Nematodes - by Sanjan PV 20-52.pdf based on all aspects
- 1. NEMATODES S No. ORDER SUPER FAMILY FAMILIES EXAMPLES 1 Ascaridida Mouth surrounded by 3 lips Egg with L3 – Infective stage Ascardoidea Ascarididae Ascaris, Parascaris, Toxocara, Toxascaris Oxyuroidea Oxyuridae Oxyuris , Enterobius Subuluroidea Heterakidae Heterakis , Ascaridida Subuluridae Subuluria 2 Rhabditia Free living & parasitic nematodes Parthenogenic females included in this order Rhabditoidea Strongyloididae (OVO VIVIPAROUS) 3 Strongylida Bursate worms Males have distinct copulatory bursa Strongyloidea Large buccal cavity with crown on buccal capsule Strongylidae Strongylus spp Trichonematidae Oesophagostomum spp., Chabertia Stephanuridae Stephanurus dentatus (KIDNEY WORM OF SWINE) Syngamidae Syngamus trachea Ancylostomatoidea HOOK WORMS - Buccal cavity is bent dorsally, buccal capsule has teeth or cutting plates at anterior opening Ancylostomatidae Ancylostoma, Bunostomum Trichostrongyloidea Very small buccal cavity Trichostrongylidae Haemonchus , Trichostrongylus , Cooperia, Ostertagia, Mecistocirrhus Dictyocaulidae Dictyocaulus Metastrongyloidea Metastrongylidae Metastrongylus
- 2. Lacks buccal cavity Worms found in lungs or nervous system Protostrongylidae Protostrongylus , Mullerius Filaroididae 4 Spirurida Musculoglandular type of oesophagus Requires arthropod to complete life cycle Spiruroidea Spiruridae Habronema , Draschia Spirocercidae Spirocerca Thelazidae Thelazia, Gongylonema Ascariidae Tetrameridae Physalopteroidea Physalopteridae Physaloptera Filariidae Dirofilaria, Parafilaria Gnathostomatidae Gnathostoma Filaroidea Setariidae Setaria , Stephanofilaria Onchocercidae Onchocerca Dracunculoidea Dracunculidae (GUINEA WORM) Dracunculum 5 Enoplida Stichosome / Trichurid type of oesophagus Males have one/no spicules Trichuroidea Trichuridae Trichuris Trichinellidae Trichinella Capillaridae Capillaria Dioctophymatoidea Dioctophymidae Dioctophyma renale (KIDNEY WORM OF DOG)
- 3. S No. Name & common name Morphology Lifecycle Pathogenesis & Clinical signs Treatment Others O – ASCARIDIDA SF -ASCARDOIDEA F – ASCARDIDAE 1 Ascaris suum ROUND WORM OF PIG Mouth surrounded by 3 fleshy lips. Females are larger than males Males – have 2 spicules , long & stout , several pre cloacal papillae Females – Vulval opening located at first 3rd of the body , highly fecundus (produce 2 lakhs- 1 million eggs/day) EGG-Thick walled,sublobular Brownish yellow colour, Coarsly pitted wall, Unsegmented embryonic mass, remain in soil for 5 years (Highly resistant). DH – Pigs ; young piglets more susceptible Egg with L3 covered by L2 sheath – Infective stage Route – through contaminated feed and water Location – Small intestine Direct life cycle TRACHEAL MIGRATION Due to migrating larva in lungs & liver Damage to liver tissue , haemorrhages, infiltration of esinophills & collagen Lesions visible at necropsy – MILK SPOT LIVER Lungs – inflammatory reactions , haemorrhagic lesions ; repeated lesions – edema , emphysema Due to adult worms in intestine Epithelial damage – diarrohea, heavy load – obstruction, rupture of intestine , peritonitis death due to anaphylactic shock And also , may clog bile ducts – obstructive jaundice. Signs : Acute – Dyspnoea, persistent cough and shallowed breath in young piglets – THUMPS Unthriftiness, colic, weight loss, piglet may die due to Acute hepatic insufficiency Piperazine – adults Fenbendazole – larvae Maclean count system – young piglets protected immediately after birth by 1. Sow treated before farrowing (deworming) 2. After farrowing / before entry into farrow pen – scrubbing & cleaning 3. move to free / concrete pens Enzootic pneumonia documented when there is concurrent with swine influenza Diagnosis – Signs, faecal examination PM PM – Milk spots in liver , lung lesions, Enlarged & Congested liver. 2 Parascaris equorum ROUND WORM OF HORSE Large, milky white, cylindrical 3 prominent lips, EGG – Spherical to sublobular, brownish, rough/pitted outer cell wall, with 1 celled zygote DH : Horses, donkeys, mules, zebra ; Young ones more susceptible Direct life cycle Egg with L3 – Infective stage Migrating larva in lungs cause Coughing , fever, dyspnoea Loss of appetite, & retarded growth GIT – Enteritis, diarrohea, severity leads to death Liver – Esinophilic tracts Piperazine adepate @ 75- 150mg/kg along with Ivermectin Benzimidazole Diagnosis – Signs, faecal examination PM
