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![“Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but,
in the Reporters' Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate
more important than them all. It is not a figure of speech,
or a witty saying; it is a literal fact, .... Printing, which
comes necessarily out of Writing, I say often, is
equivalent to Democracy: invent Writing, Democracy is
inevitable. ..... Whoever can speak, speaking now to the
whole nation, becomes a power, a branch of government,
with inalienable weight in law-making, in all acts of
authority. It matters not what rank he has, what revenues
or garnitures: the requisite thing is that he have a tongue
which others will listen to; this and nothing more is
requisite.”
Thomas Carlyle “The Hero as Man of Letters. Johnson, Rousseau, Burns [Lecture V, May 19, 1840]”, On
Heroes and Hero Worship and the Heroic in History available in Project Gutenberg
[http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext97/heros10.txt] Accessed 25 February 2008.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/new-and-converging-technologies-130223102329-phpapp02/75/New-and-converging-technologies-3-2048.jpg)
![Sources
Carlyle , Thomas , “The Hero as Man of Letters. Johnson, Rousseau, Burns [Lecture V, May 19,
1840]”, On Heroes and Hero Worship and the Heroic in History available in Project Gutenberg
[http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext97/heros10.txt] Accessed 25 February 2008.
Eglash, Ron, African Fractals in Buildings and Braids, TEDtalks, Available:
http://www.ted.com/talks/ron_eglash_on_african_fractals.html Accessed: 29 Oct. 2009.
Eglash, Ron, and Toluwalogo B. Odumosu. "Fractals, Complexity, and Connectivity in Africa." In
What Mathematics from Africa?, edited by G. Sica, 101-09. Monza: Polimetrica International
Scientific Publisher, 2005.
Greenslade, Roy, on ‘The Media Report’, Radio National,
http://www.abc.net.au/rn/mediareport/stories/2008/2236747.htm
Jenkins, Henry, Katie Clinton, Ravi Purushotma, Alice J. Robinson, and Margaret Weigel.
"Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century."
The John D. and Catherine T. McArthur Foundation. Available:
http://newmedialiteracies.org/files/working/NMLWhitePaper.pdf Accessed: 29 Oct. 2009.
Jenkins, Henry. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide: NYU Press, 2006.
Williams, R., Contact: Human Communication and Its History. Thames and Hudson, 1981.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/new-and-converging-technologies-130223102329-phpapp02/75/New-and-converging-technologies-25-2048.jpg)
New and-converging-technologies
- 1. New and Converging Technologies New and Traditional Media Coming Together. Dr Marianne Hicks
- 2. • Print –Newspapers, Magazines, Books, etc. • Audio - Radio • Audio-visual – Television, Cinema. • One-way – encoding-decoding model • Educational Ideal • Representative, Discursive or Advocacy? • Fourth Estate
- 3. “Burke said therewere Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters' Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more important than them all. It is not a figure of speech, or a witty saying; it is a literal fact, .... Printing, which comes necessarily out of Writing, I say often, is equivalent to Democracy: invent Writing, Democracy is inevitable. ..... Whoever can speak, speaking now to the whole nation, becomes a power, a branch of government, with inalienable weight in law-making, in all acts of authority. It matters not what rank he has, what revenues or garnitures: the requisite thing is that he have a tongue which others will listen to; this and nothing more is requisite.” Thomas Carlyle “The Hero as Man of Letters. Johnson, Rousseau, Burns [Lecture V, May 19, 1840]”, On Heroes and Hero Worship and the Heroic in History available in Project Gutenberg [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext97/heros10.txt] Accessed 25 February 2008.
- 4. New Media =Digital Media • Information and Communication Technology – Internet • Social Networking Software • YouTube • iTunes, MySpace • LAN and gaming environments • Web 2.0 – Mobile Phones – Satellite TV
- 5. New Media = • Convergence • Participation (Participatory Culture) • Production + Consumption = Prosumer • Concentration & Dispersion
- 6. “The fragmentation andproliferation of media, and the consolidation of media ownership – soon to be followed by a wholesale unbundling. The erosion of mass markets. The empowerment of consumers who now have an unrivaled ability to edit and avoid advertising... A consumer trend toward mass customization and personalization.” Steven J. Heyer, President, Coca-Cola, quoted in Henry Jenkins, Convergence Culture, 2006, 68.
