Okra SBT. production practice jhdjashdjasdadadf

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PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA
PRESENTED BY:
SUMANTH B T
UHS22PGD450

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Introduction
• Okra is known by many local
names in different parts of the
world.
ENGLAND: Lady finger
USA: Gumbo
INDIA: Bhendi
• Okra is an annual vegetable crop
grown from seed and immature
pods in tropical and subtropical
parts of the world.

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Okra
SCIENTIFIC NAME : Abelmoschus esculentus
Chromosome number 2n=130
Family: Malvaceae
•Area and Production
India is the largest producer of Okra in the world.
• According to Indian horticulture database (2016-17)
Area : 528 (000 Ha)
Production : 6146 (000MT)
Productivity : 11.9 t/ha
•The major okra growing states in India are Gujarat, Bihar, MP,
Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
•The major okra growing countries- Middle east Europe, USA,
South Africa, Asia and India.

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SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
• Kingdom: Plantae
• Clade: Angiosperms
• Clade: Eudicots
• Clade: Rosids
• Order: Malvales
• Family: Malvaceae
• Genus: Abelmoschus
• Species: esculentus
• Chromosome no: 2n=130
• SN : Abelmoschus
esculentus
• F: Malvaceae
• Origin: Ethiopia

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•There is not much evidence available to show as to when and
how cultivated bhendi got introduced into India.
•The cultivated okra is of old world (African country) origin.
•The Genus is accepted to be of Asiatic origin.
•Vavilov- Ethiopian region
•Murdock – West Africa
•Zeven and Zhukovsky – India
• In general Tropical or South Africa is the centre of origin.
ORIGIN

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Economic importance and Uses
•Its tender green fruits are used as a vegetable generally marketed in
the state, but sometimes in canned or dehydrated form.
•It can be fried in butter or butter oil and cooked with necessary
ingredients.
•It can be boiled and served as salad or cut into pieces and served with
soup.
•Ripe or mature seeds are roasted, ground and used as a substitute for
coffee.
•It can be used against geneto-urinary disorder, spermatorrhoea and
chronic dysentery.
•Gummy substances helps in synthesis of WBC

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• Matured fruits and stems containing crude fibre (20-23%) are used in the
paper industry.
• Seed cake is also used as an animal feed.
• The dry seeds contain 13-22 % edible oil and 20-24% protein.
• The refined oil may be used as a substitute for common edible oil especially
cotton seed oil.
• The roots and stems of okra are used for clearing cane juice in
preparation of jaggery. Source of Calcium
• Improves Heart Health
• Improves Eyesight
• Good Source of Protein
• Helps Lower Cholesterol
• Helps Stabilize Blood Sugar
• Good for Digestion

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NUTRITION
• Okra is rich source of IODINE.
• Mucilage present in okra fruits is polysaccharides i.e
galactouranic acid and glucouranic acids
• Oil content in okra is 40%
• It’s a high-fiber food, for starters: Nearly half of its nutrition
is a soluble fiber in the form of gums and pectins.
• Nearly 10 percent of the recommended levels of vitamin B-6
and folic acid are also present in a half cup of cooked okra.

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•Okra has tremendous export potential as fresh vegetable. It
accounts for 70% of the 30% exchange earnings, other than
onion, from the export of vegetables.
•For fresh fruit export , bhendi fruits should be green, tender, 6-
9cm long with 5 ridges. Among suitable varieties, Pusa
Sawani, Parbhani Kranti, Varsha Uphar and Pusa A4 have
established in the areas producing the crop mainly for export.
•Before the release of Parbhani Kranti, Sel 2 released earlier,
was the major export variety.
Export potential

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•Although okra is grown for export in different parts of the
country, the major exporting areas are Nasik, Ozar, Saikheda,
Dindori, Kolhar, Naraingaon and Sholapur in Maharashtra.
•Our major targets have been our neighboring countries in the
Gulf and South-East Asia, particularly Singapore, Malaysia, Sri
Lanka, Bangladesh which require vegetable supply round the
year.