- 4. Signs: Dyspnoea, nasal discharges , unthriftiness , poor weight gain 3 Toxocara canis ARROW HEADED WORM OF DOGS Anterior end – arrow head like appearance Angle – 900 Posterior end of male has digitiform appendages Pointed tail EGG – with finely pitted wall DH: Dogs, Wild canines Route: 1. Oral 2. Pre natal / Intra uterine (Most common) 3. Transmammary / lactogenic/ post natal 4. Paratenic host – rodents Young pups – mostly infected Pups – Heavy infection in pre & post natal route Vomition , diarrohea , mucoid enteritis Die within 4-8 wks after birth Granulomatous lesions in lungs , liver Adults – aberrant migration to liver – bile duct occlusion Heavy infection – Perforation – Peritonitis – death Signs:Pot belly , tucked up abd. Chronic – Harsh hair coat Piperazine Levamisole 2.5mg/kg- Immuno modulator 7.5mg/kg – Anti Helminthic Control : Proper hygiene Deworming for pregnant animals before 2 weeks & pups at 45 days age Diagnosis : Egg in faeces Complex life cycle Zoonotic significance Geo helminths 4 Toxocara cati ARROW HEADED WORM OF CAT Anterior end – allay has striations , angle – 900 Posterior end – pointed tail EGG – Pitted wall DH: Cats, Wild felids Pre natal infection – absent Lactogenic transmission / post natal – major route in cats If human is paratenic host , larva enters into brain – (Major is T.canis ) VLM - prevalent among children about 5 yrs age OLM – prevalent among elder children For VLM – Sero diagnosis Complex life cycle Zoonotic significance Geo helminths 5 Toxascaris leonina Anterior end – allay parallel with surface , no angle Pointed tail EGG – Smooth wall DH: Dogs & cats Route : 1. Direct 2. Paratenic host Gastro enteritis , hypersensitivity Signs : Abdominal pain , pot belly , poor coat , foetid mucoid diarrohea , Respirarory signs – rare Complex life cycle Zoonotic significance Geo helminths 6 Toxocara vitulorum ARROW HEADED WORM OF CATTLE Transmammary transmission - major route Infective stage – Egg with L3 DH – Cattle, Buffaloes Especially buffalo calves Endemic Mud colour faeces in diiarrhoea
- 5. O – ASCARIDIDA SF - OXYUROIDEA F – OXYURIDAE 1 Oxyuris FALSE WHIP WORM/ PIN WORM OF HORSE SPUCULE – ONE PIN SHAPED SPICULE Rat tail appearance in horse O – ASCARIDIDA SF – SUBULUROIDEA F- HETERAKIDAE 1 Ascaridida galli ROUND WORM OF BIRDS Milky white worms Mouth surrounded by 3 prominent shaped lips Oesophagus – Club shaped without posterior end Male – has small posterior alae with 10 pairs of papillae , 2 unequal spicules & a pre cloacal suckers Female – vulva opens at mid of body EGG – oval shaped , smooth shelled, un embryonated mass Host – mostly poultry , turkeys, geese, guinea fowl Simple LC Egg with L3 – infective stage Route – contaminated feed & water Earthworms – paratenic host Damage only to intestine Young chicks below 3 months age – highly susceptible Adults acquire immunity Haemorrhagic tracts & enteritis are predominant Signs : Reduced weight gain, drooping feathers, decreased egg production, loss of appetite Heavy infection – anemia, diarrhoea, mortality During histotropic phase , major loss happens in intestine Piperazine adipat – 300-400mg/kg Hygromycine – B – as feed additive @ 8gm/tonne Control : Proper hygiene Regular deworming Proper disposal of litter D: eggs in faeces, PM 2 Heterakis gallinarum CAECAL WORM OF POULTRY Mouth – has 3 prominent lips Oesophagus – prominent posterior bulb Male – posterior end prominent large allay 2 unequal spicules Predominant pre cloacal sucker Petechial haemorrhages in intestinal mucosa , marked inflammation & thickening Signs : Anemia, diarrhoea Histomonas isolonche – cause Nodular typhilitis Control : Sanitation & hygiene Phenothiazine – 1 in 60 parts of feed, after one night fasting Piperazine when mixed with phenothiazine (1:7) – can be used for both A.galli & H.gallinarum Eggs are Involved in transmission of Histomonas melagridis cause Black head of turkeys D: eggs in faeces, PM O – ASCARIDIDA SF – SUBULUROIDEA F – SUBULURIDAE
