No 13. foliar feeding of micronutrient mixtures on growth and yield of okra
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This study evaluated the effects of foliar feeding micronutrient mixtures on the growth and yield of okra. Three treatments were tested: a control of fresh water spray (M1), one foliar application at 20 days after sowing (M2), and two foliar applications at 20 and 35 days after sowing (M3). The two foliar application treatment (M3) resulted in the tallest plants, most leaves, largest leaf area, highest fresh and dry weights, earliest flowering, most pods, longest pods, and highest yield compared to the other treatments. The results indicate that foliar feeding of micronutrient mixtures, particularly with two applications, can increase the growth and yield of okra by
![American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (11): 2124-2129, 2015
ISSN 1818-6769
© IDOSI Publications, 2015
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2015.15.11.12615
Corresponding Author: H. Mehraj, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University,
3-5-7 Tarami, Matsumaya, Ehime 790-8556, Japan.
2124
Foliar Feeding of Micronutrient Mixtures on
Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
H. Mehraj, T. Taufique, M.S.H. Mandal, R.K. Sikder and A.F.M. Jamal Uddin1 2 3 4 2
The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences,1
Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarami, Matsumaya, Ehime 790-8556, Japan
Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh2
Scientific Officer, CRP-Hill Agriculture, Krishi Gobeshona Foundation, Bandarban-4600, Bangladesh3
Horticulture Development Division, BADC, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh4
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to study the performance of foliar feeding of micronutrients on growth
and yield of okra. Foliar application of 100-ppm of six micronutrients (Zn, B, Fe, Cu, Mo and Mn) mixture were
done and treatments were considered as M : Control (Fresh water spray) M : one times foliar application1 2
(20 days after sowing (DAS) and M : two times foliar application (20 DAS and 35 DAS). The tallest plant3
(90.5 cm), longest petiole (29.1 cm), longest internode (12.1 cm) and longest pod (17.4 cm) was also found from
M , while the shortest from M . The maximum stem diameter (3.3 cm), number of leaves (50.8/plant), leaf area3 1
(30.9 cm ), number of branches (5.6/plant), number of internodes (21.6/plant), fresh weigth (87.2 g/plant), dry2
weight (11.6 g/plant), number of pod (34.1/plant), pod diameter (1.7 cm) and yield (368.7 g/plant, 3.2 kg/plot and
17.8 t.ha) was found from M , whereas the minimum from M . Foliar feeding of micronutrients mixture can3 1
increases the growth and yield of okra.
Key words: Okra Zn B Fe Cu Mo Mn growth and yield
INTRODUCTION Boron (B) for reproductive plant parts, cell wall formation
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) belongs to utilization, stomatal regulation and pollen tube formation
Malvaceae family originated in Asia and Africa [1] is an (Marschner, 1995), Copper (Cu) for physiological redox
important summer vegetable in Bangladesh [2]. It plays an processes, pollen viability and lignifications [12],
important role to meet the demand of vegetables of the Manganese (Mn) for enzyme activation, electron
country when vegetables are scanty in the market [3]. transport and in disease resistance [13]. Iron (Fe) is an
Although okra is very much popular in Bangladesh but important micronutrient for chlorophyll formation,
average yield is very low which is about 4.2 t/ha [4], while photosynthesis, enzyme systems and respiration of plants
yield varied from 11.0 to 15.0 t/ha from region to region [5]. [14]. Sometimes Fe application might cause nutritional
Micro nutrients are required for optimal growth [6, 7] disorder by its antagonistic effect with other cationic
specifically six micronutrients (Zn, B, Fe, cu, Mo, Mn) micronutrients, in particular with Mn [15] but potassium
play vital roles in plant physiology and biochemical uptake was increased due to application of Cu and Fe [16].
processes [8, 9]. Zinc influence on basic plant life Scarcity and excess of any nutrient in soil can be a barrier
processes, nitrogen metabolism, uptake of nitrogen and to growth [17]. Besides, application of these nutrients in
protein quality, photosynthesis, chlorophyll synthesis, soil is inaccessible to plant roots if soil pH is more [18, 19].
