seas where marine life was plentiful • Coastal areas became warmer and more habitable • Shell fish & trapped fish added to the diet as harpoons, spears, hooks, boats and baskets were created.
- 14. Agricultural Origins-The FirstAgriculturalAgricultural Origins-The First Agricultural RevolutionRevolution • The first domestication of plants was probably in South East Asia-root crops-taro, yams & bananas 14,000 years ago • Southwest Asia domesticated cereal crops such as wheat, barley & oats-10,000 years ago • MesoAmerica-maize (corn), squash & beans • Africa-millet, sorghum, watermelons
- 15. The Fertile Crescent–The Fertile Crescent – Where the planned cultivation of seed crops began. - because of seed selection, plants got bigger over time - generated a surplus of wheat and barley - first integration of plant growing and animal raising (used crops to feed livestock, used livestock to help grow crops)
- 18. The First AgriculturalRevolution-AnimalThe First Agricultural Revolution-Animal DomesticationDomestication • Animals such as goats, pigs and sheep were domesticated about 8,000 yrs. ago. • Domesticated animals in captivity are very different from their wild counterparts. • Southeast Asia-pigs, water buffalo, chickens, ducks and geese were domesticated.
- 20. • South Asia-cattle, elephants-butnever bred in captivity, • Southwest Asia-goats, sheep and camel • Central Asia-yak, horse, goats, sheep and reindeer • Meso America and South America-llama, alpaca, pig and turkey • Africa-guinea fowl-only became herders after cattle were brought in from SW Asia • Total-only about 40 species were domesticated
- 21. Animal Domestication –AnimalDomestication – - Relatively few animals have been domesticated - Attempts at domestication continue, but most fail
- 23. World Areas ofAgricultural InnovationsWorld Areas of Agricultural Innovations Carl Sauer identified 11 areas where agricultural innovations occurred.
- 24. Chief Source Regionsof Important CropChief Source Regions of Important Crop Plant DomesticationsPlant Domestications
- 25. Subsistence FarmingSubsistence Farming •World-wide most farmers are subsistence-growing just enough to feed their families. • They find building material and fuel in the natural environment-no cash economy • Small fields-intensive farming on land they often don’t own. • Methods and tools used are generally very low tech. • Found in South & Central America, Africa, South Asia, and South East Asia
- 26. On the Greekisland of Crete, a peasant plows a field with a donkey
- 29. Shifting Agriculture-Slash &Burn, Patch or MilpaShifting Agriculture-Slash & Burn, Patch or Milpa • Tropical areas-red soil is heavily leached. • Plot of land is cleared by burning-ash replenishes soil. • A type of crop rotation-tubers in warm tropics, grains in humid subtropics, fruit in cooler regions. • Not nomadic-central village with parcels of land worked in succession • Conserves forests & soil, requires organization
- 30. • Intertillage spreadsfood production over the farming season • It reduces the loss from disease or pests or drought. • It helps control soil erosion and soil depletion. • Hill planted crops have deeper root systems and tall stalks while flat earth crops are spreaders. • No expensive fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides or machines are necessary
- 31. • Agricultural Societiesare classified as: – Subsistence or Primitive – Intermediate or Traditional – Developed or Modern • Colonial Powers-Bad Points – Tried to compel subsistence farmers to modernize by charging them taxes – Made them devote valuable land to cash crops like cotton • Colonial Powers-Good Points – Conducted soil surveys – Built irrigation systems – Established lending agencies to loan money to farmers
- 32. Arable Land PercentArable by CountryArable Land Percent Arable by Country Does the percent of land that is arable in a countryDoes the percent of land that is arable in a country determine the agricultural output or the caloriedetermine the agricultural output or the calorie consumption in a country?consumption in a country?