- 6. O- RHABDITIDA SF - RHABDITOIDEA F – STRONGYLOIDIDAE 1 2 3 4 5 Strongyloides papillosus – INTESTINAL THREADWORM OF RUMINANTS S. westerni – H,donkey, mules S.ransomni – pigs S.stercoralis – MAN , Primate,dog,cat S.avium – poultry SMALLEST WORMS Heterogenic forms – 1. Free living – Rhabditiform 2. Parasitic – Filariform Females – parthenogenic , produce Infective L3 or free living males and females Parasitic males – usually absent EGG – small , thin shelled, blunt ends with larva ; Half size of strongyle egg Females in mucosa undergoes parthenogenesis & give Egg with L1 (3n) It undergoes into 1. Homogenic cycle – Inf. 2. Heterogenic cycle – free living Route – per oral, per cutaneous Location – Small Intestine Parthenogenic females – form tunnels in mucosa Atrophy of villi , epithelium – eroded Protein loosing enteropathy Blood seepage – Catarrhal enteritis , Hypoprotenemia , edema ( bottle jaw) In dogs and cats – all are same except – death – due to dehydration Young & sucklings – Highly susceptible Benzimidazole group of drugs Control : Proper hygiene Disposal of faeces Avoid dump , muddy areas in shed D: Eggs in faeces , PM Strongyloides papillosus – associated with FOOT ROT in sheep O-RHABDITIDA SF- O-GNATHOSTOMATIDAE 6 Gnathostoma spinigerum Mouth- 2 large lips – trilobed Ballonet - large head bulb EGG – morula stage , thick shell, greenish, small cap at anterior pole IH – 1st – cyclops 2nd – fresh water fish TUMOR CAUSING PARASITE Adults – penetrate stomach, mucosa – produce cavities filled with sanguineous purulent fluid – eacg contains 9 worms Young ones – migrates liver Yellow mosaic marking TUMORS IN STOMACH Benzimidazole compounds CLM D:eggs in faeces In humans , it causes Creeping eruption O- STRONGYLIDA SF - STRONGYLOIDEA F – STRONYLIDAE 1 Strongylus vulgaris S. equinus S. edentates LARGE STRONGYLES OF HORSES All have BC, leaf crowns S.vulgaris – smallest ear shaped teeth present at base of BC S.equinus – Bifid dorsal teeth & two sub ventral teeth S.edentatus – absence of teeth EQUINE STRONYLES – RED WORMS OF HORSES Direct LC L3 – Infective stage Small strongyle – undergoes HYPOBIOSIS – facultative arrested development Depends on migratory larva S.vulgaris – Most pathogenic Block in mesenteric artery – VERMINOUS ANEURISM Obstruction in intestine – colic, gangrenous enteritis, infarction, ischemia Aberrant migration to brain , spinal cord Fenbendazole Oxytetracycline Control: Strategic and selective deworming Pasturer management D: eggs in faeces
- 7. EGG : small , thin shelled eggs , blunt ends , segmented embryonic mass Adults formed in intestinal mucosa Small strongyles of horses popularly known as Cyathostomes S.equinus - haemorrhagic tracts on liver S.edentatus- larva – haemorrhagic nodules in colon & caecum Long term infection – weight loss , decreased performance Signs: Severe anemia (blood sucking) Acute – fever , colic, diarrohea, constipation Chronic – colic with/without sudden death O- STRONGYLIDA SF - STRONGYLOIDEA F- TRICHONEMATIDAE 1 Oesophagostomum columbianum NODULAR WORM OF S,G Short , white colour CEPHALIC VESCICLE Male – bursa well developed with two equal allay spicules Female- tail – tappers to fine point Presence of kidney shaped ovijectors – PARS EJECTOR External and internal LC – present EGG: Typical strongyle egg Direct LC L1 – free living (Rhabditiform) L3 – infective (filariform) PIMPLY GUT / KNOTTY GUT Extensive nodule in SI & LI Nodules often suppurative. So, if ruptured – peritonitis – death Protein loosing enteropathy , hypoalbuminemia, edema , ascites Signs: Marked , persistent diarrohea Faeces – dark greenish , often with blood Chronic – extreme emaciation , death in 3 days Albendazole Fenbendazole D: Eggs in faeces , PM , necropsy finding 2 O.radiatum NODULAR WORM OF CATTLE Rounded mouth collar External LC – absent CEPHALIC VESCICLE – has constriction at middle EGG: Typical strongyle egg Location : Colon Acute : marked inflammation of SI, LI Chronic – more common in young ones Death with in 2-3 days Signs : black foetid diarrohea
