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Oocupational health and safety
Occupational health is an important branch of community health that deals with promoting worker health and safety. It was originally focused on factories and mines but now covers all employment sectors. The goals of occupational health are to maintain high physical, mental, and social well-being for workers; prevent health issues from working conditions; and protect workers from risks in their employment. Common occupational hazards include physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, psychosocial, and radiation-related risks. Preventive measures include medical examinations, hazard controls, safety training, and legislative protections. Occupational health nursing plays a key role in prevention, treatment, education, management, coordination, advising, and research activities to support worker health.
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Introduction to occupational health, its broadening scope beyond factories to encompass various sectors.
Definitions highlighting physical, mental, and social wellbeing; aims include health promotion and risk prevention.
Objectives include promoting health, preventing decline, protection from adverse factors, and providing ergonomics.
Study of workplace stresses affecting health and performance of workers.
Benefits include decreased turnover, reduced injury costs, and a secure workplace environment.
Interactions in occupational environments, including man and agents, man and machines.
Presentation of various hazards: physical, chemical, and biological, including their impacts.Introduction to chemical hazards, local actions, inhalation risks, and ingestion issues.
List of diseases due to biological agents like Brucellosis, Anthrax, and Tetanus.
Hazards leading to physical injuries and psychosocial issues like job insecurity and frustration.
Classification of diseases caused by physical, chemical, biological factors and psychological origins.
Detailed discussion on diseases like pneumoconiosis, silicosis, byssinosis, and lead poisoning.
Various preventive measures against diseases and health promotion strategies.
Impact of industrialization on environment, communicable diseases, mental health, and safety.
Nutrition, communicable disease control, and sanitation measures under labor regulations.
Focus on mental health, family planning, and the importance of health education in workplaces.
Medical measures, engineering interventions, and legislation related to occupational health.
Explanation of OHS management systems encompassing policies and standards.
Focus on staff protection from various hazards in hospital environments.
Various roles including clinician, specialist, manager, coordinator, and advisor.
Duties such as policy writing, risk assessments, and effective communication.
Importance of ethical standards in protecting life and ensuring professional independence.
Overview of global workforce health challenges, emphasizing rights and preventive measures.
Emphasizes need for proper attention to occupational diseases and the nurse's educational role.
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Oocupational health and safety
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- 2. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ANDSAFETY Mrs Gayathri R 2nd year MSc Nursing UCON Kollam
- 3. INTRODUCTION Occupational health isan important branch in community health. Previously it was thought that its entirely related to factories and mines. Hence the term “industrial health” and “industrial hygiene” were common. Now the concept was changed according to concept in the society/community. Modern concept of “occupational health” now embraces all types of employment including mercantile and commercial enterprises, service traders, forestry, agricultural and various other sectors.
- 4. DEFINITION Occupational health isdefined in the occupational health and safety encyclopedia as being concerned with physical, mental & social wellbeing of man in relation to his work & working environment, his adjustment to work & adjustment of work to man. - Forsman(1976) Occupational health is the branch of medicine dealing with the prevention and treatment of job related injuries & illness. - Oxford dictionary
- 5. AIMS Promotion and maintenanceof high degree of physical, mental & social wellbeing of workers in all occupation. Prevention among workers of the departures from health caused by their working condition. Protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health.
- 6. AIMS…. Placing & maintenanceof workers in an occupational environment. To summarize the adaptation of work to man of each man to his job. Joint ILO & WHO committee
- 7. OBJECTIVES Promote & maintainhighest degree of possible health. Prevent health declination. Protect from adverse factors. Assist the injured & disabled for rehabilitation. Improve human efficiency in work by application of ergonomics. Provide self occupational environment.
- 8. Ergonomics • Ergonomics isthe study of men at work with a view to identify stress factors operating in work environments and impairing the physical, mental and psychological health of workers and interfering with their work performance.
- 9. IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Decreasestaff turnover. Having safe & conducive environment. Reduce cost of injury. Minimal property & equipment damage. Minimizing penalties. Reduce risk premium. Secure investors confidence.
- 10. OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENT ۞Man &physical, chemical and biologic agents. ۞Man & machine. ۞Man & man.
