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Occupational Lung Diseases
This document discusses occupational lung diseases, including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention. It covers several specific lung diseases: - Pneumoconiosis like silicosis and asbestosis caused by long-term inhalation of inorganic dust like silica and asbestos particles. Silicosis presents with nodular opacities on x-ray and has no cure. Asbestosis has several related diseases and mesothelioma risk persists for decades after exposure. - Byssinosis, an asthma-like disease from cotton, flax, hemp and sisal dust exposure common in textile workers. It causes obstructive lung impairment. - Occupational asthma triggered by specific antigens
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Occupational Lung Diseases
- 1. OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISEASES ByDr Zahid Khan Senior Lecturer King Faisal University, KSA.
- 2. INDUCTION PERIODS Short: Asthma Infections Allergic alveolitis Toxic poisonings Long: Pneumoconiosis Neoplasms
- 3. FATE OF INHALED PARTICLES Largeparticles may get trapped in the nose or large airways, but very small ones may reach the lungs. There, some particles dissolve and may be absorbed into the bloodstream; Most solid particles that do not dissolve are removed by the body's defenses . Toxic dust in the range 1 – 5 µm produce harmful effect 3
- 4. CLASSIFICATION OF OLD Inflammation ofairways: Inflammation of lining of respiratory system Obstructive lung disease Reversible: Occupational asthma, Byssinosis Irreversible: Industrial bronchitis, Emphysema Restrictive lung disease Pneumoconiosis: Silicosis and asbestosis EAA: Farmer’s Lung 4
- 5. I. INFLAMMATION (IRRITATION) OF RESPIRATORYSYSTEM This effect can be produced by substances that are: Soluble in water and Can produce vesicant (inflammatory) effect The site of the effect depends on the degree of solubility Highly soluble Moderately soluble Sparingly soluble Upper respiratory tract irritation Middle respiratory tract irritation lower respiratory tract irritation 5
- 6. CLASSIFICATION OF IRRITANTS Upper respiratorytract irritants E.g. Ammonia Inflammation of mucosa of Eyes, Nose and Oro-pharynx Mid-respiratory tract irritants E.g. Chlorine Asthma-like attack Lower Respiratory tract irritant E.g. Nitrogen dioxide Pulmonary edema 6
- 7. II. PARENCHYMAL LUNGDISEASE (PNEUMOCONIOSIS) Produced by inorganic dust E.g. silica and asbestos dust Produce progressive fibrosis in the lung Respirable dust Less than 10 micrometer Harmful dust From 1 – 5 micrometer 7
- 8. DEFINITION OF PNEUMOCONIOSIS Occupational Lungdisease secondary to inhalation of inorganic dust leading to change in the lung architecture excluding chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and cancer 8
- 9. ASBESTOS OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE Workerswho demolish buildings that have insulation containing asbestos are at increased risk. People who regularly work with asbestos are at greatest risk of developing lung disease. The more a person is exposed to asbestos fibers, the greater the risk of developing an asbestos-related disease. 9
- 10. ASBESTOS RELATED DISEASES Diseases are: Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (asbestosis) Bronchogenic carcinoma Pleural Effusions Fibrous plaques Pleural fibrosis Mesotheliomas (malignant tumor of pleura and peritoneum) Laryngeal neoplasms 10
- 11. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT Diseases causedby asbestos inhalation can be prevented by minimizing asbestos dust and fibers in the workplace. Because industries that use asbestos have improved dust control, fewer people develop asbestosis today, but mesotheliomas are still occurring in people who were exposed as many as 40 years ago. 11
- 12. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT Asbestos inthe home should be removed by workers trained in safe removal techniques. Smokers who have been in contact with asbestos can reduce their risk of lung cancer by: giving up smoking and should probably have a chest x-ray annually. 12
- 13. Thickened pleura Silicosis ispermanent scarring of the lungs caused by inhaling silica (quartz) dust. Fibrosis It is a slowly progressive, nodular, fibrosing pneumoconiosis 13
- 14. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO SILICA Silicosis,the oldest known occupational lung disease, develops in people who have inhaled silica dust for many years. Silica is the main constituent of sand, so exposure is common among: metal miners, sandstone and granite cutters, foundry workers, and potters. 14
- 15. DIAGNOSIS OF SILICOSIS: CXR Nodular opacities 15
- 16. PREVENTION AND CONTROL Controlling silicadust in the workplace is key to preventing silicosis. When dust cannot be controlled, as may be true in the sandblasting industry, workers should wear protective gear, such as hoods that supply clean external air or special masks that efficiently filter out the tiny particles. Such protection may not be available to all people working in a dusty area (for example, painters and welders), so whenever possible, abrasives other than sand should be used. 16
- 17. PREVENTION AND CONTROL Workers exposedto silica dust should have regular chest x-rays —every 6 months for sandblasters and every 2 to 5 years for other workers—so that problems can be detected early. If the x-rays show silicosis, a doctor will probably advise the worker to avoid continued exposure to silica 17
- 18. Byssinosis It is aworldwide disease, reported in many countries It is An asthma like disease caused by inhalation of : Cotton dust Flax Hemp Sisal All are organic dust It produces obstructive impairment of lung function 18
- 19. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE Textile industry(during spinning) Most dusty operations Opening bale Carding room Cotton dust consists of: Cotton fibers Bacteria Fungi Minerals, …etc Exact cause is not known 19
- 20. First day ofnext working week After days of work EXPOSURE TO COTTON DUST Mast cell After release of histamine Shrunken mast cell Histamine Bronchospasm Obstructed airway Bronchi 20
- 21. PREVENTION AND CONTROL 1. Medicalmeasures A. Preplacement examination CXR, LFT, Atopy, B. Periodic medical examination Conducted every year Include LFT If susceptible worker (significant effect across shift after few month of exposure) should be transferred to other job 21
- 22. PREVENTION AND CONTROL 2.Engineering and environmental measures A. Dust control: Spraying of ripening cotton with bactericidal and fungicidal gents Treatment of raw cotton fibers with gaseous hydrogen chloride or acetic acid to inactivate active ingredients in cotton dust Personal protective equipment 22
- 23. OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA Symptoms usuallybegin several weeks after exposure begins. Early in the syndrome, the patient may just notice a dry cough. Patient may not be continuously exposed to provoking antigen. A portable peak-flow meter and a diary is very helpful in determining if a work-place antigen is responsible
- 24. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONALASTHMA Transition to safer Chemicals. Animal Allergens in the work place should be removed. Control of Dust from Powder Dye Handling operations. Allergic diseases should be controlled.
- 25. INDUSTRIAL BRONCHITIS Identical symptomsto chronic bronchitis seen with cigarette smoking Coal workers Grain Workers Most non-smokers do not have a decrement in FEV 1.
- 26.