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The cultivated okra was earlier known as Hibiscus
esculentus L. Since in okra calyx, corolla and staminal
column are fused together at the base and fall together after
anthesis, this has been renamed as Abelmoschus esculentus
(L.) Moench., distinguishing it from hibiscus in which calyx
is persistent.
•The chromosome number (2n) of A. esculentus, a widely
grown species throughout the world have variously been
reported to be 66, 72, 92, 108, 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 130,
132, 134, and 144 by various authors.
Taxonomy

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• 30 species of Abelmoschus in the old world -Egypt,
Uzebekistan, Turkistan
• 4 species of Abelmoschus in the new world-
America, India
• 4 species of Abelmoschus in Australia.
• Finally retaining only six species. These are-
WILD+ CULTIVATED: A. esculentus ( 2n=130)
A. moschatus(2n=72)
A. manihot (2n=60, 66, 68)

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Wild forms
• A. Ficulenenus (2n=72), A. Crinitus, A.
Angulossus (2n=56).
• A. esculentus which is evolved by crossing A.
Tuberculatus (2n=58) with A. Ficulenenus
(2n=72).
• 2n=194 chromosomes in an okra from Africa the
highest number reported so far in the genus.

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Other species
• Abelmoschus bammia Webb
• Abelmoschus longifolius (Willd.) Kostel.
• Abelmoschus officinalis (DC.) Endl.
• Abelmoschus tuberculatus Pal & Singh
• Hibiscus esculentus L.
• Hibiscus hispidissimus A.Chev. nom. illeg.
• Hibiscus longifolius Willd.
• Hibiscus praecox Forssk.

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• Plant : erect, herbacious annual, 1-2m tall
• Leaves : alternate, 3-7 lobed, hirsute and serrate
• Flower: solitary, axillary with long peduncle.
• Epicalyx: long, narrow hairy bracteoles
• Calyx: splits longitudinally as the flower open.
• Petals : 5cm long ,yellow with crimson spot on claw
• Stamens: staminal column is united to base of petals with
numerous stamens
• Ovary: superior
• Fruit: capsule
• Pollen viabilty : 55days
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

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Soil requirement
•It can be grown on a relatively
wide range of soils (sandy clay)
but due to its well developed tap
root system it does best on
relatively light, well drained rich
soils.
•However, loose, friable, well
manured loam soils are desirable.
The maximum nutrient uptake
through roots and the higher
yields has been observed at pH
6.0-6.8 in most of the cultivars.

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•Bhendi is a hot weather crop and thrives well during
hot humid season. It is susceptible to drought and low
night temperatures. Though it is predominantly a
tropical crop it can be grown in warm areas of temperate
regions as well.
•Optimum temperature 25-350
c , <170
c – seeds fail to
germinate. 29-350
c is optimum for seed germination.
Under high temperature and low relative humidity,
plants grow shorter.
•Temperature above 420
c causes flower drop .
CLIMATE REQUIREMENT

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• The sowing times and number of crops in a year depends
upon the temperature conditions.
• In Southern India due to mild winter, crop could be
grown year round and in Northern Plains – june-july for
kharif crop and Feb-March for spring summer.
• In north Indian hills the crop sown during April-June while in
eastern states ( Assam, WB, Orissa and Bihar) summer crop
sowing is done in late January or early February.
•(Karnataka: June-July and Jan –Feb)
SEASON

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• The soil should be ploughed well up to a depth of 20-25cm
and made into a fine tilth before seed sowing.
• The plants has well developed tap root system and is a heavy
feeder and as such the soil should also be made rich in organic
matter content.
• Solarisation during hot summer months helps to a great extent
in controlling weed and pest population.
Preparation of field

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• The recommended seed rate per hectare is 18-22kg for spring
summer crop (45 X 20cm) and 8-10kg for kharif crop (60 X
30cm).
• Okra gives little success on transplanting and thus is sown
directly in the soil by seed drill, hand dibbling. Broadcasting is
not recommended due to high seed rate as well as inconvenience
in cultural operations and harvesting.
• Sowing on ridges ensures proper germination, economizes
irrigation water during spring summer and helps in drainage
during rainy season. It is always better to do seed sowing in a
moist soil than irrigating the field after sowing.
Seed rate and Sowing