- 7. History of theInternet • 1965 – the first networked computers – two of them, and they constantly crashed. • 1969 – ARPANET - Advanced Research Projects Agency Network – text based – funded by the US Military. • 1974 – The term ‘internet’ was first used. • 1980s – An increasing number of networked computers worldwide and first ISPs (Internet Service Providers) emerge for the commercialisation of the web. • 1990s – The internet emerges as a space for commercial activities.
- 8. Convergence “… technological, industrial,cultural and social changes in the way media circulates within our culture. Some common ideas referenced by the term include the flow of content across multiple platforms, the cooperation between multiple media industries, the search for new structures of media financing … and the migratory behavior of audiences who would go almost anywhere in search of the kind of entertainment experiences they want. Perhaps most broadly, media convergence refers to a situation in which multiple media systems coexist and where media content flows fluidly across them. Convergence is … an ongoing process … and not a fixed relationship.” Henry Jenkins, Convergence Culture, 2006, 282.
- 9. Convergence = onescreen “The current platforms: television, radio, newspapers, can all converge on screen with broadband on the net. And we're looking towards perhaps having one screen which can do everything. I know people have talked forever about convergence, about having screens all around your house and you can operate them, you'll call up your television and your radio, which by the way I already do in Britain on one screen, but next you'll also have the internet on that screen too. I think that's where we're heading; I think you'll get everything, virtually everything, through the net.” Roy Greenslade on ‘The Media Report’, Radio National, http://www.abc.net.au/rn/mediareport/stories/2008/22 36747.htm
- 10. Traditional media (newspaper, radio and television corporations) meet new media (online news sites, with multimedia – words, images, sound bites and video)
- 11. Web 1.0 -->Web 2.0 DoubleClick --> Google AdSense Ofoto --> Flickr Akamai --> BitTorrent mp3.com --> Napster Britannica Online --> Wikipedia personal websites --> blogging evite --> upcoming.org and Eventful domain name speculation --> search engine optimization page views --> cost per click screen scraping --> web services publishing --> participation content management systems --> wikis directories (taxonomy) --> tagging ("folksonomy") stickiness --> syndication (RSS)
- 12. How new mediais used to create change in society: • Monitoring: – Online identity (your boss and Facebook) • Societal changes: – Digital divide (distance between the ‘haves’ and have nots’) – Access to information (full participation) • Collective intelligence: – Wikis • Identity construction: – Social Networking Software (Facebook & MySpace etc)
- 13. ... technology isalways, in the full sense, social. It is necessarily in complex and variable connection with other social relations and institutions, although a particular and isolated technological intervention can be see, and temporarily interpreted, as if it were autonomous. R. Williams, Contact: Human Communication and Its History. Thames and Hudson, 1981, 227.
- 14. • Uses ofNew Media in the West: – Challenge to traditional news media corporations (citizen journalism & Blogosphere) – Challenge to traditional entertainment corporations (BitTorrent, Napster & piracy) – Reducing the ‘tyranny of distance’ (Skype, Twitter) www.gapingvoid.com – Access to information (Google & Wikipedia) – Building online communities (Facebook & MMORPGs)
- 15. • Uses ofNew Media in Africa: – Building online communities (Facebook, MMORPGs) – Cell Phone Banking (Wizzit) – Open Source Software (Linux Ubuntu) – Cell Phone Text Messaging (Getting news out - Zimbabwe) – Sharing information (Freedom Toaster, Creative Commons) – Building offline communties (Township TV, Digital Doorway) It’s less a question of ‘catching up’ than one of using our context to shape our uses of the new media to which we have access. It’s about adaptation.
- 16. Fractals Not an add-on– a paradigm shift
- 17. Using New Mediain the Classroom: • New Media to access Traditional Media: – Newspapers online (SAMedia; SAPA; U.S. national newspaper abstracts) – Internet Radio (both online and traditional radio broadcasts; podcasts) – Online TV (SABC News; video podcasts; other databases) – How else?