carbon anhydrase activity; resistance to abiotic and biotic Foliar spray of micronutrients is more effective to control
stresses, protection against oxidative damage [10], deficiency problem than soil application [20]. Foliar
membrane integrity and phytochrome activities [11]. application of these nutrients [9] is generally done to
and stabilization, membrane integrity, carbohydrate](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/no-13-180408083427/85/No-13-foliar-feeding-of-micronutrient-mixtures-on-growth-and-yield-of-okra-1-320.jpg)
![Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (11): 2124-2129, 2015
2125
eliminate the effects of soil pH on the availability of these The dry matter contents of plant were computed by
nutriets [21] and for less costly [22]. It was previously simple calculation from the weight recorded by following
found as effective technique in tomato [9], wheat [23] and formula:
sorghum [17]. The aim of this study was to improve
growth and yield characters of okra by foliar feeding of
the micronutrients mixture.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental site, genetic materials and duration:
Experiment was conducted in the Sher-e-Bangla
Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh to find out
the performance of okra (BARI Dherosh 1) from April to
September 2014.
Treatments and experimental design: Foliar
application of 100-ppm of six micronutrients (Zn, B, Fe,
Cu, Mo and Mn) mixture were applied and treatments
were considered as M : Control (Fresh water spray) M :1 2
one times foliar application (20 days after sowing (DAS)
and M : two times foliar application (20 DAS and 35 DAS)3
in Randomized Complete Block Design with three
replications.
Unit Plot Size and Seed Sowing Pattern: The size of the
each plot was 1.5 m × 1.2 m. Seeds were sown in the plot
with maintaining distance between row to row and plant
to plant was 40 cm and 50 cm, respectively.
Fertilization: Cowdung @ 10t/ha, urea 120 @ 90 kg/ha,
triple super phosphate (TSP) @ 90 kg/ha and muriate of
potash (MP) @ 150kg/ha were used, respectively as basal
dose.
Parameters and Procedures for Data Collection:
Five plants were randomly selected from each unit plot for
the collection of data. Data were collected on plant height,
stem diameter, number of leaves/plant, number of
branches/plant, length of petiole, number of
internode/plant, length of internode, leaf area, fresh
weight of plant, dry matter of plant, days to 50%
flowering, number of flower buds/plant, number of
pods/plant, length of pod, diameter of pod, yield/plant,
yield/plot. After harvesting, 150 g plant sample (above
ground) previously sliced into very thin pieces were put
into envelop and placed in oven maintained at 70°C for
72 hours. The sample was then transferred into
desiccators and allowed to cool down at room
temperature. The final weight of the sample was taken.
%Dry matter content of plant = (Dry weight/Fresh weight)×100
Statistical Analysis: Collected data were analyzed
statistically using MSTAT-C computer package program.
The significance of the difference among the treatments
was estimated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT)
at 5% level of probability [24].
RESULTS
Plant Height and Stem Diameter: Plant height and stem
diameter of okra varied significantly among treatments at
different DAS (days after sowing). The tallest plant was
found from M (90.3 cm) which was statistically identical3
with M (88.3 cm), while the shortest from M (78.9 cm)2 1
(Fig. 1a). The maximum stem diameter was found from M3
(3.3 cm) which was statistically identical with M (2.3 cm),2
while the minimum from M (1.6 cm) at 60 DAS (Fig. 1b).1
Number of Leaves and Leaf Area: Spraying frequency of
six micronutrients mixture showed a significant variation
for number of leaves and leaf area of okra at different
DAS. The maximum number of leaves was found from M3
(50.8/plant) which was statistically identical with M2
(49.2/plant), whereas the minimum was observed from M1
