Open Source Culture and Transdisciplinary Practice

Open
Source
Culture

Transdisciplinary
Prac5ce

Open
Source
~
Openness.

Contrary
to
the
more
narrow
term
Free

So/ware,
Open
Source
seems
be;er
suited
to

label
a
general
collabora4ve
approach
not

limited
to
code.

Felix
Stalder

OPEN
SOURCE
INTELLIGENCE
(v1.2)

“Open
source
is
an
experiment
in
building
a
poli5cal

economy
–
that
is,
a
system
of
sustainable
value

crea4on
and
a
set
of
governance
mechanism.

In
this
case
it
is
a
governance
system
that
holds

together
a
community
of
producers
around
this

counterintui5ve
no5on
of
property
rights
as

distribu5on.”

(Weber,
2004
p.1)

Open
Source
–
Poli4cal
Economy

“It
is
also
a
poli5cal
economy
taps
into
a
broad
range
of

human
mo5va5ons
and
relies
on
a
crea5ve

and

evolving
set
of
organiza5onal
structures
to

coordinate
behavior.”

(Weber,
2004
p.1)

Open
Source
–
Poli4cal
Economy

Open
source
doesn't
just
mean
access
to
the
source

code.

The
distribu5on
terms
of
open-‐source
soPware
must

comply
with
the
following
criteria:

h;p://www.opensource.org/docs/osd

Open
Source
–
Legal
Aspects/Licensing

1.
Free
Redistribu4on

The
license
shall
not
restrict
any
party
from
selling
or

giving
away
the
soPware
as
a
component
of
an

aggregate
soPware
distribu5on
containing
programs

from
several
diﬀerent
sources.
The
license
shall
not

require
a
royalty
or
other
fee
for
such
sale.

2.
Source
Code

The
program
must
include
source
code,
and
must
allow
distribu5on
in

source
code
as
well
as
compiled
form.

The
source
code
must
be
the
preferred
form
in
which
a
programmer
would

modify
the
program.

Deliberately
obfuscated
source
code
is
not
allowed.

3.
Derived
Works

The
license
must
allow
modiﬁca5ons
and
derived

works,
and
must
allow
them
to
be
distributed
under

the
same
terms
as
the
license
of
the
original

soPware.

4.
Integrity
of
The
Author's
Source
Code

The
license
may
restrict
source-‐code
from

being
distributed
in
modiﬁed
form
only
if
the

license
allows
the
distribu5on
of
"patch
ﬁles"

with
the
source
code
for
the
purpose
of

modifying
the
program
at
build
5me.

• 
5.
No
Discrimina4on
Against
Persons
or
Groups

The
license
must
not
discriminate
against
any

person
or
group
of
persons.

Some
countries,
including
the
United
States,

have
export
restric5ons
for
certain
types
of

soPware

6.
No
Discrimina4on
Against
Fields
of
Endeavor

The
license
must
not
restrict
anyone
from
making
use

of
the
program
in
a
speciﬁc
ﬁeld
of
endeavor.
For

example,
it
may
not
restrict
the
program
from
being

used
in
a
business,
or
from
being
used
for
gene5c

research.

7.
Distribu4on
of
License

•  The
rights
a;ached
to
the
program
must
apply
to
all

to
whom
the
program
is
redistributed
without
the

need
for
execu5on
of
an
addi5onal
license
by
those

par5es.

8.
License
Must
Not
Be
Speciﬁc
to
a
Product

•  The
rights
a;ached
to
the
program
must
not

depend
on
the
program's
being
part
of
a

par5cular
soPware
distribu5on.

.

9.
License
Must
Not
Restrict
Other
So/ware

The
license
must
not
place
restric5ons
on
other

soPware
that
is
distributed
along
with
the

licensed
soPware.
For
example,
the
license
must

not
insist
that
all
other
programs
distributed
on

the
same
medium
must
be
open-‐source

soPware.

10.
License
Must
Be
Technology-‐Neutral

What
is
the
impact
of
open
source?

Open
source
provides
the
compe55ve

advantage
in
the
Internet
Age.

The
Cathedral
and
the
Bazaar:
Musings
on
Linux
and
Open
Source
by
an
Accidental
Revolu4onary

Authors:
Eric
S.
Raymond

Case
Study:
Linux

The
word
Linux
is
generally
used
to
describe
an
Open
Source

computer
Opera.ng
System
based
on
the
Linux
Kernel
that

typically
forms
the
basis
for
free
alterna5ves
to
Microso5

Windows
or
oﬀerings
from
Apple
computers.

•  Linux
is
the
ﬁrst
truly
free
Unix-‐like
opera5ng
system.

•  Linus
Torvalds
invented
Linux
itself.
In
1991,
Torvalds
was
a

student
at
the
University
of
Helsinki
in
Finland
where
he
had

been
using
Minix,
a
non-‐free
Unix-‐like
system,
and
began

wri5ng
his
own
kernel.
This
kernel,
which
is
called
Linux,
was

aPerwards
combined
with
the
GNU
system
to
produce
a

complete
free
opera5ng
system.

Linux
Community

The
largest
part
of
the
work
on
Linux
is
performed
by
the

community:
the
thousands
of
programmers
around
the
world

that
use
Linux
and
send
their
suggested
improvements
to
the

maintainers.