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- 12. PHYSICAL HAZARDS • Heatand cold • Light • Noise • Vibration • Ultraviolet radiation • Ionizing radiation
- 13. Heat Direct effect • Burns •Heat exhaustion • Heat stroke • Heat cramps Indirect effect • Decreased efficiency, • Increased fatigue • Enhanced accident rates.
- 14. Cold • Chilblains • Erythrocyanosis •Immersion foot • Frostbite as a result of cutaneous vasoconstriction. • General hypothermia
- 15. Light • The acuteeffects of poor illumination are • Eye strain, • Headache, • Eye pain, • Lacrymation, • Congestion around the cornea • Eye fatigue. • The chronic effects on health include "miner's nystagmus"
- 16. Noise • (i) Auditoryeffects • Temporary or permanent hearing loss • (ii) Non auditory effects Nervousness, Fatigue, Interference with communication by speech Decreased efficiency Annoyance
- 17. Vibration • Exposure tovibration may also produce injuries of the joints of the hands elbows and shoulders.
- 18. Ultraviolet radiations • Conjunctivitis •Keratitis (welder's flash).
- 19. Ionizing radiations • Geneticchanges • Malformation • Cancer • Leukaemia • Depilation • Ulceration • Sterility
- 20. Ionizing radiation • TheInternational Commission of Radiological Protection has set the maximum permissible level of occupational exposure at 5 rem per year to the whole body.
- 21.
- 22. Chemical hazards- Localaction • Dermatitis • Eczema • Ulcers • Cancer by primary irritant action
- 23. Chemical hazards-Inhalation • Dusts •Gases • Metals and their compounds
- 24. Dust • Dusts arefinely divided solid particles with size ranging from • 0.1 to 150 microns • Dust particles larger than 10 microns settle down from the air rapidly, • Indefinitely Particles smaller than 5 microns are directly inhaled into the lungs and are retained there and is mainly responsible for pneumoconiosis.
- 26. Classification of dusts •Inorganic and organic dusts; • Soluble and insoluble dusts.
- 27. Gases • Simple gases(e.g., oxygen, hydrogen), • Asphyxiating gases (e.g. carbon monoxide, cyanide gas, sulphur dioxide, chlorine) • Anaesthetic gases (e.g., chloroform, ether, trichlorethylene).
- 28. Metals & othercompounds • Lead • Antimony & Arsenic • Zinc • Beryllium • Cadmium • Cobalt • Manganese • Mercury & Phosphorus
- 29. Ingestion • Occupational diseasesmay also result from ingestion of chemical substances such as lead, mercury, arsenic, zinc, chromium, cadmium, phosphorus etc.
- 30. BIOLOGICAL • Brucellosis • Leptospirosis •Anthrax • Hydatidosis • Tetanus • Encephalitis • fungal infections • Schistosomiasis
- 32.
- 33. PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS • Factorsaffect health • Frustration • Lack of job satisfaction, • Insecurity • Poor human relationships, • Emotional tension
- 34. PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS • Thehealth effects can be classified in two (a) Psychological and behavioral changes (b) Psychosomatic ill health
- 35. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES DISEASE DUETO PHYSICALAGENT • Heat • Cold • Light • Pressure • Noise • Radiation • Mechanical factors • Electricity
- 36. DISEASE DUE TOCHEMICALAGENT • Gases • Dusts (pneumoconiosis) Inorganic dust: coal dust; silica; asbestos; iron Organic(vegetable dust): cane fiber; cotton dust; tobacco; hay or grain dust • Metals and their compounds: lead ,mercury, cadmium, manganese, beryllium, arsenic,chromium. • Chemicals: acids, alkalies, pesticides • Solvents: carbon bisulphide, chloroform , benzene
- 37. • III. DISEASEDUE TO BIOLOGICALAGENT • Brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, tetanus, encephalities, fungal infection. • IV. OCCUPATIONAL CANCER • Cancer of the skin, lungs, bladder • V. OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSIS • Dermatitis, eczema • VI. DISEASE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIGIN • Industrial neurosis, hypertension, peptic ulcer.
- 38. Pneumoconiosis • Dusts withinthe range of 0.5 micron to 3 micron is a health hazard producing, after a variable period of exposure, a lung disease known as pneumoconiosis, which may gradually cripple a man by reducing his work capacity due to lung fibrosis and other complications.