(41.6/plant) at 60 DAS (Fig. 2a). The maximum leaf area
was found from M (30.9 cm ) which was statistically3
2
similar with M (29.7 cm ), while the minimum from M2 1
2
(24.8 cm ) at 60 DAS (Fig. 2b).2
Number of Branches and Lengthof Petiole: The maximum
number of branches was found from M (5.6/plant) which3
was statistically identical with M (5.4/plant), while the2
minimum from M (4.6/plant) at 60 DAS (Fig. 3a). The1
longest petiole was found from M (29.1 cm) which was3
statistically similar with M (28.9 cm), while the shortest2
from M (24.3 cm) at 60 DAS (Fig. 3b).1
Number and Length of Internodes: The maximum number
of internodes was recorded from M (21.6/plant) which3
was statistically identical with M (21.2/plant), while the2
minimum from M (18.9/plant) at 60 DAS (Fig. 4a). The1
longest internode was found from M (12.1 cm) which was3
statistically similar with M (11.6 cm), whereas the shortest2
from M (10.1 cm) at 60 DAS (Table 6).1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/no-13-180408083427/85/No-13-foliar-feeding-of-micronutrient-mixtures-on-growth-and-yield-of-okra-2-320.jpg)
![Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (11): 2124-2129, 2015
2127
Table 1: Responses of spraying frequency of six micronutrient mixture to the okra plant on different growth and yield related attributesX
Weight/plant (g) Number of
--------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
Treatments Fresh Dry Days to 50% flowering Flower buds/plant Pods/plant
M 68.8 c 9.3 b 47.9 a 36.4 b 23.7 b1
M 82.5 b 11.2 a 44.1 b 42.9 a 31.9 a2
M 87.2 a 11.6 a 43.8 b 42.1 a 34.1 a3
LSD(0.05) 4.5 0.4 2.2 1.3 2.3
CV (%) 7.3 9.7 4.7 8.3 4.5
In a column, means having similar letter(s) are statistically similar and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly at 0.05 level of probabilityX
Table 2: Responses of spraying frequency of six micronutrient mixture on pod characters and yield of okraX
Treatments Pod length (cm) Pod diameter (cm) Yield (g/plant) Yield (kg/plot) Yield (t/ha)
M 15.1 b 1.1 c 235.7c 2.0 b 11.2 b1
M 16.9 a 1.6 b 359.3b 3.1 a 17.0 a2
M 17.4 a 1.7 a 368.7a 3.2 a 17.8 a3
LSD(0.05) 0.6 0.1 5.1 0.2 0.8
CV (%) 3.8 6.4 7.3 2.9 2.9
In a column, means having similar letter(s) are statistically similar and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly at 0.05 level of probabilityX
Fresh and Dry Weight: The maximum fresh weight was (368.7 g/plant, 3.2 kg/plant and 17.8 t/ha), whereas the
found from M (87.2 g/plant), while the minimum from M minimum from M (235.7 g/plant, 2.0 kg/plot and 11.2 t/ha)3 1
(68.8 g/plant) (Table 1). The maximum dry weight was (Table 2).
found from M (11.6 g/plant) which was statistically3
identical with M (11.2 g/plant), while the minimum from DISCUSSION2
M (9.3 g/plant) (Table 1).1
Days to 50% Flowering: Early flowering was found from micronutrients mixture improved the growth and yield of
M (43.8 days) which was statistically identical with M okra. Zn, B, Fe, Cu, Mo and Mn micronutrients have3 2
(44.1 days), while late from M (47.9 days) (Table 1). significant effect on plant physiology and also involved1
NumberofFlowerBuds andPods: The maximum number micronutrients may cause reduction in plant yield due to
of flower buds was found from M (42.9/plant) which was lack of proper growth. It was found that all parameters2
statistically identical with M (42.1/plant), while the showed better result by the foliar application of3
minimum from M (36.4/plant) (Table 1). The maximum micronutrients mixtures but two times application was1
number of pods was found from M (34.1/plant) which found as best than the single foliar application. It may be3
was statistically identical with M (31.9/plant), whereas due to getting the sufficient amount of these nutrients2
the minimum from M (23.7/plant) (Table 1). stimulated enzymatic activities [25], leading to an1
Pod Length and Diameter: The longest pod was found photosynthesis, respiration and protein synthesis [26].