- 8. 3 NODULAR WORMS OF PIG O.brevicaudum, O.georgianum, O.quadrispinulatum 4 NODULAR WORM OF MAN O.bifurcatum O- STRONGYLIDA SF - STRONGYLOIDEA F- STEPHANURIDAE 1 Stepanurus dentatus PIG KIDNEY WORM Thick & stout worms, brown in colour BC- Thick, cup shaped, 6 teeth at base LC- small size EPAULETTES – cuticular thickenings at rim of BC Male – small bursa with two short rays , opften digitate , 2 equal spicules EGG: Typical strongyle egg in urine of pig host – pig direct LC L3 – infective stage (filariform) Earthworm – transport host Routes 1. Per oral 2. Per cutaneous 3. ingestion of earthworm with L3 Eggs shed in urine after 10-15 months of infection (Prepatent period) Predilection site – kidney, perirenal fat, ureters Aberrant migration to pancreas,muscles – get encapsulated – abscess,inflammation,fibrosis Skin penetration – cutaneous lesions Swelling of superficial lymph nodes Extensive damage by migrating larva in liver Marked inflammatory changes with eosinophilia – scarring and cirrhosis Signs : Visible signs – rare Aberrant migration to spinal cord – paralysis Severer infection – loss of appetite , reduced wt gain , kidney damage, liver damage Triclabendazole Thiabendazole – as feed additive @ 0.1-0.4% conc. Prevention : GILT ONLY BREEDING SYSTEM Proper hygiene in farm Concrete floor – preferred D: eggs in urine O- STRONGYLIDA SF - STRONGYLOIDEA F- SYNGAMIDAE 2 Syngamus trachea GAPE WORM OF POULTRY FORKED WORM RED WORM Males & females joined together in a state of permanent copulation – forming a Y shape BC – cup shaped with 10 teeth Direct LC Egg with L3 - Infective stage Host – birds Paratenic host–earthworm Location – trachea Thiabendazole Oral-0.3-1.5g/kg Preventive – as feed additive @ 0.05% in food Control : D:eggs in faeces,tracheal exudate ,PM
- 9. Male – has bursa , with 2 spicules that remain attached to female EGG : Ellipsoidal, thin shelled, bipolar operculum, unembryonated when laid Very harmful to young birds – cause serious problems in free range poultry due to high access to moist humid environment Heavy inf. – marked inflammation on wall of trachea , excess mucus production ,sometimes mixed with blood Signs: Coughing sneezing,respiratory distress Initially birds try to expel worms through vigorous shaking of heads . In later stages , they repeatedly gape & breath with hissing sounds Refused to drink , loss of appetite, wt loss Anemia – BLOOD SUCKERS Severe cases – death due to respiration Bedding material should be kept dry Restrict movement of birds Hygiene O- STRONGYLIDA SF- ANCYLOSTOMATOIDEA F-ANCYLOSTOMATIDAE 1 HOOK WORMS Ancylostoma caninum – Dog A.tubaeforme – Cat A.brazeliense – D,C A.cyelanicum – D,C A.duodenale - MAN Presence of hook shaped chitinous plates in BC Voracious blood suckers LC – absent Well developed BC with 4 pairs of teeth Male – bursa – well developed with 2 spicules EGG: Typical strongyle egg Simple, direct LC Routes: 1. Per cutaneous – most common --- CLM 2. Per oral 3. Pre natal – absent in A.brazeliense 4. Lactogenic / post natal 5. Paratenic host CLM: In humans esp. foreigners – sunbath in beaches – after 1 week – erythematous patches on skin Quite itchy – if lesion erupt , 2o bacterial infection Predilection site- SI Adults in gut – voracious blood suckers – 0.1ml/day/worm Produce anticoagulants when they leave the place to bite elsewhere – bleeding continues – taury brown colour faeces Signs: Few worms : no signs Heavy infection – severe anemia , haemorrhagic diarrhoea – leads to fatal Dark blood diarrhoea , vomition observed Lungs may damage - pneumonia Thiabendazole Fenbendazole Supportive theray – iron supplement Control – Deworming D: eggs in faeces 2 HOOK WORMS OF RUMINANTS Bunostomum phlebotomum – C,B B.trigonocephalum BC – large, 1 pair of subventral lancet at base B.phlebotomum 2 pairs of subventral lancet Short digital cone
- 10. B.trigonocephalum – S,G Dorsal cone – large, projecting ; Male bursa – well developed , dorsal ray is tridigitate Male – spicules – larger EGG: Typical strongyle egg O- STRONGYLIDA SF- TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA F- TRICHOSTRONGYLIDAE Worms cause GI nematodiasis/ Parasitic gastro enteritis 1 Haemochus contortus BARBERS POLE WORM , WIRE WORM, STOMACH WORM H.bubalis – buffalo H.placei – cattle H.longistipes – camel Haemonchus contortus resistant breed – RED MASAI SHEEP Reddish white worms BC – small/ absent Voracious blood sucker Cervical papilla – prominent at anterior end Cuticle – transversely striated Male bursa- 2 lateral lobes , small dorsal lobe with inverted Y shaped dorsal ray Female- genital pore at middle Vulval flap – tongue/knob like Direct LC L3 – infective stage L4 – may become arrested – HYPOBIOTIC EGG: Typical strongyle egg Location – Abomasum SELF CURE PHENOMENA : Due to entry of larval worms , pre existed adult worms expelled out Immediate HS reaction due to antigens of L3 like intelectin, LAP, CP Cause release of histamine – contraction of abomasum – flush out adults Seen in Endemic areas, in repeated exposure but not at first Most pathogenic Sucks 0.05ml/day/worm Release anticoagulants – blood seepage – anemia Taury coloured faeces , haemorrhagic enteritis , protein loosing enteropathy , hypoalbuminemia, edema Signs : Acute – all age groups Worm load – 1k – 10k Not much signs, sudden death Chronic – common in older animals Worm load – 100-2k Weak , emaciation , pale CMM, edema , bottle jaw Severe damage – liver failure , taury colour diarrohea , dehydration Albendazole Closantel Levamisole Rafoxamide Ivermectin – s/c Prevention : IPM Grazing management Pasture management Selective and strategic deworming FAMACHA D: history , clinical signs , eggs in faeces, PM – Abomasum 2 Trichostrongylus sps. BLACK SCOUR WORM OF RUMINANTS T.axei – abomasum/ stomach Dorsal ray – digitate Spicules – equal, stout , rigid Direct LC T.axei – C,B,S,G,H,P,Man Due to migration – catarrhal inflammation in abomasum , ulcerations, necrosis in intestinal epithelium Deeply burrowing worms – haemorrhagic tracts Calves – RING WORM LESIONS in gastric mucosa Signs : Foetid diarrohea, protein loosing enteropathy, hypoalbuminemia ,edema
- 11. T.columbriformis – jejunum, duodenum 3 Mecistocirrus digitatus Cervical papillae – spine like Thin worms Spicules – long , united throughout the length Host – C,B,S,G,Man Location - Abomasum 4 Teledorsagia (Older name - Oestertagia ) BROWN STOMACH WORM O.oestertagia - C O.circumcinta – S,G Male – spicules – at tip , 3 hooked processes Prevalent in temperate regions Attributed to reduced functional gastric glands MORACCO LEATHER APPEARANCE Clinical manifestation – Type 1 – heavy load intake Type 2 – Hypo biotic larvae 5 Cooperia curticei C.punctata C.saptulata In villi of small intestine – Coiled watch spring like appearance 6 Nematodirus spathiger N.battus N.abnormalis → Spicules – Spoon shaped Extensive damage and tunnelling of intestinal mucosa – leads to atrophy , blackish green and yellow diarrohea 7 Paracooperia 8 Skrjabinagia O- STRONGYLIDA SF- TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA F-DICTYOCAULIDAE 1 Dictyocalus filaria LUNG WORM OF CATTLE Milk white in colour Anterior end – small BC , surrounded by 4 lips Male bursa – ill developed, Spicules - Boot/Sock shaped EGG – oval, with L1 Larva Direct LC L3 – infective stage L1 – brown colour , anterior end has cuticular bose , appear as food granulation Location – Bronchii Appears as LUMPS OF THREADS Catarrhal / Verminous bronchitis Mostly young animals are effected Signs : Dyspnoea, increased respiratory rate , nasal Ivermectin Benzimidazole Prevention : Immuno prophylaxis Irradiated larval vaccine Dictol – C Difill – S,G D: eggs n faeces , nasal exudate, sputum , PM HUSKVAC/ Dictol – C : Vaccine developed by Bill Jarret, Bill
- 12. discharges, abnormal sounds – HUSK/HOOSE 20 bacterial infections – pneumonia , atelectasis Mulligan & other colleagues Oral route 2 Dictyocalus viviparous LUNG WORM OF S,G Spicules - Boot/Sock shaped 4 Lips Medio & postero lateral bursal rays – fused L3 – infective stage Location – bronchii 3 phases – pre patent, patent, post patent Pre patent phase – leucocytic exudate – excess froathy mucus Patent phase – by adults Bronchitis, epithelial damage, airways blocked Loss of cilia – impaired expectoration Aspiration of L1 eggs into alveoli – emphysema, edema 20 infection – Pasteurella, mycoplasma Catarrhal purulent bronchopneumonia Post patent phase – adults expelled – animal show recovery Some cases – chronic bronchi ectasis , chronic pneumonia Diethyl carbamazine Tetramisole Control : Grazing management D:clinical signs like rapid breathing Difill – S,G Vaccine developed by Nuclear research laboratory of IVRI, India O-STRONGYLIDA SF-METASTRONGYLOIDEA F-METASTRONGYLIDAE 1 Metastrongylus apri (Now called as M.elongatus ) LUNG WORM OF PIG Mouth – 6 lips Anterolateral ray – swollen at tip Medio-lateral & postero- lateral rays – fused Spicules – long, slender,ending in hook like structure Male bursa – ill developed Female – tail end – bent in vertical direction IH – Earthworm Location – Bronchi Complication – swine flu influenza virus Di ethyl carbamazine Control: Concrete floor Clean water D:eggs in faeces, sputum, nasal discharge O-STRONGYLIDA SF- TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA F-PROTOSTRONGYLIDAE 1 Protostrongylus rufescens Spicules : tubular,with broad mucus membrane expansions Host: S,G,Deer IH – Snails L3 – infective stage Location – small bronchioles Levamisole –s/c Ditrazine -s/c Fenbendazole D: eggs in faeces