- 33. Subsistence AgricultureSubsistence Agriculture •Subsistence Agriculture – Agriculture in which people grow only enough food to survive. - farmers often hold land in common - some are sedentary, and some practice shifting cultivation * slash-and-burn
- 34. World Regions ofPrimarily Subsistence AgricultureWorld Regions of Primarily Subsistence Agriculture On this map, India and China are not shaded because farmers sell some produce at markets; in equatorial Africa and South America, subsistence farming allows little excess and thus little produce sold at markets.
- 35. Above-Herding sheep inthe Middle East Right-Cattle crossing the Niger River
- 36. Left-Haiti, a womancarries bananas to market Right-Iranian Farmers winnowing wheat
- 37. Second Agriculture RevolutionSecondAgriculture Revolution • A series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses (started before the industrial revolution). eg. – seed drill – new crops-potatoes & corn – advances in livestock breeding – new soil preparation methods & new fertilizers
- 38. Von Thünen ModelVonThünen Model • Von Thünen Model – What farmers produce varies by distance from the town, with livestock raising farthest from town. – Cost of transportation governs use of land. – First effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity.
- 39. Von ThünenVon Thünen •Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783-1850) wrote Der Isolierte Staat (The Isolated State) which is the foundation of location theory. • Noted how crops near Rostock, Germany changed with no change in soil-mapped the pattern • With terrain, soils and rainfall the same he created the ringed-pattern • Noted that transportation costs governed land use
- 40. Von Thünen ModelVonThünen Model
- 41. Application of VonThünen ModelApplication of Von Thünen Model • Geographer Lee Liu studied the spatial pattern of agriculture production in China. Found: -farmers living in a village farm both lands close to the village and far away intensively -methods varied spatially – resulting in land improvement (by adding organic material) close to village and land degradation (lots of pesticides and fewer conservation tactics) farther from village.
- 43. Third Agriculture RevolutionThirdAgriculture Revolution (Green Revolution)(Green Revolution) • invention of high-yield grains, especially rice, with goal of reducing hunger. - increased production of rice - new varieties in wheat and corn - reduced famines due to crop failure, now most famines are due to political problems - impact (in terms of hunger) is greatest where rice is produced
- 44. Average Daily CalorieAverageDaily Calorie Consumption per CapitaConsumption per Capita
- 45. Opposition to GreenRevolutionOpposition to Green Revolution • Opposition argues Green Revolution has led to: – vulnerability to pests – Soil erosion – Water shortages – Micronutrient deficiencies – Dependency on chemicals for production – Loss of control over seeds
- 46. Opposition to GreenRevolutionOpposition to Green Revolution • Genetically engineered crops are yielding some ethical problems. In the semi-periphery, farmers typically keep seeds from crops so that they can plant the seeds the next year. Companies that produce genetically engineered seeds do not approve of this process; generally, they want farmers to purchase new seeds each year. • Many semi-periphery farmers can not afford the new seeds, fertilizers, pesticides or herbicides. • Some of the poorest areas of the world have benefited the least from the Green Revolution-especially Africa. • Small farms can’t take advantage of the innovations- India 4 acres, Bangladesh 1.8 acres, China ½ acre
- 47. Regional and LocalChangeRegional and Local Change Geographer Judith Carney finds that changing agricultural practices alter the rural environment and economy and also relations between men and women. Lands used traditionally by women to grow food for their families In Gambia, international development projects have converted wetlands into irrigated agricultural lands, in order to make production of rice year round.
- 48. Year Round RiceProduction –Year Round Rice Production – - lands that used to be used for family subsistence are now used for commercialized farming with revenues going to the men. - women do the work of rice production and see little of the benefit because of the power relations in Gambia
- 49. Cadastral SystemsCadastral Systems •Township and Range System (rectangular survey system) is based on a grid system that creates 1 square mile sections. US method adopted after the Revolutionary War. Homestead Act-160 acres (1 section) given after 5 years of working the land) • Metes and Bounds Survey uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land. Found on the east coast of North America • Longlot Survey System divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals. Found in Canadian maritimes & Quebec, a remnant of French rule • Primogentiture-Germanic custom-first born son inherits all land-North America, Northern Europe, Australia etc.
