Online Communication Lesson1 / Technology, Communication Theories, Communication Models, The Internet, Online Communication, Energy and Frontiers

Online Communication I
Technology, Theories & Frontiers

Dr. Cem Cinlar

12.11.12

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Online Communication Lesson 1

Content
Technology
Theories
Internet
Energy
Frontiers
Brand & Comm. Tech.

2

Q

What is Technology?
What is it for?

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Technology

is the process by which humans modify
nature to meet their needs and wants.

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Technology
Originates in the Greek words; technologia (τεχνολογία),

Techne (τέχνη, which means "craft"),
Logia (λογία, which is "saying" or "ordering", in the sense of arranging).

"systematic treatment of an art, craft, or technique"

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Online Communication Lesson 1 http://bit.ly/WmzYYM

Technology
- "science of the mechanical and industrial arts"
is first recorded 1859.
- High Technology attested from 1964; High-Tech 1972,
- Technophobe from 1965,
- Technophile 1968,

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Needs

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Belongingness and Love Needs
Self-Actualization Needs

Aesthetic Needs

Self-Transcendence
Needs
Biological and Physiological Needs

Safety Needs

Esteem Needs

Cognitive Needs

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MASLOW’S THEORY OF HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

Self-Transcendence Needs:
Feelings of integrity

Self-Actualization Needs:
Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.

Aesthetic Needs:
Presence and beauty, feeling of intimacy

Cognitive Needs:
Learn, explore, discover and create, (confusion and identity crisis)

Esteem Needs: Self-esteem, achievement,
Mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc.

Belongingness and Love Needs:
Work group, family, affection, relationships, etc.

Safety Needs:
Protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.

Biological and Physiological Needs:
Air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
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Online Communication Lesson 1 http://bit.ly/RCbvZv

Notice
Every needs come after when
previous needs have been met

Satisfied needs do not motivate

Needs are complex, they can
appear at any moment
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MASLOW’S THEORY OF HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

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ONLINE COMMUNITY BUILDING

Self-
Actualization
To take a role

Self- To contribute
Esteem
Social Belonging

Security & Safety Protection

Physiological System access
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Online Communication Lesson 1 Amy Jo Kim

Q

What is Communication?
Why do we need this?

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Communication
1 : an act or instance of transmitting

2 : information transmitted or conveyed
: a verbal or written message

14c. – O. Fr. Comunicacion >> L. Communicatio >> Noun To Share

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Communication
3
: a process by which information is exchanged between
individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or
behavior; also : exchange of information

: personal rapport <a lack of communication between old and young persons>

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Online Communication Lesson 1 http://bit.ly/SlMTTD

Theories
Structural and Functional Theories:

Believe that social structures are real and function in ways that
can be observed objectively;

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Online Communication Lesson 1 http://bit.ly/RIueAU

Theories
Cognitive and Behavioral Theories:
Tend to focus on psychology of individuals;

Interactionist Theories:
View social life as a process of interaction;

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Theories
Interpretive Theories:

Uncover the ways people actually understand their own experience;

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Theories
Critical Theories:

are concerned with the conflict of interests in society and the way
communication perpetuates domination of one group over another .

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Barriers to Communication Sender

Message is not received

Message is received Encode
but not understood

Message is understood
Message FEEDBACK
but not accepted

Decode
Message is understood
but action is not taken

Receiver
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Online Communication Lesson 1 Dr. Cem Cinlar - Educational purposes only

THE OSGOOD & SCHRAMM CIRCULAR MODEL

Message

Interpreter Encoder Decoder Interpreter

Decoder Encoder

Message

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PROCESS of COMMUNICATION or COMMUNICATION LOOP

Encoder
chooses Sender Decodes Receiver
medium (Encoder) Transmission interprets (Decoder)
encodes

Medium
Attitude / Verbal / Non Verbal Attitude /
Experience / Experience /
Perception Perception

Feedback
(response / reaction)

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THE SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL

Noise
Receive
Send message
Message

Encode Encode
Sender / / Receiver
Decode Channel Decode

Send
Receive
Message
message

Noise

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THE SHANNON-WEAVER MATHEMATICAL MODEL