- 13. Vulva open near anus EGG: unsegmented mass Inflammation in effected alveolar & bronchial epithelium --desquamated & proliferation of connective tissue – blood vessels occluded Albendazole 2 Mullerius capillaris HAIR LUNG WORM Male bursa – absent Spicules – more Posterior end – spirally coiled L1 larvae – undulating tip & with dorsal spine Host – S,G IH – Snails ,slugs Location – lungs Young animals under 6 months – not effected Produce greyish nodules Small separated foci formed by eggs surrounded by WBC & epitheloid cells Adenoma like proliferation in bronchiolar epithelium Goats – widespread interstitial pneumonia Albendazole D:faeces O-SPIRURIDA SF-SPIRUROIDEA F-SPIRURIDAE 1 2 Habronema magnus H.muscae H.microstoma Draschia megatoma STOMACH WORMS OF EQUINES Musculo – glandular type oesophagus anterior end – 2 lips and each is tri lobed Male – 2 spicules at tail Left – long, slender Right- short & stout DH - horse IH – House fly For H.microstoma – stable flies – IH L3 – infective stage Ovo-viviparous SUMMER SORE Catarrhal enteritis L3 larvae – on wounds – bursitis, granular dermatitis, summer sore D.megatoma – tumor formation Di chloro wash- drenching tube Fenbendazole D: skin scrapings (L3), eggs in faeces , discharges (L3) O-SPIRURIDA SF-SPIRUROIDEA F-SPIROCERCIDAE 1 Spirocerca lupi OESOPHAGIAL / NODULAR WORM OF DOG Spicules – unequal No teeth in buccal capsule EGG : Gelatin capsule shaped egg Inside – well developed larva Host – dog, goat IH- dung beetles Paratenic host – Garden lizards / chicks Route : ingestion of infected IH or paratenic host Oesophageal tumors Spondylitis, hypertropic pulmonary osteoartropathy Sometimes adult worms vomited; Aplastic anemia, pyemic nephritis, stenosis & rupture of vessels Ivermectin Albendazole Control – Dogs – prevent from eating paratenic host D: endoscopy, faeces & vomition examination , contrast radiopathy O-SPIRURIDA SF-SPIRUROIDEA F-THELAZIDAE
- 14. 1 Gongylonema pulchrum GULLET WORM Anterior end in both sexes covered by numerous cuticular platelets Cuticular bossses Pair of lateral cervical papillae DH: C,B,S,G,P,H IH- dung beetles L3 – Infective stage Location – oesophagus Adults – not pathogenic Inflammatory reaction Zig – zag fashion movement or Tailor stitching like on mucosa Albendazole 2 Thelazia rhodesii EYEWORM OF CATTLE T.capillaria EYEWORM OF DOG T.lacrymalis - MAN Cuticle – transverse striations is very prominent Doesn’t possess lips around mouth EGG – sheathed larva Location -Conjunctival sac IH – housefly Location- Nictitating memb. ; IH – housefly Host – C & other domestic animal, occasionally man Location – ocular region IH – housefly Adults – non pathogenic Keratitis, ophthalmia, conjunctivitis, eye discharges, protrusion of eyes, ulceration of cornea Severe cases – cornea cloudy Conjunctivitis , lachrymation, ulceration of cornea Heavy infection – cornea cloudy photophobia Methyridine Tetramisole Levamisole D: adult parasite under local anaesthesia can be removed from eyes, Lachrymal secretions – L1 larva O-SPIRURIDA SF-PHYSALOPTEROIDEA F-PHYSALOPTERIDAE 1 Physaloptera praeputalis Pharynx – absent Cuticle – collar like projection at anterior extremity Both sexes – cuticle posteriorly extended to form sheath or prepuce like structure, which projects beyond caudal end of worm Vulva – covered with cement like material to hold ova EGG: Oval DH – Cat, dog, wild Felidae IH – floor beetles, cockroach L3 – infective stage Location- stomach Adult worms – attached to mucosa of stomach, suck the blood Also feed on mucosa of stomach wall – erosion Heavy infection – gastritis , anemia ,anorexia, vomition Faeces – dark,taury red colour Signs : Weight loss , anorexia, anemia, shaggy fur Broad spectrum anthelminthics Control : Prevent growth of IH O-SPIRURIDA SF - FILARIOIDEA F- FILARIDAE