- 39. Silicosis • Caused byinhalation of dust containing free silica or silicon dioxide • Snow storm appearance in X ray
- 40. Anthracosis • It iscaused by inhalation of dust containing coal miners. • First phase is called simple pneumoconiosis which is associated with little impairment. • Second phase is characterized by Progressive massive fibrosis
- 41. Byssinosis • Inhalation ofcotton fibre dust over long periods of, time. • The symptoms are • Chronic cough • Progressive dyspnoea, • Chronic bronchitis • Emphysema
- 42. Bagasosis • Inhalation ofcotton fibre dust over long periods of, time. • The symptoms are • Chronic cough • Progressive dyspnoea, • Chronic bronchitis • Slight fever
- 43. Bagassosis • Preventive measures •Dust control • Personal protection • Medical control • Bagasse control
- 44. Asbestosis • Asbestos isof two types- serpentine or chrysolite variety and amphibole type. • Clinically the disease is characterized by dyspnoea. • Clubbing of fingers, • Cardiac distress and cyanosis. • The sputum shows "asbestos bodies" • An X-ray of the chest shows a ground-glass appearance in the lower two thirds of the lung fields
- 45. Preventive measures • Useof safer types of asbestos (chrysolite and amosite) • Substitution of other insulants: glass fibre, mineral wool, calcium silicate, plastic foams, etc. • Rigorous dust control • Periodic examination of workers; biological monitoring (clinical, X-ray, lung function), and Continuing research.
- 46. Farmers lung • Farmer'slung is due to the inhalation of mouldy hay or grain dust.
- 47. Lead poisoning • MODEOFABSORPTION (1)INHALATION. (2)INGESTION. (3)SKIN
- 48. Clinical features • Thetoxic effects of inorganic exposure • abdominal colic Constipation loss of appetite •blue-line on the gums stippling of red cells Anaemia • wrist drop • foot drop.
- 49. • The toxiceffects of organic lead compounds are mostly on the central nervous system • Insomnia • Headache • Mental confusion • Delirium.
- 50. Diagnosis (1)HISTORY (2)CLINICAL FEATURES (3)LABORATORY TESTS: •Coproporphyrin in urine (CPU) : • Amino levulinic acid in urine (ALAU) : • Lead in blood and urine:
- 51. Occupational cancer • Skincancer: gas workers, oil refiners, tar distillers, oven workers. • Lung cancer: gas industry, nickle and chromium work, mining of radio active substance
- 52. • Bladder cancer:dye stuff, dyeing industries, rubber, gas and electrical cable industry. • Leukemia: benzol, roengent rays and radioactive substance.
- 53. Control measures • Eliminationor control of industrial carcinogens. • Medical examinations • Inspection of factories, • Notification • Licensing of establishments, • Personal hygiene measures, • Education of workers and management, research.
- 54. Occupational dermatitis •Causes • Physical •Chemical • Biological • Plant products
- 55.
- 56. Radiation hazards • Shieldingof workers • Monitoring the employees • Protective clothing • Adequate ventilation • Replacement and periodic examination • Avoidance of pregnant women to work
- 57. HEALTH PROBLEMS DUETO INDUSTRIALIZATION • Environmental sanitation problems • Communicable disease • Food sanitation • Mental health • Accidents and social problems • Morbidity and mortality
- 58. MEASURES FOR HEALTHPROMOTION OF WORKERS • Nutrition • Communicable disease control • Environmental sanitation • Mental health • Measures for women and children • Health education • Family planning
- 59. Nutrition • Under Indianfactory act, • One canteen when number of employees exceeds 250 • Education of workers on the value of balanced diet.