from M (17.4 cm) which was statistically identical with M Micronutrients involves in different physiological process3 2
(16.9 cm), while the shortest from M (15.1 cm) (Table 2). like enzyme activation, electron transport, chlorophyll1
Pod diameter varied significantly due to the variation of formation and stomatal regulation etc. which ultimately
the organic manures. The maximum pod diameter was resulted in greater dry matter [27, 28]. Inadequate level of
found from M (1.7 mm), while the minimum from M (1.1 micronutrients may responsible for lower plant growth3 1
mm) (Table 2). and yield of okra and for that reason two times foliar
Yield: Yield of okra showed significant variation due to utilization of these nutrients that accelerate plant growth
variation of spraying frequency of six micronutrient and get a higher yield of okra. Similar observations were
mixtures. However, the maximum yield was found from M also found by Ali [21] as being due to foliar application of3
1
From the study it was found that foliar application of
in biochemical processes [8, 9]. Deficiency of these
improvement in biochemical processes like
application made the plants adequate absorption and](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/no-13-180408083427/85/No-13-foliar-feeding-of-micronutrient-mixtures-on-growth-and-yield-of-okra-4-320.jpg)
No 13. foliar feeding of micronutrient mixtures on growth and yield of okra
- 1. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (11): 2124-2129, 2015 ISSN 1818-6769 © IDOSI Publications, 2015 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2015.15.11.12615 Corresponding Author: H. Mehraj, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarami, Matsumaya, Ehime 790-8556, Japan. 2124 Foliar Feeding of Micronutrient Mixtures on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) H. Mehraj, T. Taufique, M.S.H. Mandal, R.K. Sikder and A.F.M. Jamal Uddin1 2 3 4 2 The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences,1 Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarami, Matsumaya, Ehime 790-8556, Japan Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh2 Scientific Officer, CRP-Hill Agriculture, Krishi Gobeshona Foundation, Bandarban-4600, Bangladesh3 Horticulture Development Division, BADC, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh4 Abstract: An experiment was conducted to study the performance of foliar feeding of micronutrients on growth and yield of okra. Foliar application of 100-ppm of six micronutrients (Zn, B, Fe, Cu, Mo and Mn) mixture were done and treatments were considered as M : Control (Fresh water spray) M : one times foliar application1 2 (20 days after sowing (DAS) and M : two times foliar application (20 DAS and 35 DAS). The tallest plant3 (90.5 cm), longest petiole (29.1 cm), longest internode (12.1 cm) and longest pod (17.4 cm) was also found from M , while the shortest from M . The maximum stem diameter (3.3 cm), number of leaves (50.8/plant), leaf area3 1 (30.9 cm ), number of branches (5.6/plant), number of internodes (21.6/plant), fresh weigth (87.2 g/plant), dry2 weight (11.6 g/plant), number of pod (34.1/plant), pod diameter (1.7 cm) and yield (368.7 g/plant, 3.2 kg/plot and 17.8 t.ha) was found from M , whereas the minimum from M . Foliar feeding of micronutrients mixture can3 1 increases the growth and yield of okra. Key words: Okra Zn B Fe Cu Mo Mn growth and yield INTRODUCTION Boron (B) for reproductive plant parts, cell wall formation Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) belongs to utilization, stomatal regulation and pollen tube formation Malvaceae family originated in Asia and Africa [1] is an (Marschner, 1995), Copper (Cu) for physiological redox important summer vegetable in Bangladesh [2]. It plays an processes, pollen viability and lignifications [12], important role to meet the demand of vegetables of the Manganese (Mn) for enzyme activation, electron country when vegetables are scanty in the market [3]. transport and in disease resistance [13]. Iron (Fe) is an Although okra is very much popular in Bangladesh but important micronutrient for chlorophyll formation, average yield is very low which is about 4.2 t/ha [4], while photosynthesis, enzyme systems and respiration of plants yield varied from 11.0 to 15.0 t/ha from region to region [5]. [14]. Sometimes Fe application might cause nutritional Micro nutrients are required for optimal growth [6, 7] disorder by its antagonistic effect with other cationic specifically six micronutrients (Zn, B, Fe, cu, Mo, Mn) micronutrients, in particular with Mn [15] but potassium play vital roles in plant physiology and biochemical uptake was increased due to application of Cu and Fe [16]. processes [8, 9]. Zinc