- 18. New Media toaccess New Media: Internet, Cell phones, alternative infrastructure (Digital doorway, Township TV) Outcomes: • Lowering the threshold to civic engagement • Creating Global Citizens • Ethical and Responsible Participation • Create the critical capacity to understand the way in which media shapes perceptions of the world
- 19. Core social skillsfor Media Education • Play – the capacity to experiment with your surroundings as a form of problem-solving • Performance – the ability to adopt alternative identities for the purpose of improvisation • Simulation – the ability to interpret and construct dynamic models of real world processes • Appropriation – the ability to meaningfully sample and remix media content • Multitasking – the ability to scan one’s environment and shift focus as needed to salient details • Distributed Cognition – the ability to interact meaningfully with tools that expand mental capacities
- 20. • Collective Intelligence– the ability to pool knowledge and compare notes with others toward a common goal • Judgment – the ability to evaluate the reliability and credibility of different information sources • Transmedia navigation – the ability to follow the flow of stories and information across multiple modalities • Networking – the ability to search for, synthesize and disseminate information • Negotiation – the ability to travel across diverse communities, discerning and respecting multiple perspectives, and grasping and following alternative norms. From Henry Jenkins, "Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture”, 56.
- 21. • Creating wikis Activities? – Recognising each other’s knowledge – Group Ownership and vandalism – Using hyperlinks to connect ideas – Collective intelligence • Creating class and individual blogs – Individual Ownership and plagiarism – Interaction – Clarity of expression • Play as a means of learning (gaming) – Communication, self-confidence, problem solving, logical thinking, lateral thinking etc. • Media Literacy and critical understanding – Being critical of ‘professional’ looking sites • Cell-phone access – Adapting our material for their platform (libraries and coursework) • How else?
- 22. Using the ideasof New Media offline: • Applying Web 2.0 – Collective intelligence and the Wiki model. • We all have some knowledge to contribute, we all share in the knowledge produced collectively. – Participatory Culture • We learn more if we are involved in the making and doing. • Prosumers – those who both produce and consume cultural artifacts. – How else?
- 23. “Youth do theirbest work when engaged in activities that are personally meaningful to them” – Jenkins, "Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture”, 59. • How do we teach youth to evaluate and appraise their own work and actions? • How do we help them to situate media (produced by them and others) within the larger social, cultural and legal context? • Connectivity will expand and get cheaper. • We need to prepare our students for a world where connectivity is increasingly the norm, not the exception. • Participation is key.
- 24. Activities • Creating awiki on ‘Wikipedia’ – Use the tools for Media Education to construct a wiki on the website ‘Wikipedia’. – Where do we go to find out about Wikipedia? – What is it? Who is it for? Is it a useful source for education? What level? In what capacity? – What are some of the problems with Wikipedia? Authorship? Reliability? Vandalism?
- 25. Sources Carlyle , Thomas, “The Hero as Man of Letters. Johnson, Rousseau, Burns [Lecture V, May 19, 1840]”, On Heroes and Hero Worship and the Heroic in History available in Project Gutenberg [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext97/heros10.txt] Accessed 25 February 2008. Eglash, Ron, African Fractals in Buildings and Braids, TEDtalks, Available: http://www.ted.com/talks/ron_eglash_on_african_fractals.html Accessed: 29 Oct. 2009. Eglash, Ron, and Toluwalogo B. Odumosu. "Fractals, Complexity, and Connectivity in Africa." In What Mathematics from Africa?, edited by G. Sica, 101-09. Monza: Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher, 2005. Greenslade, Roy, on ‘The Media Report’, Radio National, http://www.abc.net.au/rn/mediareport/stories/2008/2236747.htm Jenkins, Henry, Katie Clinton, Ravi Purushotma, Alice J. Robinson, and Margaret Weigel. "Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century." The John D. and Catherine T. McArthur Foundation. Available: http://newmedialiteracies.org/files/working/NMLWhitePaper.pdf Accessed: 29 Oct. 2009. Jenkins, Henry. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide: NYU Press, 2006. Williams, R., Contact: Human Communication and Its History. Thames and Hudson, 1981.
