Networking concepts

Computer
Networks
Class XII
Multimedia & Web Technology

Objectives
 What is a network?
 Need for networking
 Components of Network
 Types of Network
 Evolution of Networking
 Communication media
 Data Communication Terminologies
 Switching Techniques
 Digital and Analog Transmission
 Network Topologies
 Network Devices
 Communication Protocols
 Wireless/Mobile Computing

Network
 Network, a group of computers and
associated devices that are connected by
communication facilities.
 Network is an inter connected collection of

autonomous computers.
 When two or more computers are joined

together so that they are capable of
exchanging information , they form a
network.

Need for Networking
 Resource sharing - Through a network , data , s/
w and h/w resources can be shared irrespective of
the physical location of the resources and the user.
 Reliability – A file can have its copies on two or
more computers of the network.
 Reduced Cost – Sharing resources reduces the cost
 Fast Communication – Information can be
exchanged at a very fast speed

Components of Networks
 Workstation or Nodes
refers to a computer that are attached to a network

 Server
The master comp is called server.
Facilitates the sharing of data, s/w and h/w concepts.

Server

Network Interface Unit (NIU)
 It is a device attached to each workstation and
server.
 Helps to make connections within the network.
 Each NIU has a unique no identifying it called
node address.
 NIU is also called terminal access point (TAP).
 Also called Network Interface Card (NIC)
 Each NIC is given a unique physical address
called MAC address.

Evolution of Network
 In 1969 , US deptt of Defence started
ARPANET( Advance Research Projects
Agency NETwork).
 Goal was to connect different universities
and US defence.
 People exchanged info and played games
 Expanded rapidly

Evolution of Network
 In mid 80’s National Science Foundation created a high
capacity network called NSFnet.
 Allowed Academic use and private business
 Many private companies built their own networks which
were later interconnected along with ARPANET and
NSFnet to form Internet.
 Arpanet was shut down in 1990 .
 Govt funding for NSFnet discontinued in 1995.
 But commercial services can into the scenario which are
still running the internet.

Types of Networks

 Local Area Network - LAN
 Metropolitan Area Network – MAN
 Wide Area Network - WAN

Local Area Network
 A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a
relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area
such as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely are LAN computers
more than a mile apart.

 In a typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the
file server. It stores all of the software that controls the network, as
well as the software that can be shared by the computers attached
to the network.

 Computers connected to the file server are called workstations.

 On most LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface
cards in each computer.

MAN
 Spread over a city
 E.g. Cable T.V. networks
 Purpose is to share h/w and s/w resources
among its users.

WAN
 Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect
larger geographic areas, such as India, the
United States, or the world.
 Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite
uplinks may be used to connect this type
of network.
 Connected thru public networks such as
telephone lines , leased lines or satellites.
 Largest WAN is Internet.

LAN WAN
(1) Diameter of not Span entire countries
more than few km
(2) Operate at data <= 1 MBPS
transfer rate of several
MBPS (1 to 10 MBPS)
(3) Complete ownership Owned by multiple
by a single organization organizations
(4) Very low error rates Comparatively higher
error rates

Transmission media or
communication Channel

(1) Guided Media - cables

(3) Unguided media – waves through air,
water or vacuum i.e. microwaves,
radiowaves and satelites.

Cables
Following types of cables are used in
networks
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

 Coaxial Cable

 Fiber Optic Cable

 Wireless LANs

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

Twisted pair cabling comes in two
varieties: shielded and unshielded.
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most
popular and is generally the best option
for school networks .

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
 A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be
susceptible to radio and electrical
frequency interference.
 Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for
environments with electrical interference;
however, the extra shielding can make the
cables quite bulky.
 Shielded twisted pair is often used on
networks using Token Ring topology.

Coaxial Cable
 Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at
its center.
 A plastic layer provides insulation between the
center conductor and a braided metal shield .
 The metal shield helps to block any outside
interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and
other computers.
 Outer shield provides the ground.

Optical Fibers

•Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core
surrounded by several layers of protective materials.
•It transmits light rather than electronic signals
eliminating the problem of electrical interference.
•This makes it ideal for certain environments that
contain a large amount of electrical interference.
•It has also made it the standard for connecting
networks between buildings, due to its immunity to the
effects of moisture and lighting.

Microwave
Microwave is an Electromagnetic waves in
the frequency range of about 2 to 40 GHz
Microwave is a direct line-of-sight
transmission.
The Microwave communication consists of a
transmitter, receiver and the atmosphere.
In microwave communication, parabolic
antennas are mounted on towers to send a
beam to other antennas tens of KM away.
The higher the tower , the greater the range .

Wireless LANs

•Not all networks are connected with cabling; some
networks are wireless.