influence on basic plant life Scarcity and excess of any nutrient in soil can be a barrier processes, nitrogen metabolism, uptake of nitrogen and to growth [17]. Besides, application of these nutrients in protein quality, photosynthesis, chlorophyll synthesis, soil is inaccessible to plant roots if soil pH is more [18, 19]. carbon anhydrase activity; resistance to abiotic and biotic Foliar spray of micronutrients is more effective to control stresses, protection against oxidative damage [10], deficiency problem than soil application [20]. Foliar membrane integrity and phytochrome activities [11]. application of these nutrients [9] is generally done to and stabilization, membrane integrity, carbohydrate
- 2. Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (11): 2124-2129, 2015 2125 eliminate the effects of soil pH on the availability of these The dry matter contents of plant were computed by nutriets [21] and for less costly [22]. It was previously simple calculation from the weight recorded by following found as effective technique in tomato [9], wheat [23] and formula: sorghum [17]. The aim of this study was to improve growth and yield characters of okra by foliar feeding of the micronutrients mixture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental site, genetic materials and duration: Experiment was conducted in the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh to find out the performance of okra (BARI Dherosh 1) from April to September 2014. Treatments and experimental design: Foliar application of 100-ppm of six micronutrients (Zn, B, Fe, Cu, Mo and Mn) mixture were applied and treatments were considered as M : Control (Fresh water spray) M :1 2 one times foliar application (20 days after sowing (DAS) and M : two times foliar application (20 DAS and 35 DAS)3 in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Unit Plot Size and Seed Sowing Pattern: The size of the each plot was 1.5 m × 1.2 m. Seeds were sown in the plot with maintaining distance between row to row and plant to plant was 40 cm and 50 cm, respectively. Fertilization: Cowdung @ 10t/ha, urea 120 @ 90 kg/ha, triple super phosphate (TSP) @ 90 kg/ha and muriate of potash (MP) @ 150kg/ha were used, respectively as basal dose. Parameters and Procedures for Data Collection: Five plants were randomly selected from each unit plot for the collection of data. Data were collected on plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves/plant, number of branches/plant, length of petiole, number of internode/plant, length of internode, leaf area, fresh weight of plant, dry matter of plant, days to 50% flowering, number of flower buds/plant, number of pods/plant, length of pod, diameter of pod, yield/plant, yield/plot. After harvesting, 150 g plant sample (above ground) previously sliced into very thin pieces were put into envelop and placed in oven maintained at 70°C for 72 hours. The sample was then transferred into desiccators and allowed to cool down at room temperature. The final weight of the sample was taken. %Dry matter content of plant = (Dry weight/Fresh weight)×100 Statistical Analysis: Collected data were analyzed statistically using MSTAT-C computer package program. The significance of the difference among the treatments was estimated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of probability [24]. RESULTS Plant Height and Stem Diameter: Plant height and stem diameter of okra varied significantly among treatments at different DAS (days after sowing). The tallest plant was found from M (90.3 cm) which was statistically identical3 with M (88.3 cm), while the shortest from M (78.9 cm)2 1 (Fig. 1a). The maximum stem diameter was found from M3 (3.3 cm) which was statistically identical with M (2.3 cm),2 while the minimum from M (1.6 cm) at 60 DAS (Fig. 1b).1 Number of Leaves and Leaf Area: Spraying frequency of six micronutrients mixture showed a significant variation for number of leaves and leaf area of okra at different DAS. The maximum number of leaves was found from M3 (50.8/plant) which was statistically identical with M2 (49.2/plant), whereas the minimum was observed from M1 (41.6/plant) at 60 DAS (Fig. 2a). The maximum leaf area was found from M (30.9 cm ) which was statistically3 2 similar with M (29.7 cm ), while the minimum from M2 1 2 (24.8 cm ) at 60 DAS (Fig. 2b).2 Number of Branches and Lengthof Petiole: The maximum number of branches was found from M (5.6/plant) which3 was statistically identical with M (5.4/plant), while the2 minimum from M (4.6/plant) at 60 DAS (Fig. 3a). The1 longest petiole was found from M (29.1 cm) which was3 statistically similar with M (28.9 cm), while the shortest2 from M (24.3 cm) at 60 DAS (Fig. 3b).1 Number and Length of Internodes: The maximum number of internodes was recorded from M (21.6/plant) which3 was statistically identical with M (21.2/plant), while the2 minimum from M (18.9/plant) at 60 DAS (Fig. 4a). The1 longest internode was found from M (12.1 cm) which was3 statistically similar with M (11.6 cm), whereas the shortest2 from M (10.1 cm) at 60 DAS (Table 6).1