- 50. Dominant Land SurveyPatterns in the US
- 51. Township and Range–Township and Range – The cultural landscape of Garden City, Iowa reflects the Township and Range system. Townships are 6x6 miles and section lines are every 1 mile.
- 52. Longlot Survey System– The cultural landscape of Burgundy, France reflects the Longlot Survey system, as land is divided into long, narrow parcels. People live in nucleated villages and land ownership is highly fragmented.
- 53. Agricultural VillagesAgricultural Villages •Nucleated settlement-intense cultivation with homes clustered in a village-most of the world’s farms are nucleated. • Dispersed settlement-individual farm house widely spaced-North America • Linear Village-follows a stream or road • Cluster Village-(nucleated) intersection of roads • Round Village-to corral livestock (rundling- Slavic farmers) • Walled Village-e.g. Medieval Europe • Grid Village-Spanish colonial villages & modern day planned-towns
- 54.
- 55. Nordlingen, Germany builtin the Middle Ages circa, 14th Century
- 56. Top-a Namibian villageor kraal to protect livestock Right-Masaai use the blood of their livestock for food.
- 57. Functional Differentiation withinVillagesFunctional Differentiation within Villages • Cultural landscape of a village reflects: – Social stratification (How is material well being reflected in the spaces of a village?) – Differentiation of buildings (What are they used for? How large are they?)
- 58. Stilt village inCambodia- Buildings look alike, but serve different purposes.
- 59. Farm in Minnesota eachbuilding serves a different purpose
- 60. AgricultureAgriculture • Commercial Agriculture Termused to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology. - roots are in colonial agriculture - today, global production made possible by advances in transportation and food storage
- 61. Advances in Transportation& Food StorageAdvances in Transportation & Food Storage - Containerization of seaborne freight traffic - Refrigeration of containers, as they wait transport in Dunedin, New Zealand
- 62. Agriculture and ClimateAgricultureand Climate • Climate Regions (based on temperature and precipitation) help determine agriculture production. • Agriculture Regions – drier lands usually have livestock ranching and moister climates usually have grain production.
- 63. World Map ofClimatesWorld Map of Climates Koppen Climate Classification SystemKoppen Climate Classification System
- 64. World Map ofAgricultureWorld Map of Agriculture Cash Crop and Plantation Agriculture Cotton and Rubber Luxury Crops Commercial Livestock, Fruit, and Grain Agriculture Subsistence Agriculture Mediterranean Agriculture Illegal Drugs
- 65. Agribusiness & theChanging Geography ofAgribusiness & the Changing Geography of AgricultureAgriculture • Commercialization of Crop Production With the development of new agricultural technologies, the production of agriculture has changed. - eg. Poultry industry in the US production is now concentrated farming is turning into manufacturing
- 66.
- 67. Plantation AgriculturePlantation Agriculture •Governments in core countries set quotas for imports & subsidize domestic production • Large scale cash cropping is called plantation agriculture-a hold over from the colonial period • Bananas, sugar, coffee, cacao, rubber and tea are examples. • Sugar cane is a cash crop that drives the economies of many Caribbean nations • Cartels are formed to boost prices, but are seldom successful
- 68. RubberRubber • Originally collectedfrom a wild tree in Brazil and Africa, the seeds were planted to create plantations in Malaysia, Indonesia and other SE Asian countries. • Today 70% of world rubber production is in SE Asia. • Automobile production in the early 20th century boosted the demand for rubber. Of 17.7 tons used per year today about 10 million tons are synthetic-made from petroleum
- 69. • A truck(an old English word for trade or barter) farmer in the city of Jakarta, Indonesia raises vegetables within sight of great skyscrapers. • Land is valuable and a growing population requires that every square inch of fertile land is used to produce food
- 71. Organic AgricultureOrganic Agriculture •Organic Agriculture – The production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or the raising of livestock without hormones, antibiotics, and synthetic feeds. - sales of organic foods on the rise - grown everywhere - demand in wealthier countries
- 72. Protest of GMFoods at the World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle, 1999
- 73.