Information Transmitter Channel Receiver
Source (Encoder) (Decoder)
Destination

Concepts: Noise
Entropy Source
Redundancy
Noise
Channel Capacity

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CONCEPTUAL MODEL

Continued Adoption
Receiver
Variable Adoption
Discontinuance

Knowledge Persuasion Decision Confirmation

Rejection Later Adoption

Continued
Rejection

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CONCEPTUAL MODEL
ANTECEDENTS CONSEQUENCES
PROCESS
Receiver Continued Adoption
Variable
Adoption
1. Personality characteristics Discontinuance
2. Social characteristics 1. Replacement
3. Perceived need for innovation 2. Disenchantment
4. Other
Communication Sources
(Channels)

Knowledge Persuasion Decision Confirmation

Percieved Characteristics Later Adoption
Social System Variables Rejection
of Innovation

1. Social system norms 1. Telative adventage Continued
2. Tolerance of deviancy 2. Compatibility Rejection
3. Communication 3. Complexity
integration 4. Triability
4. Others 5. Observability 26
Online Communication Lesson 1 http://bit.ly/SKk8To
Dr. Cem Cinlar - Educational purposes only

SENSEMAKING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
J
U
PRIOR
Decision

Shared Shared D Shared
Process

KNOWLEDGE
G
MENTAL DEEP COMMAND
SENSEMAKING M
MODELS UNDERSTANDING INTENT
E
N
T Cognitive
EMOTIONS Domain
Shared
PLANNING
PHYSIOLOGY
SITUATION
BELIEFS
AWARENESS
PERCEPTIONS

DIRECTIVES
INFORMATION
(Data in context)
DECISION SUPPORT Information
MODELS & TOOLS
Domain
DATA
(Representation)
SYNCHRONIZATION

Physical
OBJECTS / EVENTS ACTIONS Domain
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Online Communication Lesson 1 Dr. Cem Cinlar - Educational purposes only http://1.usa.gov/Ttd6ic

BERLO’S SMCR MODEL

Encodes Decodes
Source Message Channel Receiver

Communication Communication
Content Hearing
Skills Skills

Attitudes Elements Seeing Attitudes

Knowledge Treatment Touching Knowledge

Social System Structure Smelling Social System

Culture Code Tasting Culture

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Q

What are missing in Berlo’s model?
Please criticise it.

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Criticism of Berlo’s Model

- No feedback / don’t know about the effect
- Does not mention barriers to communication
- No room for noise
- Complex model

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Criticism of Berlo’s Model

- It is a linear model of communication
- Needs people to be on same level for communication
to occur but not true in real life
- Main drawback of the model is that the model omits
the usage of sixth sense as a channel which is actually
a gift to the human beings (thinking, understanding,
analyzing etc).
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Online Communication Lesson 1 http://bit.ly/PQ8TKJ

Q

What is Network?
What is the Internet?

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Network
In information technology, a network is a series of points or
nodes interconnected by communication paths.

Networks can interconnect with other networks and
contain sub-networks.

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Online Communication Lesson 1 http://bit.ly/VuqB7U

Network
The most common topology or general configurations of networks
include the bus, star, ring, and mesh topologies.

Networks can also be characterized in terms of spatial distance as
local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs),
and wide area networks (WANs).

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BUS

RING
STAR 35

TREE MESH

LINE
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HYBRID

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Internet
The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net,"
is a worldwide system of computer networks .

A network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if
they have permission, get information from any other computer
(and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers).

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Internet
It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
of the U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the
ARPANET.

The original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a
research computer at one university to be able to "talk to" research
computers at other universities.

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Your browser connects to a server
and request a page

The server sends
back the requested page
Client machine Server machine
Runs a web browser Runs a web server

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Internet
A side benefit of ARPANet's design was that, because messages
could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction,
the network could continue to function even if parts of it were
destroyed in the event of a military attack or other disaster.

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Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

Regional Internet Registries

National Internet Registries

Local Internet Registries

End User

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Energy

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Online Communication Lesson 1 Aleksandar Rodic

Q

What is energy?
What types of energy forms …

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Energy
A measure of the capacity of a physical system to do work.

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Energy
Sound is a form of energy, just like electricity and light.

Sound is made when air molecules vibrate and move in a pattern
called waves, or sound waves.

46

Q

What types of wave that we use
in everyday life?

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Radio waves Infrared
Micro waves Ultraviolet
Terahertz waves X-rays

49

Q

What do you think about the future of technology?