- 3. Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (11): 2124-2129, 2015 2126 Fig. 1: Effect of spraying frequency of six micronutrient mixture on (a) plant height and (b) stem diameter of okra Fig. 2: Effect of spraying frequency of six micronutrient mixture on (a) number of leaves and (b) leaf area of okra Fig. 3: Effect of spraying frequency of six micronutrient mixture on (a) number of branches and (b) length of petiole of okra Fig. 4: Effect of spraying frequency of six micronutrient mixture on (a) number of internodes and (b) length of internodes of okra
- 4. Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (11): 2124-2129, 2015 2127 Table 1: Responses of spraying frequency of six micronutrient mixture to the okra plant on different growth and yield related attributesX Weight/plant (g) Number of --------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- Treatments Fresh Dry Days to 50% flowering Flower buds/plant Pods/plant M 68.8 c 9.3 b 47.9 a 36.4 b 23.7 b1 M 82.5 b 11.2 a 44.1 b 42.9 a 31.9 a2 M 87.2 a 11.6 a 43.8 b 42.1 a 34.1 a3 LSD(0.05) 4.5 0.4 2.2 1.3 2.3 CV (%) 7.3 9.7 4.7 8.3 4.5 In a column, means having similar letter(s) are statistically similar and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly at 0.05 level of probabilityX Table 2: Responses of spraying frequency of six micronutrient mixture on pod characters and yield of okraX Treatments Pod length (cm) Pod diameter (cm) Yield (g/plant) Yield (kg/plot) Yield (t/ha) M 15.1 b 1.1 c 235.7c 2.0 b 11.2 b1 M 16.9 a 1.6 b 359.3b 3.1 a 17.0 a2 M 17.4 a 1.7 a 368.7a 3.2 a 17.8 a3 LSD(0.05) 0.6 0.1 5.1 0.2 0.8 CV (%) 3.8 6.4 7.3 2.9 2.9 In a column, means having similar letter(s) are statistically similar and those having dissimilar letter(s) differ significantly at 0.05 level of probabilityX Fresh and Dry Weight: The maximum fresh weight was (368.7 g/plant, 3.2 kg/plant and 17.8 t/ha), whereas the found from M (87.2 g/plant), while the minimum from M minimum from M (235.7 g/plant, 2.0 kg/plot and 11.2 t/ha)3 1 (68.8 g/plant) (Table 1). The maximum dry weight was (Table 2). found from M (11.6 g/plant) which was statistically3 identical with M (11.2 g/plant), while the minimum from DISCUSSION2 M (9.3 g/plant) (Table 1).1 Days to 50% Flowering: Early flowering was found from micronutrients mixture improved the growth and yield of M (43.8 days) which was statistically identical with M okra. Zn, B, Fe, Cu, Mo and Mn micronutrients have3 2 (44.1 days), while late from M (47.9 days) (Table 1). significant effect on plant physiology and also involved1 NumberofFlowerBuds andPods: The maximum number micronutrients may cause reduction in plant yield due to of flower buds was found from M (42.9/plant) which was lack of proper growth. It was found that all parameters2 statistically identical with M (42.1/plant), while the showed better result by the foliar application of3 minimum from M (36.4/plant) (Table 1). The maximum micronutrients mixtures but two times application was1 number of pods was found from M (34.1/plant) which found as best than the single foliar application. It may be3 was statistically identical with M (31.9/plant), whereas due to getting the sufficient amount of these nutrients2 the minimum from M (23.7/plant) (Table 1). stimulated enzymatic activities [25], leading to an1 Pod Length and Diameter: The longest pod was found photosynthesis, respiration and protein synthesis [26]. from M (17.4 cm) which was statistically identical with M Micronutrients involves in different physiological process3 2 (16.9 cm), while the shortest from M (15.1 cm) (Table 2). like enzyme activation, electron transport, chlorophyll1 Pod diameter varied significantly due to the variation of formation and stomatal regulation etc. which ultimately the organic manures. The maximum pod diameter was resulted in greater dry matter [27, 28]. Inadequate level of found from M (1.7 mm), while the minimum from M (1.1 micronutrients may responsible for lower plant growth3 1 mm) (Table 2). and yield of okra and for that reason two times foliar Yield: Yield of okra showed significant variation due to utilization of these nutrients that accelerate plant growth variation of spraying frequency of six micronutrient and get a higher yield of okra. Similar observations were mixtures. However, the maximum yield was found from M also found by Ali [21] as being due to foliar application of3 1 From the study it was found that foliar application of in biochemical processes [8, 9]. Deficiency of these improvement in biochemical processes like application made the plants adequate absorption and
