NON THERMAL EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS

NON THERMAL EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS

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  Topic:- NON THERMALEXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS Made by:- MANAV PREET Follow on:- https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100006887986785 https://www.linkedin.com/in/manav-preet-b25a2b11a/ https://www.instagram.com/manav_bansal98 https://bit.ly/dealarea
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  Bioactive Compounds  Bioactivecompounds are defined as components of food that influence physiological or cellular activities in the humans that consume them.  Bioactive compounds are phytochemicals, that are capable of modulating metabolic processes and resulting in the promotion of better health.  hey exhibit beneficial effects such as antioxidant activity, inhibition or induction of enzymes, inhibition of receptor activities, and induction and inhibition of gene expression.  They are being used in the prevention of cancer, heart disease, and other diseases.  Eg.- lycopene, resveratrol, lignan, tannins, and indoles.
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  Extraction of BioactiveCompounds  The extraction of bioactive compounds depends on several factors, such as the extraction technique, raw materials, and the extraction solvent that are used.  Two types of techniques are used for the extraction of bioactive compounds:- 1. Conventional techniques require the use of organic solvents, temperature, and agitation. Eg.- Soxhlet, maceration, and hydrodistillation. 2. Non-conventional/Modern techniques are green techniques due to reduced use of energy and the implementation of organic solvent, which are beneficial in relation to the environment.
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  Microwave Assisted Extraction Microwaves are electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. They are made up of two oscillating fields that are perpendicular such as electric field and magnetic field. The principle of heating using microwave is based on its direct impacts on polar materials.  The advantage of microwave heating is the disruption of weak hydrogen bounds promoted by the dipole rotation of the molecules. A higher viscosity of the medium lowers this mechanism by affecting molecular rotation. The migration of dissolved ions increases solvent penetration into the matrix and thus facilitates the solvation of the analyte. Mechanism of extraction by MAE:-  Separation of solutes from active sites of sample matrix under increased temperature and pressure  Diffusion of solvent across sample matrix  Release of solutes from sample matrix to solvent.
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  Equipment:-  The MAEsystems are classified into multi-mode system and mono-mode system.  Multi-mode system allows random dispersion of microwave radiation in cavity by a mode stirrer, while focused system (mono-mode) allows focused microwave radiation on a restricted zone in cavity.  Usually, the multi-mode system is associated with high pressure (HP), while the mono-mode system is employed under atmospheric operating pressure. However, mono-mode system can also run at HP. Multi-mode System Mono-mode System
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  Supercritical Fluid Extraction Supercritical extraction is characterized by changes in temperature and pressure, which transforms the gas in the supercritical fluid, where the gas and liquid phases are indistinguishable. It is a mass transfer operation, in which the convection in the supercritical solvent phase is generally the main transport mechanism. The extraction is rapid, selective, and does not require further cleaning; furthermore, it can be performed on small amounts of sample.  This technique can be summarized in two steps: the solubilization of the chemical compounds present in the solid matrix, followed by their separation in the supercritical solvent. The solvent flows through the packed bed and solubilizes compounds that are present in the matrix. The solvent subsequently leaves the extractor and by a reduction in pressure and an increase in temperature it becomes a solvent-free extract.  The solubility of the extracts depends on the density of the solvent. Thus, the following different supercritical fluids have been described in studies: CO2, propane, cooking gas, ethane, ethene, methanol, nitrous oxide, n- butene, n-pentene, sulfur hexafluoride, and water.
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  The SFE processis governed by four key steps: extraction, expansion, separation, and solvent conditioning. The steps are accompanied by four generic primary components: extractor column (high-pressure vessel), pressure control valves, separator column, and pressure intensifier (pump) for the recyclable solvent. The system has other built-in accessories, such as heat exchangers for providing a source of heating; condensers for condensing supercritical fluids to liquid; storage vessels; and a supercritical fluid source. Raw materials are usually ground and charged into a temperature-controlled extractor column forming a fixed bed, which is usually the case for batch and single-stage mode. Single-Stage Extraction Process
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  Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Ultrasound is a special type of sound wave, and its frequency ranges from 20 kHz to 100 MHz. Like other waves, it can pass through a medium by creating compression and expansion. Therefore, this process produces a phenomenon known as cavitation, which further leads in production, growth, and collapse of bubbles. A large amount of energy can be produced during the conversion of kinetic energy of motion, and thereby, it helps in heating the contents of the bubble.  Bubbles have temperature about 5000K, pressure of 1000 atmosphere, heating, and cooling rate above 1010K/s. Based on this principle, UAE has been developed.  The effects caused by the ultrasonic waves are compression and expansion cycles during the passage through the fluid. The expansion can create bubbles or cavities in a liquid. The combination of these factors (pressure, heat, and turbulence) is used to accelerate mass transfer in the extraction process.
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  Equipment:-  UAE experimentscan be performed with a sonotrode and a glass reaction tank. The double-layered mantle of the reactor, which allows the control of extraction temperature with a cooling system by means of water circulation. The transducer is connected to the horn with a ‘booster’ installed in amplification mode And finally the sonotrode, which needs to be immersed into the middle of the liquid and samples have to be filled in the tank. Continuous UAE is carried out with an apparatus, which is made up of a circulatory pump and the inlet is placed in a large beaker, which contains water and samples. Batch ultrasonic-assisted extraction
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  Enzyme-assisted extraction  Theaddition of specific enzymes such as cellulase, α-amylase, and pectinase during extraction enhances recovery by breaking the cell wall and hydrolyzing the structural polysaccharides and lipid bodies.  There are two approaches for EAE process:- 1. Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction (EAAE), 2. Enzyme-assisted cold pressing (EACP).  EAAE methods have been developed mainly for the extraction of oils from various seeds, whereas, EACP technique is used to hydrolyze the seed cell wall because in this system polysaccharide-protein colloid is not available.  Various factors including enzyme composition and concentration, particle size of plant materials, solid to water ratio, and hydrolysis time are recognized as key factors for extraction.
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  Flow Diagram forthe Enzyme Assisted Extraction
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  Pressurized liquid extraction The concept of PLE is the application of HP to remain solvent liquid beyond their normal boiling point. HP facilitates the extraction process. Automation techniques are the main reason for the greater development of PLE-based techniques along with the decreased extraction time and solvents requirement.  PLE technique requires small amounts of solvents because of the combination of HP and temperatures, which provides faster extraction. This technology operates under pressures generally ranging from 100 to 1,000 Mpa.  High pressures generate the deprotonation of the charged groups and disrupt hydrophobic bonds and salt bridges, resulting in changes in form and the denaturation of proteins. Additional solvent can enter the cells and further compounds can permeate the cell membrane, increasing the yield.
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   The solventwas pumped into the extraction cell, which was placed in an electrical heating jacket at a desired temperature, until the required pressure was obtained. Extraction samples were placed in a 6.57cm3 extraction cell containing a sintered metal filter at the bottom and upper parts. The cell containing the sample was heated, filled with extraction solvent, and then pressurized. The sample was placed in the heating system for 5min to ensure that the extraction cell would be at the desired temperature (313–393 K) during the filling and pressurization procedure. After pressurization, the sample with pressurized solvent was kept statically at the desired pressure (5–10MPa) for the desired time (3–15min). After PLE, the extracts were rapidly cooled to 5°C in ice water using amber flasks to prevent anthocyanin degradation. Pressurized liquid extraction set-up