Non conventional sources of energy ppt bhot Paisa ahe Paisa bht ahe

NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
SOURCES
Amarjeet kaur
AP
Electrical Engineering Department

EXISTING POWER SOURCES
 Thermal Plants: s.
 Non-renewable raw material, which is on the verge of extinction.
 Pollution creator.
 Hydro Plants: .
 Huge investment and large areas required.
 Unpredictable raw material.
 Adjacent lower areas are under the threat of floods due to them.
 Nuclear Plants:
 Non-renewable raw material, even that has to be imported from foreign countries.
 Gaseous Plants:
 Non-renewable raw material, even that has to be imported from foreign countries.

World energy
 Primary Energy Source
 Oil
 Natural gas
 Coal gas
 Uranium
 Water flow
 Bio gas
 Wind energy
 %of World Energy
 34
 21
 23
 07
 02
 12
 <1

Non conventional energy sources

Solar Energy
 Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) technology enables
 direct conversion of sun light into electricity ,has no
moving parts,s
 Solar Electricity can be used to run pumps,
lights, refrigerators, TV sets, etc.

Types of Solar Technologies
 Solar design in architecture
 Solar heating systems
 Solar cooking
 Solar lighting
 Photovoltaics
 Solar thermal electric power plants

Total Installations of solar PV
system in Sunderbans
2,00,000
35000
35W to 74W
per household
Solar home
system
16,000
3000
550kW
Solar Power
Plants
Population
covered
Benefited
household
Aggregate
capacity
Types of PV
systems

Vast use of Solar PV system
in the Region
 Recycled car batteries are used for powering the television,
refrigeration etc not only at day time but also during night hours
and cloudy days and therefore, there is a demand for solar
home systems/battery charging stations in the un-electrified
regions.
 So the Consumer purchase the complete solar module-cum-
lamps thereby reducing the cost of services.
 In order to establish the lamps charging stations, prototype of
solar lamps based on 6V, 14 Ah spill proof flooded type battery
with junctions box was to be developed by Jadavpur University.

SOLAR POWER PLANTS
Renewable energy source. Available at large as compared to human
requirement.
Cost free raw material.
Pollution free.
Can be installed at consumer site, resulting in lower T&D losses.
Can be operated with little maintenance after initial setup.
Economically competitive where grid connection or fuel transport is
difficult.
Can be easily privatized.

EVEN MOON HAS SOME
BLACK SPOTS ON IT
Limited areal power density.
Intermittent
Solar cells produce DC which has to be
converted into AC when used in currently
existing distribution grids.
Locations at high latitude reduce potential
for solar power use.

BIO ENERGY
 Biomass is renewable energy resource derived
from numerous sources like
 Household wastes,
 By – product of Industry,
 Agricultural Crops,
 Materials from Forest,
 Cattle Wastes, etc.

BIO FUELS
 Biomass can be converted directly into liquid
fuels for use in cars, trucks, buses, trains, etc..
 Ethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting
starch, sugar or cellulose.
 Biodiesel is produced from sunflowers,
soyabeans, rapeseed (canola).

Biomass Generation
 Sugar industries can generate electricity using
bagasse, the left over of sugarcanes.
 About 300 MW of power has already been
commissioned.

Hydro Energy
 In order to produce enough electricity, a
hydroelectric system requires locations with
change in elevation or water head.
 India has the potential of small and mini micro
hydel energy of over 10,000 MW. Small hydro
power projects of 3MW have been installed and
the total capacity is about 350 MW.

 Small hydro projects do not require large dams
or cause problem of deforestation, and
rehabilitation.
 Hilly regions in India, are endowed with rich
hydal resources.
 Mini (upto 1000KW) and micro (upto 100KW)
power projects can supply electricity to schools,
hotels, in hilly and isolated areas.

Fuel Cells
 Unlike a battery that stores energy fuel cells
convert fuel energy directly into electrical
energy.
 A fuel, usually hydrogen is supplied to the fuel
cell anode.

Wind energy
• The turbine is mounted on a tall structure to enhance
energy capture.
• Kinetic energy of wind is captured by Wind turbines
consisting of two or more blades mechanically
coupled to a generator.

Energy Storage
 Operation of a wind
turbine is not practical at
very high or very low
wind speeds.
 When the power
generated exceeds the
demand, the excess
energy would be stored
for use at other times.

Batteries
Battery storage is used to accumulate the available
energy so that the electrical load of the house can be
met on demand during periods of inadequate wind. It
is also place near the house together with the
controller and inverter. The role of battery is also to
damp out the high frequency fluctuations in supply
and demand.