- 5. Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 15 (11): 2124-2129, 2015 2128 micronutrient. Our study showed that inadequate or 9. Rab, A. and I. Haq, 2012. Foliar application of calcium imbalanced use of micronutrients is one of the key factors chloride and borax influences plant growth, yield and for low yield of okra. This paper also suggests that foliar quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) application of micronutrients mixture is an effective fruit. Turk. J. Agric. For., 36: 695-701. technology for increasing the yield of okra. 10. Cakmak, I., 2008. Enrichment of cereal grains with CONCLUSION Soil, 302: 1-17. Significant variation among treatments was found in Elsevier, Amsterdam. all parameters. Twice (20 DAS and 35 DAS) foliar 12. Marschner, H., 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher application of micronutrients mixture was found to be best Plants. 2nd Ed. Academic press, Harcourt Brace and than the single foliar application (20 DAS) and control. Company, New York. Therefore, foliar application of amicronutrient mixture (Zn, 13. Burnell, J.N., 1988. The biochemistry of B, Fe, Cu, Mo and Mn) @ 50 ppm is suggested for better Manganese in plants. In: Graham, R.D., R.J. plant growth and getting maximum yield from okra. Hannam and N.C. Uren (eds.), Manganese in Soils REFERENCES Dordrecht. 1. Thomson, H.C. and W.C. Kelly, 1979. Vegetables W.L. Nelson, 1999. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers - An Crops. McGraw Hill Co. 3 Edn.) New York. p. 562. introduction to Nutrient Management 6 Ed.rd 2. Rashid, M. M., 1999. Shabjibiggayan (In Bengali). Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Res. J. Agric. and Biol. Rashid Publishing House,94 Old DOHS, Dhaka-1206. Sci., 4(6): 717-724. pp: 49. 15. Ghasemi-Fasaei, R. and A. Ronaghi, 2008. Interaction 3. Ahmed, K.U., 1995. Pal-Phul O Shak-Shabji (In of Iron with Copper, Zinc and Manganese in Wheat Bengali) 5 Ed. Mrs Mumtaj Kamal. Mirpur, Dhaka, as Affected by Iron and Manganese in a Calcareousth Bangladesh. pp: 400. Soil. J. Plant Nutr., 31: 839-848. 4. BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics), 2011. 16. Samui, R.C., P. Bhattacharyya and K. Dasgupta, 1981. Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics of Bangladesh, Uptake of nutrients by mustard (Brassica junceae) as 23 Edition. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and influenced by Zn and Fe application. J. Indian Soc.rd Informatics Division, Ministry of Planning, Soil Sci., 29: 101-106. Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. 17. Soleymani, A. and M.H. Shahrajabian, 2012. Chapter 2. pp: 39. The effects of Fe, Mn and Zn foliar application on 5. Hossain, S.M., 2000. Modern varieties of vegetables yield, ash and protein percentage of forage sorghum and cultivation methods. Horticulture Research in climatic condition of Esfahan. Inter. J. Bio., 4: 3-7. Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute. 18. Rashid, A. and J. Ryan, 2004. Micronutrients 6. Ahmad, I., M. Asif, A. Amjad and S. Ahmad, 2011. constraints to crop production in soils with Fertilization enhances growth, yield and Mediterranean type characteristics: A review. J Plant xanthophyll contents of marigold. Turk. J. Agric. For., Nutr., 27: 959-975. 35: 641-648. 19. Sajid, A., A.R. Khan, G. Mairaj, M. Fida and S. Bibi, 7. Ahmad, S., L.H. Akhtar, S. Ahmad, N. Iqbal and 2008. Assessment of different crop nutrient M. Nasim, 2009. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) management practices for yield improvement. Aust. varieties responded differently to foliar applied boron J. Crop Sci., 2: 150-157. in terms of quality and yield. Soil Environ., 28: 88-92. 20. Torun,A.,I.G.Ã.ltekin, M.Kalayci, A. Yilmaz, S.Eker 8. Putra, E.T.S., W. Zakaria, N.A.P. Abdullah and and I. Cakmak, 2001. Effects of zinc fertilization on G.B. Saleh, 2012. Stomatal morphology, conductance grain yield and shoot concentrations of zinc, boron and transpiration of Musa sp. cv. Rastali in relation and phosphorus of 25 wheat cultivars grown on a to magnesium, boron and silicon availability. Amer. zinc-deficient and boron-toxic soil. J. Plant Nut., J. Plant Phys., 7: 84-96. 2: 1817-1829. zinc: agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant and 11. Shkolnik, M.Y., 1984. Trace Elements in Plants. and Plants. pp: 125-137. Kluwar Academic Publisher, 14. Havlin, J.L., J.D. Beaton, S.L. Tisdale and th
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