•Wireless LANs use high frequency radio signals,
infrared light beams, or lasers to communicate
between the workstations and the file server or hubs.

•Each workstation and file server on a wireless
network has some sort of transceiver/antenna to
send and receive the data.

Wireless LAN contd.
 For longer distance, wireless communications
can also take place through cellular telephone
technology, microwave transmission, or by
satellite.
 Wireless networks are great for allowing laptop
computers or remote computers to connect to
the LAN.
 Wireless networks are also beneficial in older
 buildings where it may be difficult or impossible
to install cables.

Internet
Internet is worldwide network of computer networks.

How does it work?
•Most computers are not connected
directly to the internet.
•They are connected to smaller
networks
•Which are connected through
gateways to the internet backbone

Gateway
 Gateway is a device
that connects
dissimilar networks.
 A backbone is a
central
interconnecting
structure that
connects one or more
networks just like the
trunk of a tree.

How does internet work?
 At the source comp the message to be sent is
broken down into small parts called packets.
 Each packet is given a serial no e.g. 1,2,3
 All these packet are sent to the destination
computer
 The destination comp receives the packets in
random order( 10 may come before 1)
 The packets are reassembled in the order of
their no and message is restored.

How it functions smoothly?
 Every computer connected to the internet uses same set
of rules for communication.
 Set of rules is called protocol
 Communication protocol used by internet is TCP/IP
 The TCP (Transmission control protocol) part is
responsible for dividing the message into packets on the
source comp and reassembling them at the destination
comp.
 The IP (Internet Protocol) is responsible for handling the
address of the destination comp so that the packet is
sent to its proper destination.

Future of Internet- InterSpace

InterSpace is a client /server software
program that allows multiple users to
communicate online with real time audio ,
video and text chat in dynamic 3D
environments.

Few terms related to Network
 Workstation or Nodes
refers to a computer that are attached to a network

 Server
The master comp is called server.
Facilitates the sharing of data, s/w and h/w concepts.

Server

Few terms related to Network
Two types of servers
Non Dedicated server Dedicated server

Workstation doubles One computer
up as a server reserved
for server job.
Slower, requires more memory
Faster

Used in small networks called
The networks using such a
Peer-to-peer networks
server is called Master – slave
network.

How data is transmitted across networks?

Switching Techniques are used for
transmitting data across networks.

3 types of switching techniques are there.
 Circuit Switching

 Message Switching

 Packet Switching

Circuit Switching
 Physical connection between the two computers is
established and then data is transmitted from source to
destination computer.
 When a computer places a telephone call , the switching
equipment within the telephone system seeks out a
physical copper path from sender’s to receiver’s
telephone.
 It sets up end-to-end connection between computers
before any data can be sent.

Message Switching
 The source comp sends the data to
the switching office first which stores
the data in its buffer.
 It then looks for a free link to another
switching office and then sends the
data to this office.
 Process is continued till the data is
delivered to the destination
computer.
 It is also known as store and forward
technique.

Packet Switching
 There is a tight upper limit on the block size. In
message switching there was no upper limit.
 A fixed size of packet is specified.
 All the packets are stored in main memory in
switching office. In message switching packets
are stored on disk.
 This increases the performance as access time is
reduced.

Topologies
 The pattern of interconnection of nodes in
a network is called the topology.

Bus topology

 A linear bus topology consists of a main run of
cable with a terminator at each end .

 All nodes (file server, workstations, and
peripherals) are connected to the linear cable.

Bus topology
Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology

• Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.

• Requires less cable length than a star topology.

Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology

•Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.

•Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.

•Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.

•Nodes must be intelligent . Each node is directly connected to the
central bus.

Star topology

A star topology is designed with each node (file server,
workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a central
network hub or concentrator
Data on a star network passes through the hub or concentrator
before continuing to its destination.
The hub or concentrator manages and controls all functions of
the network. It also acts as a repeater for the data flow.

Star topology
Advantages of a Star Topology
 Easy to install and wire.
 No disruptions to the network when connecting
or removing devices.
 Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

Disadvantages of a Star Topology
 Requires more cable length than a linear
topology.
 If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached
are disabled.
 More expensive than linear bus topologies
because of the cost of the concentrators.

Ring Topology
 Ring Network, a local area network
formed in a ring (closed loop) topology
that uses token passing as a means of
regulating traffic on the line.

•On a token ring network, a token governing the right to transmit is
passed from one station to the next in a physical circle.

•If a station has information to transmit, it “seizes” the token, marks
it as being in use, and inserts the information

•. The “busy” token, plus message, is then passed around the circle,
copied when it arrives at its destination, and eventually returned to
the sender.
• The sender removes the attached message and then passes the
freed token to the next station in line.