Editor's Notes
- #3 The media is there to raise up an ignorant and ill-informed working class to the ideals of the middle class. Alternative ways of doing journalism – represent the people, create the conversation of advocate on behalf of a cause/people. All have problems. As the fourth arm of government. Comes from Thomas Carlyle who wrote on the history of the French Revolution. Ancien Regime divided into Three Estates (or classes), Nobility, Clergy and the People. The idea has carried on because in the modern state we can recognize Three Estates still, three arms of government – the Judiciary, the Parliament and the People, and a Fourth Estate – the Press. Power of the media still remains – in getting us to think about an issue, rather than telling us what to think
- #5 Production of cultural artifacts, in the form of video, is now so much easier. No longer do we need a production studio or a film company or even excessively expensive equipment – some cell phones have video recorders on them. You can edit them using a pc with freeware software (software you don’t have to pay for) Music production and distribution is also no longer the preserve of the big recording companies. You can now record on your pc, upload it to MySpace and be heard. Equally you can make your own film clip and upload that to YouTube. iTunes has also signed agreements with unsigned artists and sells their music online. To be Madonna, you need a record company, but power balance has been shifted just a little. LAN (Local Area Network) allow for collaboration in a gaming environment – it’s a social as well as a virtual experience. Gaming environments – Massively Multi-player Online Role Playing Games. Sometimes involving millions of people, across the globe. This has created a new kind of community – a virtual community. This changes the way we understand and make sense of community Web 2.0 is a paradigm shift for how the web operates. After the dot.com crash of the 1990s, many pundits claimed that the web would diminish in importance. This has not happened, what has happened is that the way we use the internet has changed. I’ll talk about Web 2.0 in more detail shortly. Increasing interactivity may well result in the emergence of the truly single screen media. The convergence of media onto a single screen.
- #12 Akamai – mirroring site – head not the tail. Evite – email invitations and party organisation Eventful – search, track and share information about upcoming events. Web scraping (also called Web harvesting or Web data extraction ) is a computer software technique of extracting information from websites. Usually, such software programs simulate human exploration of the Web by either implementing low-level Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), or embedding certain full-fledged Web browsers, such as the Internet Explorer (IE) and the Mozilla Web browser. Web scraping is closely related to Web indexing, which indexes Web content using a bot and is a universal technique adopted by most search engines. In contrast, Web scraping focuses more on the transformation of unstructured Web content, typically in HTML format, into structured data that can be stored and analyzed in a central local database or spreadsheet. Web scraping is also related to Web automation, which simulates human Web browsing using computer software. Exemplary uses of Web scraping include online price comparison, weather data monitoring, website change detection, Web research, Web content mashup and Web data integration. Web services – remote computing services. A Web service (also Webservice ) is defined by the W3C as "a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically Web Services Description Language WSDL). Other systems interact with the Web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP-messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related standards." Interoperability is a property referring to the ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together (inter-operate). The term is often used in a technical systems engineering sense, or alternatively in a broad sense, taking into account social, political, and organizational factors that impact system to system performance. Amazon offers web services for other developers. Stickiness – amount of time spent at a web site. Taxonomy – directed, unflexible. Folksonomy – tags, flexible, user generated
- #15 Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games.
- #17 Within debates surrounding the introduction of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the West and the ‘rest’ are presented as existing in distinct binary opposition. Accompanying this is a second binary by which the West is positioned as the ‘director’ society that is implicated in blaming of the victims of underdevelopment for their different skills and knowledges. These binaries are both misleading and unhelpful. Consequently, when teaching media and information literacy, we should be interested in how, firstly, the learner can be given the space to make their own meaning. Secondly, how technology can be adapted into the context in which the learner is operating, and to do so successfully, often results in the formation of patterns that are self-replicating. These self-replicating and reproducing patterns can allow for increased sustainability and meaning making. Fractals, in an of themselves, actually originated in Africa in a number of different contexts. You are looking at one of Mandelbrot’s Fractals.
- #23 Wiki – Hawaiian word meaning ‘quickly’ : is a medium for collaboration that allows many people to participate in the production of a long-term knowledge repository or database, often devoted to a specific subject or field of interest.