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This document discusses common diseases that affect orchid plants. It describes 10 diseases: bacterial brown spot, bacterial soft and brown rot, black rot, fusarium wilt, fungal root rot, anthracnose, leaf spots, and botrytis petal blight. For each disease, it provides details on the causal agent, symptoms, nature of damage, and management strategies. The diseases are caused by various bacteria and fungi and can damage leaves, roots, flowers and the overall plant if not properly managed through removal of infected tissues and use of appropriate fungicides and bactericides.
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- 2. Common diseases inOrchid • Bacterial Brown Spot • Root Rot • Ringspots • Fusarium Wilt • Collar Rot, Southern Blight - • Fungal Root • Anthracnose • Leaf Spots • Botrytis Petal Blight
- 3. Bacterial Soft andBrown Rot Casual agents: Erwinia spp. Symptoms: • Small water-soaked spots appear on the leaves and often are surrounded by yellow halos. • The infection will rapidly rot the leaves and roots and spread more slowly into the rhizomes or pseudobulbs. • This wet rot may have a foul odor and has a water soaked appearance.
- 4. Bacterial Soft andBrown Rot (cont..) Nature of damage • Disease spreads so rapidly that plants may be completely rotted in 2 to 3 days. • Leaves appear yellow and water-soaked and become black and sunken. • Leaves develop small, round spots often near the middle of the leaf.
- 5. Bacterial Soft andBrown Rot (cont..) Management: • Immediately remove infected tissue using a sterile instrument • Spray bactericides like Physan or copper compounds on infected and adjacent plants • Treat nearby plants as well as those that are diseased. • Avoid overhead watering if the disease is present. • Keep leaves dry, increase air circulation and reduce temperature and humidity.
- 6. Bacterial Brown Spot Causual agent: Acidovorax(syn.Pseudomonas) Symptoms: • Appear anywhere on the leaf as a small, soft, water soaked blister. • Initially dirty green in color, the infected spot enlarges, coalesces and eventually becomes brown or black, dried up and sunken. • It oozes bacteria-laden liquid, particularly when the disease reaches the tip of the leaf
- 7. Bacterial Brown Spot(cont..) Nature of damage: • Cattleya-the infection enters through wounds on older plants and usually affects only older leaves. It advances slowly and is rarely fatal. • Phalaenopsis- the blister-like spots may be surrounded with a yellowish or pale green halo. Spots coalesce, and the infection spreads rapidly.
- 8. Bacterial Brown Spot(cont..) Management: • Immediately remove infected tissue and spray the plant with a bactericide like Physan or copper compounds . • Reduce humidity and temperature (if possible), eliminate overhead watering and increase air circulation.
- 9. Black Rot Causalagent: Pythium and Phytophthora Symptoms: • The infections usually starts on the leaves, new leads or roots, though all plant parts are susceptible. • The disease spreads rapidly and will kill the plant unless treated promptly. • Leaf symptoms first appear on the underside as small, irregular, watery, brown spots which rapidly become purplish brown or purplish black. • The spots may have a yellowish advancing margin.
- 10. Black Rot(cont..) Natureof Damage • May show a creamy yellow discoloration on one or both sides of the pseudobulbs. • The discoloration eventually turns black or brown and softens, and the bulb rots. Causal Agent
- 11. Black Rot(cont..) Management: •remove infected tissue with a sterile tool, and drench with a suitable fungicide like Subdue or Banrot. • High temperatures and humidity contribute to the spread of the disease.
- 12. Fusarium Wilt Causalagent: Fusarium Symptoms: • The pathogen is spread through improper hygiene, generally as a result of using nonsterile cutting tools, which transfers the fungus from plant to plant. • Infected leaves are yellow, thin, shriveled, wrinkled or wilted and eventually die. • Severely infected plants may die in 3-9 weeks, while mildly infected plants gradually decline over a year or so. • The diagnostic symptom in the plant is a circle or band of purple or pinkish-purple discoloration on the outer layers of the rhizome evident when the rhizome is cut.
- 13. Fusarium Wilt(cont…) Natureof damage: • Root rot occurs when the medium breaks down, drainage is poor and/or plants are overwatered. • The entire rhizome may turn purple, and the discoloration may extend to the pseudobulbs. Management: • Repot only the part of plant showing no purple discoloration. • Be diligent in disinfecting growing area and cutting tools. Each time the cutting tool contacts infected tissue, it should be sterilized before making a second cut.
- 14. Fungal Root Rot Causal agents: Rhizoctonia Symptoms: • Rot sets in quickly when roots are damaged by injury or salt buildup from hard water or over fertilizing. • Rhizoctonia is very contagious and if the disease is not controlled immediately, infected plants develop brown root rot and die.
- 15. Fungal Root Rot(cont..) Nature of damage: • Rhizoctonia is primarily a root disease, but the symptoms can be noticed on aerial parts of the plant. • Leaves and pseudobulbs become yellow, shriveled, thin and twisted and new growths become progressively smaller. • The roots usually show a brown rot with white or brown fungal growth. In severe infections, the fungus girdles and kills the plant. The infection quickly invades the lower leaves and rhizomes of small seedlings.
- 16. Fungal Root Rot(cont..) Management: • Remove infected part of roots and leaves using a sterile cutting tool, drench the remaining plant in a protectant fungicide like thiophanate methyl or systemic fungicide. • Make sure your potting media is fresh and your plants are not overwatered. When disease is suspected in other plants or when repotting is overdue, unpot the plants, check their roots and repot as necessary
- 17. Anthracnose Causal agent:Colletotrichum and Glomerella Symptoms: This fungal disease infects the aerial portion of the plant. The leaves are most often attacked. Leaf tips turn brown beginning at the apex and proceeding toward the base. Dark brown or light gray patches develop, sometimes as concentric rings or as numerous dark bands across the leaf. The affected area is usually sharply defined and somewhat sunken, while the remainder of the leaf appears normal.
- 18. Anthracnose(cont..) Nature ofdamage: • Flowers develop watery, black or brown pustules which are usually raised and occur on the underside of older sepals and petals. The spots may merge and cover the entire flower. Management: • Systemic fungicides like thiophanate methyl or protectant fungicides like Mancozeb. • Alternate systemic and protectant fungicide use. Normal sanitation, good air movement, lower temperatures (if possible) and increased light may help reduce the spread of this disease.
- 19. Leaf Spots CausalAgent: Cercospora Symptoms: • Infection shows first as a yellow spot on the underside of the leaf. • Soon after infection occurs, the yellow-green area may be noted on the top surface of the leaf. As the spots enlarge in irregular patterns, they become slightly sunken and necrotic and turn purplish brown to purplish black. The advancing margin remains yellow.
- 20. Leaf Spots(cont..) Natureof damage: • Heavily infected leaves usually fall from the plant prematurely, especially if the infection started near the base of the leaf. Management : • Remove infected leaves with a sterile instrument and reduce leaf wetness. • Spray with a systemic fungicide such as thiophanate methyl • Good sanitation with good air movement. Reduce leaf wetness, water on the leaves may lead to infection. If the fungus is a continuing problem
- 21. Group Members: • UWU/EAG/13/0035-M.M.B.S.SILVA •UWU/EAG/13/0037 The End…….