Advantages of Ring Topology
 Short Cable length as compared to star .
 No wiring closet space required.
 Suitable for optical fibres
- high speed
- traffic travels in one direction.

Disadvantages of Ring Topology
 Node failure causes network failure.
 Difficult to diagnose faults.
 Network reconfiguration is difficult. It is
not possible to shut down a small section
of the ring.

Tree Topology

•A tree topology combines
characteristics of linear bus and star
topologies.
•It consists of groups of star-
configured workstations connected
to a linear bus backbone cable.
• Tree topologies allow for the
expansion of an existing network,
and enable schools to configure a
network to meet their needs

Tree Topology
Advantages of a Tree Topology
 Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
 Supported by several hardware and software
venders.

Disadvantages of a Tree Topology
 Overall length of each segment is limited by the
type of cabling used.
 If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment
goes down.
 More difficult to configure and wire than other
topologies.

Considerations When Choosing
a Topology:
 Money. A linear bus network may be the least
expensive way to install a network; you do not have to
purchase concentrators.
 Length of cable needed. The linear bus network uses
shorter lengths of cable.
 Future growth. With a star topology, expanding a
network is easily done by adding another concentrator.
 Cable type. The most common cable in schools is
unshielded twisted pair, which is most often used with
star topologies.

Network Device
Modem
 Modems are most frequently used to
enable computers to communicate with
each other across telephone lines.
 Stands for Modulation – demodulation.
 Converts digital signal to analog signal and
vice versa.
 Two types- Internal and External

RJ 45 Connector

 Register Jack 45 is an 8 wire connector
which is commonly used to connect
computers on LAN.

 Looks like RJ-11 telephone connector

Ethernet Card
 Ethernet, is a LAN
architecture developed by the
Xerox corporation in 1976,
originally for linking
minicomputers at the Palo
Alto Research Center.
 Computers that uses Ethernet
architecture have to install
ethernet card .
 Now computers are coming
fitted with ethernet card.

Hub

•A common connection point for devices in a network.
• Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN.
•A hub contains multiple ports.
• A passive hub serves simply as a conduit for the data,
enabling it to go from one device (or segment) to another.
•Active hub electrically amplify the signal as it moves from one
connected device to another.
•Support 8, 12 or 24 RJ-45 ports
•Used in star or ring topology.

Switch
 A switch (switching hub) in the context of networking refers to a device
which filters and forwards data packets across a network.

Unlike a standard hub which simply replicates what it receives on one port
onto all the other ports, a switching hub keeps a record of the MAC
addresses of the devices attached to it.

When the switch receives a data packet, it forwards the packet directly to the
recipient device by looking up the MAC address.

A network switch can utilise the full throughput potential of a networks
connection for each device making it a natural choice over a standard hub.

In other words, say for instance you had a network of 5 PCs and a server all
connected with 10Mbps UTP cable, with a hub the throughput (10Mbps)
would be shared between each device, with a switch each device could utilise
the full 10Mbps connection.

Repeater
 A repeater is an electronic device that receives a
weak or low-level signal and retransmits it at a
higher level or higher power, so that the signal can
cover longer distances without degradation.

Bridge – connects two LANS having the same
protocol – (e.g. Ethernet or Token ring)

LAN A

Data not
destined for
other network
Bridge is prevented
from passing
over the bridge.

LAN B

Bridge
 In telecommunication networks, a bridge is a product that connects
a local area network (LAN) to another local area network that uses
the same protocol (for example, Ethernet or Token Ring).

 You can envision a bridge as being a device that decides whether a
message from you to someone else is going to the local area
network in your building or to someone on the local area network
in the building across the street.

 A bridge examines each message on a LAN, "passing" those known
to be within the same LAN, and forwarding those known to be on
the other interconnected LAN (or LANs).

Router
 Router is a specialized network device used to interconnect
different types of computer network that uses different protocols
e.g. Ethernet to a mainframe.

Uses of Router
A router can be used to connect
 a Local Area Network (LAN) to another
LAN,
 a Wide Area Network (WAN) to another
WAN,
 a LAN to the Internet.

Working of Router

Routers transmit data packets
through these networks
 determine the best path of
transmission, based on a number
of factors, including traffic load,
line speed, and costs.

Gateway

 Gateway is a device that
connects dissimilar networks.

 Establishes intelligent connection
between a local network and
external networks with
completely different structures.

 Gateway is the ISP that connects
the user to the internet.

LAN design- General Network Design Process
Access needs and costs

Select topologies and technologies to
satisfy needs

Model Network workload

Simulate behavior under expected load

Perform sensitivity test

Rework design as needed

Networking concepts

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