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FRONTIERS

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Thank you.
Please kindly find the presentation :

www.slideshare.net/cemcinlar
Facebook.com/cemcinlar
Twitter.com/cemcinlar
Foursquare.com/cemcinlar
Linkedin.com/in/cemcinlar

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Terms
• Mass-media:
It is a collective phrase that represents not only the press, cinema, radio, television and internet, but also to some extent, books magazines,
pamphlets , direct mail literature, posters, folk media, and natural communication methods such as rumours, education and preaching. It is so
termed because its reach extends to vast heterogeneous populations. Generally the mass media employ technological means to communicate to the
masses. They are founded on the idea of mass production and distribution. Wiebe defined mass media as those readily available to the general
public.
• Selective attention:
The media are full of competing messages. The process of screening vast amount of information in which one has no interest through mental filters is
called selective attention, for example, an adult will be more tuned to listening to the news while a child would rather watch a cartoon show.
• Selective perception:
This is the tendency to interpret communication messages in terms of one"s existing attitudes. People of distinct psychological character same media
content in different ways. This depends on factors such as age, values, family, opinions etc. Selective perception is influenced by social relationships.
• Selective retention:
The ability of an individual to retain certain messages in his mind while ignoring others is called selective retention. This is influenced by various
psychological and physiological factors such as choice, values, culture, emotions etc.
• Selective exposure:
Some individuals are exposed to certain media effects/messages while some are not. This screening aspect depends on many factors such as reach of
media, accessibility, age, cultural acceptability, taboos, etc.
• Opinion leaders/change agents:
The opinions of people in a group are influenced by what they hear from "opinion leaders". An individual who is a member of a group manifests
certain characteristics in his thinking and behaviour that contribute to the formation of "public opinion". The opinion of the leader is based on
rational thinking due to education and experience. They weigh the pros and cons of the information they receive and then give their judgement on it.
• Encoder:
In the process of communication, the sender or source of the message is referred to as the encoder.
• Decoder:
The person receiving the message and decodes it is referred to as the decoder.
• Cognitive:
Refers to the ability to think, learn, and remember.
• Communication:
The exchange of information through verbal or non-verbal means. Communication can include gestures, facial expressions, words, and/or signs.
• Gesture: The movements of the hands or body that express an idea. Gestures include pointing, head nodding, waving good-bye and many others.
Gestures can be used alone or in combination with words to communicate thoughts and ideas.

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Terms
• Feedback: The whistling sound made when amplified sound goes back into the microphone. In a hearing aid, feedback can occur when an ear mold
does not fit well and the amplified sound goes back into the hearing aid microphone. There are additional causes for feedback and persistent
feedback should be discussed with your parent advisor or audiologist. ideas.
• Frequency: The number of vibrations per second of a sound. Frequency, expressed in Hertz (Hz) determines the pitch of the sound. Lower Hz
numbers are low pitched sounds; higher Hz numbers are high pitched.
• Wireless Devices: Small handheld devices that provide e-mail, instant messaging, telephone and speaker phone, games and web browsing.
Individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing use these devices to chat online through instant messaging and to use internet based relay services.
Wireless devices require a monthly service plan. This is an area of rapid change and rapidly improving products.
• Bandwidth:
• Bandwidth is one factor that affects information transfer rate over a communication channel and is designated as a frequency range in kilohertz or
megahertz. For example, WiFi signals have a much wider bandwidth than narrowband AM radio. Comparing the information payload capacity of the
two in terms of bandwidth, the former lies on the scale of a tractor-trailer rig while the latter is like a compact car.
• Noise:
• Noise is inherent to any communications system and can originate from natural or man-made sources. Examples include radio-frequency
interference from electronic devices, static from lightning and electrical equipment and electromagnetic interference from sun spot activity. Noise
introduces errors and alters the original form of the message by the time it reaches its destination. The strength of the message signal relative to
noise, also known as the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, is another key aspect that affects the speed of information transfer. Imagine having a
conversation in a quiet restaurant and then at a wild sporting event. In the second case, you need to repeat yourself several times because the noise
of the crowd overwhelms the message.
• Channel Capacity:
• Information theory defines channel capacity as the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted through a channel, measured in bits per
second or kilobits per second. Channel capacity is a function of both bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio and one can be exchanged for the other.
Decreasing bandwidth and boosting S/N ratio can preserve channel capacity. However, Shannon's information theory further states that efficient
message and channel coding techniques also play key roles in establishing theoretical limit.

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Online Communication Lesson1 / Technology, Communication Theories, Communication Models, The Internet, Online Communication, Energy and Frontiers

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