- 60. Communicable disease control •Adequate immunization against communicable diseases
- 61. Environmental sanitation • Watersupply • Installation of drinking water fountains • Food • Sanitary preparation, storage and handling of food • Education of food handlers • Protection against hazards
- 62. • Toilet • Onesanitary convenience for 25 employees for the first 100 employees and thereafter one for 50 • General plant cleanliness • Sufficient space • The recommended standard is of minimum of 500cuft
- 63. • Lighting • Standardsfor illumination • High precision work 50-75 foot candles • Regular work- 6 to 12 foot candles • Corridors and passages- 0.5 foot candles • Ventilation, temperature • Housing
- 64. Mental health • Topromote the health and happiness of the workers. • To detect signs of emotional stress and strain and to secure relief of stress and strain where possible • The treatment of employees suffering from mental illness and the rehabilitation of those who become ill
- 65. Measures for woman& children (1)Expectant mothers are given maternity leave for 12 weeks, (2)Provision of free antenatal, natal and postnatal services. (3)The Factories Act (Section 66) prohibits night work between 7 p.m. and 6 a.m.; (4)The Indian Mines Act (1923) prohibits work underground. (5)The Factories Act, 1976 provides for creches in factories where more than 30 women workers are employed,
- 66.
- 67.
- 68. PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONALDISEASE
- 69. MEDICAL MEASURES • Pre-placementexamination • Periodical examination • Medical and health care services • Notification • Supervision of working environment • Maintenance and analysis of records • Health education and counseling
- 70. ENGINEERING MEASURES • Designof building • Good housekeeping • General ventilation • Mechanization • Substitution
- 71. • Dust-enclosure andisolation • Local exhaust ventilation • Protection device • Environmental monitoring • Statistical monitoring and research
- 72. LEGISLATION • The FactoryAct-1948 •The Employees state insurance act-1948
- 73. Occupational health and safety(OHS) management system • An occupational health and safety (OHS) management system encompasses more than just your health and safety program. It includes health and safety policies, systems, standards, and records, and involves incorporating your health and safety activities and program into your other business processes.
- 74. IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONALHEALTH IN HOSPITAL • PERSONAL (STAFF) PROTECTION • Physical hazards • Chemical hazards • Biological hazards • Psychological hazards • Patient safety
- 75. ROLE OF OCCUPATIONALHEALTH NURSE • CLINICIAN • Primary prevention • Emergency care • Treatment services • Nursing diagnosis • Individual & group care plan • General health advise & assessment
- 76. SPECIALIST • Rehabilitation • Maintenanceof work ability • Health and safety • Hazard identification • Risk assessment • Advice on control strategies
- 77. MANAGER • Management • Administrator •Budget planning • Marketting • Quality assurance • Professional audit • Continuing professional development
- 78. COORDINATOR • Occupational healthteam • Worker education and training • Environmental health management
- 79. • ADVISOR • HEALTHEDUCATOR • COUNSELLOR • RESEARCHER
- 80. SCOPE • Writing policiesand procedures • Assessing risks • Investigating accidents • Advising managers and directors • Consulting with employees • Training • Managing Contractors • Liaising with third parties including auditors, regulators and insurers
- 81. • Environmental Management •Quality Management • Security • Training • Food Safety • Transport
- 82. • Communicate effectively •Maintain their independence • Work at all levels of the organisations they work within • Organise their workload • Prioritise • Delegate • Maintain their own competence.
- 83. ETHICS • Improving professionalstandard • Protecting the life • Professional independence
- 84. JOURNALABSTRACT • OCCUPATIONAL HEALTHAND SAFETY IN INDUSTRIES IN DEVELOPING WORLD Iftikhar Ahmad1, Abdul Sattar2, Allah Nawaz2 1Department of Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, 2Department of Public Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. ABSTRACT: Current global workforce stands at about 2.8 billion. Workers spend about one third of their lifetime at workplace. Workers expect safe working environment as their fundamental human right. However there are still poor working conditions especially in developing countries due to lack of practicing simple preventive measures.
- 85. • The standardof Occupational health and safety available at any work place is the main determinant of workers’ health. Workers all over the world, face dual occupational hazards, the traditional as well as novel in the complex work settings due to rapid industrialization, technological advancement and globalization, over the last few years. An equally wide variety of chemical, physical and psychological hazards in production. Occupational health issues affect individuals, families and communities, as well as the citizens of the world. All the stake holders including the state, the manager, the employer and the worker have certain responsibilities to take up medical, engineering and legislative interventions to make work environment safer.
- 86. CONCLUSION Occupational disease notbeen neglected and should give proper attention at time. It’s the main role of a nurse to work as an educator and protector in the field of occupation.