- 74. Fair Trade AgricultureFairTrade Agriculture • Fair Trade Coffee – shade grown coffee produced by certified fair trade farmers, who then sell the coffee directly to coffee importers. - guarantees a “fair trade price” - over 500,000 farmers - produced in more than 20 countries - often organically produced
- 75. Fair trade coffeefarmer in El Salvador grows his beans organically and in the shade, allowing him to get a much better price for his coffee.
- 76. Loss of ProductiveFarmlandLoss of Productive Farmland
- 77. Meat Production onRanchesMeat Production on Ranches Cattle, sheep, and goats are the main meat animals raised on ranches.
- 79. Grain Importers andExportersGrain Importers and Exporters Most countries are net importers of grain. The U.S. is the largest net exporter.
- 80. World Wheat ProductionWorldWheat Production Fig. 10-10: China is the world’s leading wheat producer, but the U.S. and Canada account for about half of world wheat exports.
- 82. Wheat grown withpivot irrigation in the southern Negev Desert of Jordan
- 83. World Corn (Maize)ProductionWorld Corn (Maize) Production Fig. 10-7: The U.S. and China are the leading producers of corn (maize) in the world. Much of the corn in both countries is used for animal feed.
- 84. • Corn 1-2ears per stalk, 800 kernels per ear • 272 million bushels of corn used for industry each year • 187 million bushels for breakfast cereals, snack chips & tortillas • 131 million bushels used to make beer & whiskey • 5 billion bushels used for livestock feed
- 85. Large farm machinescost $100,000 to over $250,000 to purchase-fuel costs and the costs of fertilizer, herbicides and insecticides make the over all cost of farming very high with low return for the investment.
- 86. American Commercial Agricultureis conducted at a large scale- In 1950 1 US Farmer fed 27-today 1 US farmer feeds 135 people
- 88. Dairy Production • Dairyfarms must be located close to the consumer due to the high perishability. • The ring of dairy suppliers around a city is known as the “milkshed.” • Due to refrigerated trucks and rail cars the milkshed has dramatically increased to over 300 miles-in the early days of rail it was only 30 miles.
- 89. • Dairy farming isvery labor intensive since cows must be milked twice a day
- 90. World Rice ProductionWorldRice Production Fig. 10-6: Asian farmers grow over 90% of the world’s rice. India and China alone account for over half of world rice production.
- 91. • Rice productionis the most important crop in East, South & Southeast Asia. • Asian farmers grow 90% of the world’s rice and China & India account for half of the world’s rice. • Rice production is very labor intensive with rice seedlings that are transplanted into flooded paddies.
- 92. • Wet Riceproduction must be done in flat field that can be filled with water and then drained-at right rice field terraces on Bali in Indonesia-above mature rice drying in stooks in Japan
- 93. Poultry ProductionPoultry Production •Broiler(young chickens) production has been dramatically transformed from a small scale to industrial scale production controlled by 10 companies like Tyson Foods & others. • Factory like conditions are used to grow chickens, produce eggs & poultry for meat. Much of the industry moved to the southern states like Arkansas. Organic chickens and free range eggs
- 96.
Editor's Notes
- #4 Logs of Teak near Mandalay, Myanmar Lumber Mill
- #5 Aquaculture in Thailand
- #6 Chinese industrial air conditioner factory
- #8 Soybeans in the semi-arid ranchlands of western South Dakota
- #9 The # of farmers is the lowest since the mid-19th century when the total population was only 20 million.