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Methods of planting
• Ridges and furrows in irrigated area.
• Raised bed method
• line sowing and dibbling methods are fallowed.
• The seed should be sown on half of the ridges on the side
facing the sun depending on type of soil and irrigation
facilities available .
•For branching types : 60 X 30 cm and
•Non branching types : 45 X 30cm
SPACING

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• FYM 25t/ha should be mixed in the soil at the
time of field preparation. 125:75:62.5 kg
NPK /ha – 50% N and full dose of P and K
should be applied at the time of sowing and
remaining 50% of N in two splits- 1 month
after sowing and 2 months after sowing.
• Micronutrient foliar spray of calcium 2mg /lit,
Zn 2mg/lit and Molybdenum 20mg/lit
increases the fruit yield and quality.
Nutrient management

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• Depending on the soil moisture, crop should be irrigated at
frequent intervals.
• At the time of sowing, enough moisture should be available to
help germination.
• During kharif, irrigate the crop as and when required i.e. at
fortnight interval and in summer crop should be irrigated at
weekly intervals.
• If scarcity of water during flowering and pod filling stage,
>70% yield is reduced.
• Drip irrigation is also practiced for okra production to control
disease and to save water.
IRRIGATION

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• Proper weed management in bhendi saves up to 90% losses
reported due to weeds. About two weedings are required till the
crop canopy covers the soil surface (Critical stages of weeds are
3,6,9 and 12 WAS).
• Use of weedicides has helped in reducing the number of weeding
to zero during summer and one during kharif season.
• Fluchloralin @1.5kg/ha as pre-sowing soil incorporation and
Alachlor @ 2.0kg/ha or Pendimethalin @ 0.75kg/ha as post-
sowing and pre emergence soil surface spray gives initial control
of dicot weeds, though one hand weeding may be required in
kharif crop. The soil surface application of weedicides is
effective for 4-5 weeks.
Weed management

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MULCHING IN OKRA
• The most beneficial effect of mulching is that it
conserves soil moisture and control weeds.
• Mulching in okra accelerates crop growth and increases
yield

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• Seed treatment with GA(400ppm), IAA (20ppm) or NAA
(20ppm) enhances germination.
• Cycocel (1000-1500ppm) – reduced plant height
• Foliar application of NAA 15mg/lit or GA 100-200mg or MH
800mg and CCC 500-750mg/lit after 25 DAS increases the
yield.
• Post harvest treatment with cycocel (100 ppm) enhances shelf
life of fruits and with retention of chlorophyll was best with the
minimum fruit weight loss after 8-9 days of storage at room
temperature.
Use of plant growth regulators

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•Okra could be used in different cropping systems. In sequential
cropping, potato-carrot-okra (all for seed), okra-potato-tomato
and cauliflower-tomato-okra .
•Intercropping : okra+radish and okra+French bean gave higher
return than sole crop.
•Growing in sequences like okra-cowpea-maize, maize-okra-
radish and okra-okra-radish reduces bacterial wilt in tomato and
brinjal taken as succeeding crop.
Cropping systems

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• Only tender young fruits (7-
10cm long) free from fibre
should be harvested at every 3 or
4 days intervals (alternate days).
Frequent picking promotes fruit
development and increase yield.
• >8 days delayed – pods are of
poorer quality mainly due to
sudden increase in fibre content,
reduction in the moisture, and
crude protein.
• Harvesting should be done by
bending pedicel with a jerk .
HARVESTING
Yield :
7.5-10 t/ha in rainy season
5-7.5t/hain summer season

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• After harvest, the fruits are graded. For processing industry and
fresh fruit export 6-8 cm long fruits are sorted out. Longer
fruits are for fresh market.
• Grading also helps in local markets in procuring higher price.
For local markets, fruits are cooled and filled in jute bags or
baskets, covered or sewed and then water sprinkled over them.
This helps in cooling as well as in turgidity of fruits which
tightens the pack and saves product from bruises, blemishes and
blackening.
• For export, suitable size perforated paper cartons (5-8 kg size)
are taken and pre-cooled fruits are packed and transported
preferably in refrigerated vans.
Post harvest handling

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Grades of Okra for Processing
U.S. No. 1
• consists of pods of okra of similar varietal characteristics which
are fresh, tender, fairly well colored, fairly well formed, free from
decay and worm holes, and free from damage caused by scars,
bruises, cuts, punctures, insects, discoloration, dirt or other
foreign material or other means..
U.S. No. 2
• consists of pods of okra which meet the requirements of U.S. No.
1 grade except those for color, shape and trim. Okra in this grade
may be pale green in color, moderately misshapen and poorly
trimmed.