- 15. 1 Dirofilaria immitis HEART WORM OF DOG Mouth – very small, lips – absent Male – smaller than female Post. end – spirally coiled Spicules – unequal & left spicule is blunt Female – vulva situated at anterior end ; Larviparous/ Viviparous Larva of filarid - Microfilaria – unsheathed, found in blood of host DH – Dogs IH – Aedes mosquitoes Route : bite of mosquito Location – Right ventricle & pulmonary artery Mild infections – no clinical signs Heavy infection – circulatory distress due to mechanical interference Heavy inf. in heart – block cardiac valves, pulmonary circulatory disturbances Compensatory hypertrophy of RV results in Congestive heart failure/liver failure syndrome/peripheral edema Signs : Deep soft cough , reduced stamina, hemoptysis,dark brown faeces, anorexia ,anemia DEC – Drug of choice for filarid worms Ivermectin – 0.2mg/kg – s/c Mebendazole Levamisole Control – control of mosquitoes 2 Stephanofialria assamensis Mouth – surrounded by cuticular rim which is denticulated Spicule - unequal DH – Cattle IH – House fly Pre disposing factor – poor condition & heavy rain fall HUMP SORE IN CATTLE Initial – large no. of small papules – later – large lesions covered with thick crust Inflammatory changes & pruritis Constant rubbing of body against hard object Signs : Hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, alopecia Tricholorophon ointment – 6-8% in petroleum jelly Ivermectin D:deep skin scrapings 2 S.zaheeri Location – inner surface of pinna of ear EAR SORE IN BUFFALOES – discovered by AGARWAL & DUTT (1977) 3 Parafilaria bovicola Anterior end of worm bear 13 rows of cuticular elevations or thickenings DH – C,B IH- Musca luscoria Location – inter muscular , S/C Summer bleeding Gravid female moves to dermis for oviposition During this , nodules become enlarged & haemorrhgic Fenbendazole Albendazole Nitroxinil – 200mg/kg -S/c
- 16. Haemorrhagic nodules on skin of shoulder, loin, withers, neck of body 4 Parafilaria multipapillosa (Filarial haemorrhagica) DH – horse O-SPIRURIDA SF - FILARIOIDEA F- SETARIIDAE 1 2 Setaria digitata S.equina Long & milky white colour Mouth surrounded by chitinous ring – Peri buccal ring Lateral,ventral, dorsal prominences Body of worm tapers towards tail ; post. end is spirally coiled Female – tail has small knob like conical projections & may be armed with small spine DH – C,B IH – Culex mosquito Location – peritoneal cavity , urinary bladder DH – Horse, rarely C IH - Culex mosquito Location – peritoneal cavity , sometimes scrotum Adult worms move to anterior chamber of eye , nonpathogenic. But sometimes – peritonitis , lesions in urinary bladder Accidental setaria infection – can occur in cattle , in the anterior chamber of eyes of horses with immature / adult forms of setaria digitata & S.labiotapapillosa S.digitata – cause KUMRI/ ENZOOTIC CEREBROSPINAL NEMATODIASIS/ LUMBAR PARALYSIS --- erratic mmigration of immature stages in unnatural host like horses, S,G Acute focal encephalomyelitis Signs : Muscle weakness , ataxia, paralysis hind limbs , corneal opacity, blindness may seen Treatment : Di ethyl carbamazine (DEC) 40mg/kg DEC – Drug of choice for filarid worms O-SPIRURIDA SF - FILARIOIDEA F- ONCHOCERCIDAE 1 Onchocerca gibsoni Worms found in nodules Tail of male – curved , bears small lateral alae & 6-9 papillae on either side DH – C,B Location – s/c, brisket, hind quarters IH – culicoides sps Typical filaroid , with exception that microfilaria O.gibsoni – noduels / worm nests on brisket or surface of hind limbs Nodules surrounded by fibrous tissue capsule Nodules – ovoid, flattened in shape – older – calcification DEC Control – Use of microfilaricides Reduce no. of infected flies D:microfilaria on skin scrapings