- #10 Jakun (tribe an aboriginal tribe) blow pipe hunter at Tasek Chini in Malaysia on the mainland peninsula
- #11 Top Left-Bushmen of the Kalahari gather berries Bottom Right-a Bushman aims his poisoned tipped, bone arrow at an animal in the dry grass plains of the Kalahari Desert. Also called the San-the live in small, scattered mobile bands. Most common prey are antelopes, wildebeest and other smaller game.
- #13 Cooking made food more digestible and was used to drive animals over cliffs or into traps Thule artifacts from east side of Ellesmere Island northwest of Greenland, 2 small female ivory fetishes as well as stone, bone and antler tools, spear points, harpoon heads, etc. Spear thrower delivered 7 x more power than the traditional method of throwing a spear.
- #14 Wood & bone or antler was often used for fish hooks or harpoon points. Seals and fish were hunted using these in pre-historic Scandinavia Pacific Coast and Arctic shores Ainu of Northern Japan And Western Europe-wicker baskets and stone traps used to catch salmon and other fish These fishing settlements had a degree of permanence due to the plentiful food supply
- #15 Right-wheat-one of the 1st seed crops to be domesticated.
- #19 With sedentary communities wild animals kept as pets or ceremonial sacrifices-some wild animals hung around as scavengers of food and gradually were kept as protection against other predators or to aid in the hunt. Even today-in African Wildlife Preserves-wild animals hang around camps at night and scatter by day.
- #21 Top-Zebu Cattle in India Horse drawing a hay rake
- #22 Eland, a land mammal that is being bred in captivity at an experimental station in near Nairobi, Kenya
- #23 About 8,000 BC man began to select, breed and domesticate and cultivate various species of plants and animals It was a slow, gradual process that occurred at different times in various places-due to climate or soil limitations it did not spread all over the world. World Population increased X16 between 8,000 BC and 4,000 BC due to increased and reliable food supply.
- #26 Iranian farmer harrowing a field with mules
- #27 Crete-a peasant plows a field with a donkey
- #28 Various kinds of maize Oxen pull a plow in Portugal
- #29 Definitions of subsistence vary-Indian and China are not shaded because farmers sell some produce in markets. In equatorial Africa and South America, subsistence allows little of this
- #30 Shifting Cultivation is usually practiced in tropical areas with poor soils-soil fertility is maintained by rotating fields-note burned stumps with corn and beans interplanted. (land cleared is called Swidden) Requires less intense farming or work-but supports a lower population density than traditional farming. To outsiders Slash and Burn appears to be destructive, wasteful and disorganized- there are no neat rows of monocrops-no carefully plowed soil- Instead there are a variety of crops grown next to each other in what appears to be a jumble.
- #31 Not only are crops interplanted, but they are planted at different times, assuring harvest over a long period of time. The variety of crops ensures that there won’t be a catastrophic loss to disease, pest or drought.
- #32 In some areas the forced changes caused famines
- #36 Herding sheep in the Middle East Cattle crossing the Niger River
- #37 Haiti, a woman carries bananas to Market Iranian Farmers winnowing wheat
- #49 Gambia-women traditionally grew the rice, but donations for the irrigation projects were directed at the men-the women lost.
- #50 Cadastral System-the method of land survey In Southern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America-land is divided up among sons with much fragmentation of farmland
- #57 Namibia village of the Himba people, a semi-nomadic people who live in kraals of about 50 people. Masai-bleed their cattle for food.
- #58 Left-Sun-dried brick homes with thatch roof in a round African village of Mahebli south of Odienne in the Ivory Coast-The Chief’s house always held the place of prominence near the entrance of the kraal. Right-Villagers flat roof houses cling to rocky terraces for protection. The straw-hatted granaries are built on stilts to keep the grain dry-Dogon villages seem haphazard, but conformed to a mythical human pattern with the Blacksmith’s hearth at the head, shrines at the feet and family dwellings at the chest.