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• Fresh harvest of bhendi fruits could be stored at 7-90
c
temperature and 90-95% relative humidity for about 8 to 10
days without much loss in colour, texture or weight.
• Larger lots of harvested fruits suitably packed, reach the
auction hall of vegetable market during night and auctioned
early in the morning.
• The purchased produce is again channelized to sellers in
different areas directly to the retailer or sub-agents of the
areas.
Storage and marketing

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Physiological disorders
Chilling Injury
• Symptoms -The typical symptoms of chilling injury in okra are
discoloration, pitting, water-soaked lesions and increased decay
(especially after removal to warmer temperatures, as during
marketing). Different cultivars may differ in their susceptibility
to chilling injury. Calcium dips and modified atmospheres have
been reported to reduce chilling symptoms
Freeze damage.
• Symptoms • Occurs at temperatures of - 1.8°C

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Potassium Deficiency
Symptoms :
Stunted plant growth; old leaves become turn yellow in color and
occurence of marginal chlorosis
• Correction MeasureFoliar spray of KCl@1%
Boron Deficiency
Symptoms :
Leaves become brittle; stunted plant growth
• Correction Measure Foliar spray of borax@0.5%
Iron Deficiency
Symptoms
Stunted plant growth; chlorosis occur in young leaves
• Correction MeasureFoliar spray of FeSO4 @ 05.%

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Manganese Deficiency
Symptoms:
Reduction in internode length was observed about 5 weeks
before the leaves showed chlorosis. • Correction
MeasureFoliar spray of MnSO4 @0.5%
Zinc Deficiency
Symptoms
Marked depression in leaf production and leaf size occurred
within about 3 weeks and leaf mottling developed about 2
weeks later. The stem diameter was reduced. • Correction
MeasureFoliar spray of ZnSO4 0.5% or Soil application of
10kg ZnSO4/ha

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Diseases of okra
Yellow Vein Mosaic
Virus (YVMV):
Enation Leaf Curl
of Bhendi
Powdery mildew
Cercospora leaf spot
Fusarium wilt
Damping off
Charcoal rot

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Yellow Vein Mosaic Disease (Bhendi Yellow Vein Virus
BYVMV)
• Symptoms :
• The infected leaves shows alternate patches of green and yellow. Veins become
clear and chlorotic. With the progress of disease the veins become conspicuous
and both vein and vein lets become thick. In advance stage the stems and leaf
stalk become distorted. Fruits are yellowish green in color and small in size.
• Vector- whitefly
• Management :
• Use resistant cultivars.
• Sow disease free certified seeds.
• Roughing of infected plants.
• Follow crop rotation with non host crop
• Keep the field free from weeds. Control vector by spraying Imidacloprid
17.8SL (@0.5-0.6ml/ltr with 10 days interval).
• Res var: prabhani kranti, varsha uphar punjab padmini ,arka abhya

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Enation leaf curl disease Okra Enation Leaf Curl
Virus (OELCV)
• Symptoms:
• On lower surface of leaves we will see a small pin head
enations.
• This enation become warty and rough in structure at later
stage. Reduce in leaf size.
• The stem, lateral branches and leaf petioles become twisted
along enation. Leaves appear thick and leathery.
• In severely infected plants the emerging leaves shows bold
enations and curling. And produce few deformed fruits.
• Vector-whitefly

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Okra enation leaf curl virus
Management :
• Remove the infected plant and burn them to avoid further spread of
disease
• Use yellow sticky traps to monitor whiteflies population
• Control of vector by spray of imidachloprid 0.5 to 0.7 ml/ltr.

