Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
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Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into smaller parts that releases energy. It can occur through nuclear chain reactions where neutrons produced in one fission induce additional fissions. Uranium-235 is commonly used as it can undergo fission when struck by slow neutrons. This results in fission products like krypton and strontium, more neutrons on average, and a large amount of energy. A controlled chain reaction in a nuclear reactor uses fissionable material as fuel, neutron moderators to slow neutrons, control rods to regulate the reaction, coolants to remove heat, and shielding to protect from radiation. Nuclear power plants generate electricity by using the heat from fission in a reactor to
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Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
- 3. FISSION Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more separate nuclei of comparable mass One neutron interacts with one “fissionable” nucleus (Uranium for example)
- 5. A slow moving neutron induces fission in Uranium 235
- 6. RESULT OF NUCLEAR FISSION Fission Products – Two heavy nuclides One heavier than the other (Average ratio of ~ 2 : 3 ) Neutrons – 2.43 on average emitted / fission Important that more neutrons are produced than are used to cause one fission Gamma rays, beta particles Energy !! E = mc2
- 7. CHAIN REACTION A chain reaction refer to a process in which neutron released in fission produced in additional fission in . At least one further nucleus. This nucleus in turn produces neutrons and the process repeats. If the process is controlled it is used for nuclear power or if uncontrolled it is used for nuclear weapon….
- 8. In nuclear fission, 3 neutrons are produced along with large amount of energy these neutrons further cause fission producing three more neutrons. This process continues for longer time and it is known as uncontrolled chain reaction.
- 10. WHAT IS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT??? • A nuclear power plant is thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As a typical in all conventional thermal power stations, the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity.Nuclear power was developed in 20th century...
- 11. NUCLEAR REACTOR •IT IS A DEVICE TO INITIATE AND CONTROL A SUSTAINED NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION, THE MOST COMMON USE OF NUCLEAR REACTORS IS TO GENERATE ELECTRIC ENERGY. AND FOR PROPULSION OF SHIPS •The nuclear reactor is contained inside the spherical containment building in the centre. Left and right are the cooling towers which are common cooling devices used in all power station.
- 13. PARTS OF NUCLEAR REACTOR Fissionable materials Moderator Control material Coolant Protective shield
- 14. FISSIONABLE MATERIAL It is called a fuel of nuclear reactor. For examples 1.Uranium 2.Thorium. 3.Plutonium. These isotopes are most commonly used fuel.
- 15. World Distribution of Uranium
- 16. Moderator Neutrons are slowed down by having them collide with light atoms (Water in US reactors). Highest level of energy transfer occurs when the masses of the colliding particles are equal (ex: neutron and hydrogen)
- 17. Control Rods Control rods are made of a material that absorbs excess neutrons (usually Boron or Cadmium). By controlling the number of neutrons, we can control the rate of fissions
- 18. Coolent It is the material used to cool the fuel rods and the moderator and is capable of carrying away large amount of heat produced in the fission process. the coolent transfers heat to the working liquid like water and produces steam the steam drives turbine which, in turn, runs a generator to generate electric power. The coolent must have boiling point and specific heat.
- 19. SHIELDING The intense neutrons and the gamma radiation produced in nuclear reactor are harmful for human body. To protect the worker from these radiation the reactor core is surrounded by a thick concrete wall
- 20. NUCLEAR REACTOR
- 22. ADVANTAGES Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide Co2 . The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little. This technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed first. It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single plant .
- 23. 23 Nuclear power plants in the world ”Italy is surrouned by nuclear power plants but can’t rely on cheap nuclear energy” 441 reactors in 29 countries with total capacity of 374,000 MWe – or 14% of global power production Within 200 km from Italian border, there are 26 reactors with 24,000 MWe 200 km Source: International Nuclear Safety Center (INSC) - U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Nuclear is safe: power plants have reached 14,000 reactor years of operating experience
- 24. DISADVANTAGEs The problem of radioactive waste is still an unsolved one. High risks: It is technically impossible to build a plant with 100% security. The energy source for nuclear energy is Uranium. Uranium is a scarce resource, its supply is estimated to last only for the next 30 to 60 years depending on the actual demand.