- 17. occurs in tissue spaces of skin No clinical signs , carcass is not suitable for sale 2 O.guttorosa Location – ligamentum nuchae on the scapular cartilage DH – C,B IH – Black fly 3 O.cervicalis Location – ligamentum nuchae DH – Horses , mules IH – culicoides sps 4 O.vulvulis Cause LIVER BLINDNESS IN MAN O-SPIRURIDA SF- DRACUNCULOIDEA F- DRACUNCULIDAE 1 Dracunculus medinensis GUINEA WORM MEDINA WORM SERPENT WORM DRAGON WORM Anterior extremity – dome / helmet shaped Tail end of Female – curved blunt hook Male – coiled – 4 pairs of pre anal & 6 pairs of post anal papillae DH- Dogs,Cattle,horse IH – Cyclops L3 – Infective stage Route – ingestion of IH along with water Paratenic host – fishes Gravid female – migrates from body cavity to s/c connective tissue Allergic reaction to host system Produce papules , blisters mainly on leg -- later , papules to ulcer around anterior extremity of worm Signs – utricaria, itching, rise in temp. , adult worms – seen as stump in front view of legs Manual removal Control : Eradicated from india, no records now Prevention of drinking H2O from infected area O-ENOPLIDA SF – TRICHUROIDEA F- TRICHINELLIDAE 1 Trichinella spiralis GARBAGE WORM TRICHINA WORM Ant. End – blunt Oesophagus – very long Males – tail end has pair of lateral flap on either side of cloacal opening & 2 pairs of papillae occur just behind lateral flap ; spicules absent Females – vulva – present near middle oesophageal region Ovo viviparous – egg hatch in uterus itself DH – Pig , rat,man , also in dog,cat Route – ingestion of raw pork with cyst Males die after copulation Parasitised muscle cell undergoes nodulation or redifferentiation in structure to form – NURSE CELL Massive larval invasion of muscle resulting in acute myositis, fever, eosinophilia, myocarditis, periorbital edema, ascites Death – Due to paralysis Pig is source of infection to man Trichinellosis – RAW PORK DISEASE IN MAN Benzimidazole drugs Control : Cooked garbage should be provided to pig Avoid eating under cooked pork Freezing pork AUTO HETERO XENOUS PARASITE D:proper meat inspection Trichinoscope
- 18. O-ENOPLIDA SF – TRICHUROIDEA F- TRICHURIDAE 1 2 3 4 5 Trichuris ovis WHIP WORMS T.discolor T.vulpis T.suis T.trichuria Male – single spicule by a prepuce like sheath covered with spines EGG – barrel shaped , bipolar plugs Females – orange yellow colour Lancet in mouth Spicule has blunt tip DH-Caecum of C,S,G, camel Direct LC DH – C,B,S,G DH- caecum of dogs,cats, wild carnivores DH – domestic pig DH – LI of man, primates Mostly asymptomatic Large no. of worms cause diphtheritic inflammation T.vulpis is typically blood feeder & cause severe disdease in dogs Signs : Anorexia,diarrhoea,anemia, jaundice, death Benzimidazole Ivermectin In dogs : Mebendazole trichloros O-ENOPLIDA SF – TRICHUROIDEA F- CAPILLARIDAE 1 Capillaria annulata Closely related to trichurid species , hair like Anterior thinner, gradually become thicker Male – single spicule Female – oviparous EGG – Colourless, more barrel shaped , bipolar plugs not project as compared to trichurid egg Direct/indirect LC Host – fowl , turkey IH – earthworm In humans , IH- fish Route – ingestion of IH Intercalary host – host that liberate parasite Location – crop, proventriculus C.hepatica – cirrhosis,granulomatous lesions in liver; splenomegaly, peritonitis In birds – inflammation , thickening of GIT , bloody diarrhoea, emaciation, weakness in heavy infection C.plica – usually harmless , but may cause cystitis , difficult in urination C.aerophila – rhinitis Levamisole Mebendazole Control : Rodent control Earthworm control D:Eggs in faeces, PM 2 C.bovis SI of C,S,G 3 C.bilobota Abomasum of cattle 4 C.plica Urinary bladder of dog 5 C.aerophila Trachea, bronchii of dog, cat, carnivores 6 C.hpatica Liver of rodents
- 19. SUBMTTED BY - RAGADA SANJAN, PV/2020-52 7 C.phillippinensis Intestine of man O-ENOPLIDA SF – DIOCTOPHYMATOIDEA F- DIOCTOPHYMIDAE 1 Dioctophyma renale KIDNEY WORM OF DOGS LARGEST NEMATODE/ GIANT NEMATODE Blood red in colour Male – spicules – 1 Terminal cup shaped bursa – without rays with two caudal suckers EGGS : barrel shaped , brown color, corrugations / pits are present except at poles Indirect LC IH – aquatic annelids – earthworms Paratenic host – fish , frog Zoonotic significance when cosuming raw fish /frog Site – preferably right kidney Adullts remain on kidney upto 5 yrs , feed on kidney tissues & blood Massive extensive damage to kidney, replace whole kidney Destroyed tissue replaced by fibrous tissue – kidney failure. But one kidney oversees. So, no clinical signs Symptoms – Seen unless there is involvement of both kidneys Death – due to renal failure Bloody urine, renal colic Aberrant migration – ascites , peritonitis Anthelmintics Fenbendazole Control : Surgical removal Prevent eating raw fish/frog D: eggs in faeces, kidney ultrasonography, PM