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POWDERY MILDEW(Oidium asteris-puneci)
Symptoms
Powdery white coverings on leaves;patches may coalesce to
cover entire plant ,if plant is heavily infected leaves may roll
upwards and appear scorched
Management
Use overhead irrigation
Spray Difenconazole @1ml/ltr at 3to 15 days interval
Spray wettable powder @ 0.3 %
4% NSKE spary
Growing of resistant varieties red bhendi , Vishal ,long green,
early long green

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Okra powdery mildew symptoms

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Cercospora Leaf Spot
• Causal organism (cercospora abelmoschi and C.
malayensis):
• Symptoms
• sooty black angular spots.The affected leaves roll wilt and
fall. The disease causes severe defoliation during humid
seasons.
• Control:
• Since the fungus survives on the diseased plant material,
removal and destruction and of diseased plant material helps
to check the spread of the disease.
• The disease is effectively controlled by spraying with Copper
Oxychloride (0.3%) or Zineb (0.2%) starting from about a
month after sowing and repeating at fortnightly intervals,
depending upon the severity of the disease incidence

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Okra Cercospra Leaf spot

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Insect pests okra
Insect pest attack on Okra
plant causes substantial
reduction in crop growth
and yield.
Mainly insect pest of okra
are:
Shoot and fruit borer
Jassids
whitefly,
Aphid
mealy bug
root-knot nematode

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SUCKING PESTS
• Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis):-
• The larvae and adult suck the sap of leaves, buds, flowers and cause
curling of leaves.
• Control:- spray Dimethoate 0.03% at 15 days interval.
• Aphid (Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae):-
• suck cell sap from leaves.
• Control:- spray Methyl Demeton 0.025% or Dimethoate 0.5 ml /ltr

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White fly (Bemisia tabaci):- suck cell sap and spread leaf curl
disease.
Control:- spray imidachloprid 0.5 to 0.7 ml/ltr
Fruit borer (Spodoptera litura):- caterpillars feed gregariously
on leaves and scrap them.
Larvae bore into the tender shoots tunnelling downwards and the
affected shoota wither and growing points are killed.
Control:- spray Cypermethrin 0.05% or Carbaryl 0.02% at 15
days interval.1ml Thiodan per ltr

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• Pusa Makhmali : Developed at IARI, New Delhi. Highly
susceptible to Yellow vein mosaic virus and suited for
cultivation in spring summer and mid summer.
• Pusa Sawani: Developed at IARI, New Delhi. Resistant to
YVMV, Now become susceptible to YVMV.
• Pusa A4 : This variety has been released by IARI, New Delhi.
This variety is having low mucilage and excellent shelf life.
• Parbhani Kranthi : Developed at Marathwada Agricultural
University, Parbhani. Resistant to YVMV .
Varieties/Hybrids

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IIHR VARIETIES
• Arka Anamika (Sel-10)
1990 This variety has been developed by IIHR Bangalore. It
is an early maturing and first picking may be done about 55
days after sowing.
• It is YVMV resistant and has yield potential of 115-130 q/ha.
• Arka Abhay: plants medium tall with short internode
• Varsha Uphar : early high yielding resistance to YVMV
• Hissar Unnat : rainy season crop, yield 120-130q/ha
• Arka Nikitha: variety developed using male sterility

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Pusa A4
Arka Nikita
Arka Anamika
Arka Abhay

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TNAU, Coimbatore Varieties
• CO-Bh H 1:
It is a cross between Varsha Uphar selection and PA 4 (T). It has
resistance to yellow vein mosaic virus disease with high level of market
preference. Yields about 22.1 /ha under normal conditions.
• CO.1 (1976):
It is a pure line selection from Red Wonder introduced from Hyderabad.
Fruits are pinkish red in colour. It has a yield potential of 12 tonnes /ha
in 90 days CO. 3 (1991):
It is a F1 hybrid between Parbhani Karanti x MDU.1. Yields about 16-
18 tonnes/ha. Moderate resistance to Yellow Vein Mosaic disease
• CO.2 (1987):
It is a F1 hybrid between A.E. 180 x Pusa Sawani.. Fruits are very long
with 7-8 ridges. It has a yield potential of 15-16 tonnes/ha in 90 days

