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Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
- 1. NORMAL PRESSURE HYDROCEPHALUS (NPH) AdeWijaya, MD – Decmber 2017
- 2. OUTLINE: Introduction Epidemiology Clinical features Pathophysiology Diagnosis criteria Treatment Prognosis
- 3. INTRODUCTION Reversible causeof dementia Idiopathic adult hydrocephalus syndrome Idiopathic vs Secondary Is a brain disorder in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates in the brain’s ventricles Normal pressure hydrocephalus. A topic in the Alzheimer’s Association® series on understanding dementia. Conn HO. Normal pressure hydrocephalus: new complications and concepts. Pract Neurol. 2007;7:252–258.
- 4. CAUSES OF SECONDARYNPH Earlier trauma, Hemorrhage, Infection, Mass lesions, Aqueductal stenosis Shprecher, D., Schwalb, J., & Kurlan, R. (2008). Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Diagnosis and Treatment. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 8(5), 371–376.
- 5. EPIDEMIOLOGY Onset: 60s/ 70s Incidence of 5.5 per 100,000 Prevalence of 21.9 per 100,000 for suspected iNPH Brean A, Eide PK. Prevalence of probable idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus in a Norwegian population. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 (in press) Normal pressure hydrocephalus. A topic in the Alzheimer’s Association® series on understanding dementia.
- 6. THE CLASSIC CLINICALTRIAD FIRST DESCRIBED BY HAKIM AND ADAMS IN 1965 Dementia Urinary incontinence Gait disturbance Hakim S, Adams RD. The special clinical problem of symptomatic hydrocephalus with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Observations on cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics. J Neurol Sci. 1965;2:307–327.
- 7. DEMENTIA Frontal andsubcortical deficits (psychomotor slowing and impaired attention, executive, and visuospatial dysfunction) can be the earliest cognitive signs of iNPH Comorbid AD and iNPH is not uncommon, and the likelihood of each is increased with the presence of hypertension and advancing age. AD pathology is present in cortical biopsy of 75% of those iNPH patients with significant dementia at the time of shunt surgery Iddon JL, Pickard JD, Cross JJ, et al. Specific patterns of cognitive impairment in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67:723–732. Golomb J, Wisoff J, Miller DC, et al. Alzheimer’s disease comorbidity in normal pressure hydrocephalus: prevalence and shunt response. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;68:778–781.
- 8. GAIT DISTRUBANCE “shuffling,”“magnetic,” and “wide-based” Disequilibrium and slowness of gait (due to short steps and gait apraxia) Appendicular tremor is present in 40% of NPH patients, is rarely of a parkinsonian (resting) quality Marmarou A, Young HF, Aygok GA, et al. Diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: a prospective study in 151 patients. J Neurosurg. 2005;102:987–997. This is the largest study to date establishing the positive predictive value of ELD in predicting shunt responsiveness. Bugalho P, Guimaraes J. Gait disturbance in normal pressure hydrocephalus: a clinical study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007;13:434–437. Krauss JK, Regel JP, Droste DW, et al. Movement disorders in adult hydrocephalus. Mov Disord. 1997;12:53–60.
- 9. URINARY INCONTINENCE frequency urgency incontinence detrusor overactivity Sakakibara R,Kanda T, Sekido T, et al. Mechanism of bladder dysfunction in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007 Epub ahead of print.
- 10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Poor venouscompliance impairs CSF pulsations and absorbtions Altered expression of molecules regulating CSF production and absorption (tumor necrosis factor-α, CSF transforming growth factor-β and related proteins) Interstitial edema, poor perfusion to periventricular white matter and prefrontal region Disturbances in basal ganglia pathways Compression of brainstem structures, such as the pedunculopontine nucleus Shprecher, D., Schwalb, J., & Kurlan, R. (2008). Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Diagnosis and Treatment. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 8(5), 371–376.
- 11. Relkin N, MarmarouA, Klinge P, et al. Diagnosing idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:S4–S16. Evidence-based neurosurgical practice guidelines for predicting which patients are likely to benefit from shunting.
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- 14. TREATMENT CSF shuntingprocedures, including ventriculoperitoneal, ventriculopleural, or ventriculoatrial shunting, can lead to significant clinical improvement in iNPH symptoms in approximately 60% of iNPH patients Shunting will improve gait symptoms Bugalho P, Guimaraes J. Gait disturbance in normal pressure hydrocephalus: a clinical study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007;13:434–437. Hebb AO, Cusimano MD. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review of diagnosis and outcome. Neurosurgery. 2001;49:1166–1184. discussion 1184–1186
- 15. TREATMENT High CSFpressure should prompt investigation for a secondary cause of NPH Response to a 40-mL to 50-mL (high-volume) lumbar tap suggests a potential benefit to shunting An ELD may be used to evaluate those who do not respond to a high-volume tap There is no substantial predictive value to MRI CSF flow studies Marmarou A, Bergsneider M, Klinge P, et al. The value of supplemental prognostic tests for the preoperative assessment of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:S17–S28. These are evidence-based neurosurgical practice guidelines for predicting which patients are likely to benefit from shunting.
- 16. PROGNOSIS shunt complication 38%, includes: - Death - Infection - Seizures - Shunt malfunction - Subdural hemorrhage or effusion Hebb AO, Cusimano MD. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review of diagnosis and outcome. Neurosurgery. 2001;49:1166–1184. discussion 1184–1186.
- 17. PROGNOSIS The needfor additional surgery occurred in 22% Permanent neurologic deficit or death was 6% good long-term survival, sustained improvement is possible, with a rate of 39% documented after 5 years McGirt MJ, Woodworth G, Coon AL, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and analysis of long-term outcomes in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:699–705. discussion 699–705. Kahlon B, Sjunnesson J, Rehncrona S. Long-term outcome in patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2007;60:327–332. discussion 332.
- 18. SUMMARY Reversible causeof hydrocephalus Classic triad of Dementia, gait disturbance, and urinary incontinence Respond to CSF shunting
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