World status of wind power
system
18,449
6,107
2836
2619
2341
1220
473
425
World total
Germany
Spain
USA
Denmark
India
Netherlands
Great Britain
Total installed power up to the
end of year 2000(in MW)
Region

Ocean Energy
 Ocean contains thermal energy from sun’s heat
and mechanical energy from tides and waves.
 Ocean thermal energy is utilized to vaporize a
working fluid which has a low boiling point such
as ammonia.
 The vapour expands and turns a turbine.
 Tidal energy is converted into electricity through
turbines activating a generator.

Renewable energy potential and
achievement
Nil
9,000 MW
Tidal power
Nil
20,000 MW
Sea wave power
Nil
50,000 MW
Ocean thermal
1507 MW
45,000 MW
Wind energy
1663 MW
15,000 MW
Small hydro(<50MW)
62 MW
47KWh/Sq.m per day
Solar PV Power
343 MW
19,000MW
Biomass/bagasse based
cogeneration
3.128 million
12 million
Biogas Plant
Potential exploited
Potential/
availability
Source/
Technologies
Source: Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES)

 India has at present an installed generating
capacity of nearly 107Giga watts. This
comprises
 70 percent thermal (coal, gas, liquid fuel);
 25 percent hydro;
 3 percent nuclear;
 And 2 percent wind and power.

Ninety percent of the installed capacity is
owned by the public sector (60 percent
under state governments and 30 percent
under the central government) and the
balance about 10 percent by the private
sector.

India Energy Consumption in
2010,2020
5.3
2.6
1.6
1.2
Hydroelectricity
(quadrillion BTU)
4.9
1192
802
493
Electricity (billion
KWh)
2.2
536
465
371
Coal (million short
tons)
8.6
5.0
2.8
1.2
Natural gas (Trillon
cubic feet)
3.8
4.1
3.1
1.9
Oil (million barrels
per day)
Average annual growth (%)
1996-2020
2020
2010
200
0
Source : EIA /DOE

Conclusion
Since India is very large country and there is a
number of remote locations in Rajasthan, Bihar,
Uttar Pradesh, western areas like in Assam where
Renewableenergy power plants can be employed at
the consumer site itself.
So more and more use of this Easily and vastly
available energy should be made to get the
maximum out of it and postpone the risk of Power
Crisis.

Solar radiations and its
measurements

Introduction
 Radiations:
 Heat transfer by radiation has velocity of
propagation equal to 2.997925 m/s.
 Range of 0.2 to 4.0 micrometer
 Solar energy consists of
about 8% ultraviolet radiations (short
wavelength )<0.39 μm
46% visible light 0.39-0.78 μm
46% infrared radiations (long wavelength )>0.78 μm

Solar radiations at the earth
surface
 Direct radiations: reaches the ground directly
from the sun are called direct radiations.
 Diffuse radiations: are that solar radiations
received from the sun after its direction has
been changed by reflection and scattering by the
atmosphere.
 Insolation: is defined as the total solar radiations
received on the horizontal surface of unit area
on the ground in unit time.
(i) On the altitude of the sun in the sky.
Which further depends upon time.

Some terms
 Attenuation of beam : variation in solar radiation
reaching the earth than received at the outside of
the atmosphere is due to absorption and scattering
in atmosphere.
 Absorption: As solar radiation passes through the
earth’s atmosphere the short wave ultraviolet rays
are absorbed by the ozone layer in the atmosphere
and the long wave infrared waves are absorbed by
the carbon dioxide and the moisture in the
atmosphere.
 Scattering : As solar radiation passes through the
earth’s surface the components of the atmosphere
such as water vapour and dust, scatter a portion of
the radiation.

 This is the amount of energy received in unit time on a
unit area perpendicular to the sun’s direction at the
mean distance of the earth from the sun.1367 W/m2

Solar radiations measurements
Two basic types of instruments:
(1) Pyrheliometer:A pyrheliometer is an instrument
which measures beam radiations.(Direct
radiations)
Principle of working is thermopile effect.
mechanically they must follow the sun
radiations to measure direct sunlight and to
avoid the diffused component. (2)Pyranometer:
An instrument for the measurement of the global
solar radiation received from the entire hemisphere
with the shading rings to cut the direct sun light.

References
 G.D. Rai, ‘Non-Conventional Energy Sources’,
Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 2011.

Non conventional sources of energy ppt bhot Paisa ahe Paisa bht ahe

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