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IIVR Released varieties
• Kashi Pragati :resistant to YVMV.
• Kashi Vibhuti (VRO-5), Kashi Satdhari (IIVR-10)
• Kashi Kranti, Kashi Pragati (VRO-6)
• Kashi Bhairava (DVR-3) , Kashi Mangali (VRO-4)
• Kashi Mahima (DVR-4) , Kashi Mohini (VRO-3)
• Shitla jyoti (DVR-2)
• Shitla uphar
• VRO-6 2003 :This variety has been developed at IIVR,
Varanasi. Single plant bears 23-25 fruits of 8-10 cm length. It
is resistant to YVMV.
• Kashi lalima

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Kashi Ageti
Kashi Vardhan
Kashi lalima
kasha Chaman VRO-109
Kashi shrishti

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•MDU 1 : It was evolved at TNAU, Coimbatore as an induced
mutant from Pusa Sawani.
•Punjab Padmini : PAU, Ludhiana. Resistant to YVMV and
tolerant to jassids and cotton boll worm.
•Punjab 8 (EMS 8) : PAU, Ludhiana. Induced mutant from Pusa
Sawani.
•Punjab No. 13(PAU)
•Jade: cultivar of USA
•Varsha Uphar: from HAU Hissar

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Other cultivars
• Punjab 7 from PAU, Varsha, Vijay and Vishal from IAHS,
Hybrid Bhendi No 1, No.6 and No.7 from Machyco
Hybrid Seed .Ltd.
• Perkinson long green – suitable for slightly cooler area
• Hisar barsati- resistant to YVMV
• Azad kranthi –tolerant to YVMV
• Harbhajan bhendi –resistant to YVMV
• Pusa sawani – tolerance to salt
• Punjab 7 – resistant to YVMV

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CASE STUDY -1
GROWTH, YIELD AND SEED PRODUCTION OF OKRAAS
INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT GROWTH REGULATORS
Muhammad Rizwan Shahid et al
Objective: to evaluate the effect of GA3 and NAA alone and at their
different combinations on pod and seed yield of okra.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
• okra cultivar Sabz Pari
• Design :Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
• No of treatments:16
• No of replications:3
• Location :Vegetable Experimental Area, Institute of Horticultural
Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

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Inference
Foliar application of gibberellic acid had been reported to affect
number of seeds plant-1 as well as pods and seed yield plant-1
Seed yield plant-1 was found maximum from plants sprayed with
solution containing GA3 and NAA @ 200+200 ppm
improvement in vegetative and reproductive growth in response to
the application of GA3 (@ 200 ppm) in combination with NAA
(@ 100 and 200 ppm) depicts the compatibility of both PGRs at
these concentrations,

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CASE STUDY -2
Green manures and NPK fertilizer effects on soil properties, growth, yield,
mineral and vitamin C composition of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)
Moench)
A.O. Adekiya et al
Objective: to compare the impact of different green manures and NPK fertilizer on
soil properties, growth, yield, mineral and vitamin C composition of okra grown in
derived savanna zone of Nigeria
Materials and methods
• Location: Teaching and Research Farm, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara
State, Nigeria
• four green manure types {(a) Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) leaves, (b) Neem
(Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) leaves, (c) Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves,
(d) Mesquite (Prosopis africana Guill.)
• Design :Randomised block design
• No of treatments :6
• No of replications:4
Journal of the Saudi society of
agricultural Sciences 18 (2019)

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Conclusion:
Results of the experiments revealed that application of green manures (Pawpaw,
Neem, Moringa and Mesquite) reduced soil bulk density and increased soil OM,
N, P, K, Ca, Mg, growth and yield of okra compared with the control.
 NPK fertilizer did not reduce soil bulk density and increase soil OM, but did
increase soil N, P, K, Ca, Mg, growth and yield of okra compared with the
control.
 Mesquite increased growth and yield of okra compared with NPK fertilizer
and other green manures. This was due to increased availability of N and K in
the soil at the level of this treatment.
 Also green manures and NPK fertilizer increased okra mineral and vitamin C
contents compared with the control. Moringa had the best fruit quality in terms
of K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, and vitamin C contents compared with other green
manures and NPK fertilizer

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