- #60 Prosperous American farms typically have 2 story farm house, a stable, a barn, and various outbuildings including a garage for vehicles and farm machinery, a shed for tools and silos for grain storage.
- #61 NAFTA-since it started in 1994 US corn imports into Mexico have tripled and Mexican corn production has gone down. Total population is increasing, thus many small villages are losing population to the maquiladora towns or they are migrating into the US
- #64 Koppen was the first to devise a scheme for classifying the world’s climates on the basis of average temperature and precipitation. It is important to have a sense of where the major world climate types are located. For all but B climates, the basis is the amount of precip.and when it falls-B is both temp. & precip. A climates are hot or very warn and humid. The Af regions are equatorial rainforests. The Am climate is known as the Monsoon climate-farmers here are depend on monsoon rains to grow crops. Aw are hot dry grassland or savanna The yellow and light brown colors mean dry climates-BW are deserts and BS are steppes. (few live in A or B climates The Koppen map explains why the world faces a long-term world wide water crisis.
- #66 Less than 1/5th of the cost of a food dollar goes to farmers 81% of the food dollar goes to corporations that transport, process and market the food.
- #67 Flowers (a luxury crop) are grown for fresh flowers and bulbs and sold all over the world. Modern transportation systems-refrigerated containers and air freight make it possible to ship fresh flowers from Holland, Israel, Chile or Hawaii to the US or any where else in the world Holland controls 92% of the world flower market
- #68 Multinational Corporations protect their interests-1940-50s Guatemala began agricultural reform to distribute land which threatened the monopoly of the United Fruit Company. The company used its close ties in the US Govt. Sect. Of State John F. Dulles and his brother CIA director Allen Dulles supported a coup that overthrew the govt. and est. a military dictatorship with close ties to the US.
- #69 Indonesian rubber plantation
- #70 Farming in Jakarta, Indonesia
- #71 African Cotton bales
- #73 Some people fear the impact of genetically modified foods on the natural habitat and the people who consumed them. Some European countries have banned their use.
- #76 Vietnamese Coffee picker at bottom
- #77 Farmland in danger of being suburbanized as cities expand into neighboring farmlands. Farmland in danger of being suburbanized as cities expand into neighboring farmlands.
- #78 Live stock ranching is done on semiarid or arid land-it is practiced in MDCs where the vegetation is too sparse or soil too poor to support crops US cattle ranching expanded in the west with the demand for beef by the growing cities of the east-Chicago became a major meat packing city Ranching is only found in Spain & Portugal in Europe Brazilian, Uruguan and Argentine Pampas due to proximity to sea coast ports Australia, New Zealand, Middle East and South Africa herd sheep for wool & meat
- #79 Argentina-beef cattle-herefords
- #82 Wheat field in Nebraska Grain elevators in the midwest
- #83 Wadi Rum-pivot irrigation in the southern Negev desert-Irrigation accounts for 2/3 of the world’s fresh water consumption
- #85 Corn Harvest-Iowa- 1 million bushes.
- #86 US Farmers have the latest technology and machinery Combine on Mr. David Peters farm 2005, 2006 field trips. Note the attachment for harvesting wheat
- #87 Corn harvest in Nebraska Wheat farm in Montana
- #88 Corn picker Corn planter Corn Planter at Randy Senesac’s farm in Manteno, Illinois
- #89 Regional differences-most milk in the East is sold to consumers in New York, Boston etc. Most milk in the west is processed into cheese and butter unless near a large city. Wisconsin’s dairy production in processed into cheese New Zealand devotes only 5% of dairy production to liquid milk due to a lack of consumers-it is too far from large population countries to sell fresh milk
- #90 Dairy farm-Mr. Supernent’s farm top 2 photos Bottom dairy cattle on a Dutch polder.
- #92 Top transplanting rice in Indonesia Bottom transplanting rice in Japan
- #93 Rice fields in terraces on island of Bali in Indonesia Stooks of Rice stacked to dry in Japan