Various
companies
have
also
helped
not
only
with
the

development
of
the
Kernels,
but
also
with
the
wri5ng
of
the

body
of
auxiliary
soPware,
which
is
distributed
with
Linux.

Processing
/
Adriano
Communi5es

•  Arduino
is
an
open-‐source
electronics
prototyping
plagorm
based

on
ﬂexible,
easy-‐to-‐use
hardware
and
soPware.
It's
intended
for

ar5sts,
designers,
hobbyists,
and
anyone
interested
in
crea5ng

interac5ve
objects
or
environments.

h;p://www.arduino.cc

The
microcontroller
on
the
board
is
programmed
using
the

Arduino
programming
language
(based
on
Wiring)
and
the
Arduino

development
environment
(based
on
Processing).

•  Processing
is
a
programming
language,
development
environment,

and
online
community
that
since
2001
has
promoted
soPware

literacy
within
the
visual
arts.
Ini5ally
created
to
serve
as
a
soPware

sketchbook
and
to
teach
fundamentals
of
computer
programming

within
a
visual
context,
Processing
quickly
developed
into
a
tool
for

crea5ng
ﬁnished
professional
work
as
well.

h;p://processing.org/

h;p://www.openprocessing.org/

Open
Source
Culture

Impact
and
Cultural
Implica5ons
of
Open
Source

License/Distribu5on/Community

Open
Source
Culture

•  Accessibility:

Technological
Freedom

Ar5s5c
Freedom

•  Social
Implica5ons

New
Type
of
Community

Underground
Movements

New
type
of
prac55oner

Brainstorming

Crea4ve
Prac4ces
+
Open
Source

Beneﬁts/Disadvantage

of
Open
Source
License/Distribu5on/Community/
Culture

Other
signiﬁcant
Aspect
of
Contemporary

Prac5ce:

In-‐Between
Disciplines

For
Example:
Art
–
Design
-‐
Science
-‐
Technology

Interdisciplinarity

•  For
the
Canadian
Ins5tutes
of
Health
Research
(CIHR,
2005):

Interdisciplinary
is
defined
as
the
ability
to
analyze,
synthesize
and
harmonize
links
between

disciplines
into
a
coordinated
and
coherent
whole.

• 

•  Mansilla
and
Gardner
(2005)
state:

In
this
study
we
defined
“interdisciplinary
work”
as
work
that
integrates
knowledge
and
modes
of

thinking
from
two
or
more
disciplines.
Such
work
embraces
the
goal
of
advancing

understanding
(e.g.,
explain
phenomena,
craP
solu5ons,
raise
new
ques5ons)

•  in
ways
that
would
have
not
been
possible
through
single
disciplinary
means.

•  The
Idaho
State
Board
of
Educa5on
(2002)
note:

In
spanning
mul5ple
disciplines,
interdisciplinary
programs
by
their
very
nature

reach
across
the
tradi5onal
boundaries
of
colleges
and
departments.
In
this
context,

interdisciplinary
is
defined
as
meaning
University-‐wide,
or
programs
involving
faculty
from

more
than
two
colleges
where
no
single
college
has
a
majority
of
the
curriculum
or
faculty.

Interdisciplinarity

Mul5disciplinarity

•  Natural
Sciences
and
Engineering
Research
Council
of
Canada
(undated)
states,

pragma5cally,
that:

A
simple
defini5on
of
interdisciplinary
research
is
“research
that
involves
the

interac5on
among
two
or
more
different
disciplines”.
This
may
range
from
the

sharing
of
ideas
to
full
integra5on
of
concepts,
methodology,
procedures,
theory,

terminology,
data
and
organiza5on
of
research
and
training
in
a
fairly
large
field.

Mul4disciplinary
research
draws
on
knowledge
from
different
disciplines
but
stays

within
the
boundaries
of
those
fields.
In
this
document,
‘interdisciplinary’
is
used

to
refer
to
both
types
of
research
that
may
be
conducted
by
individual
researchers

as
well
as
groups.
For
administra5ve
purposes,
NSERC
defines
interdisciplinary

grant
applica5ons
as
those
that
require
the
selec5on
of
referees
from
more
than

one
discipline,
the
establishment
of
a
review
panel
with
members
from
more
than

one
discipline,
or
the
exper5se
of
more
than
one
selec5on
commi;ee
or
panel
in

the
peer
review
process.

Transdisciplinarity

•  ‘…transdisciplinarity
concerns
that
which
is
at
once

between
the
disciplines,
across
the
diﬀerent

disciplines,
and
beyond
all
discipline.
Its
goal
is
the

understanding
of
the
present
world
,
of
which
one
of

the
impera5ves
is
the
unity
of
knowledge.’

(Nicolescu
1997,
np.)

Open
Access
Dynamic
Archive:
Media
Art
Tube

Other
Readings

•  The
simple
Economics
of
Open
Source
Economics

h;p://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?
doi=10.1.1.145.3577&rep=rep1&type=pdf

•  Steve
Weber:
The
Success
of
Open
Source

Eric
S.
Raymond:
The
Cathedral
and
the
Bazaar:
Musings
on

Linux
and
Open
Source
by
an
Accidental
Revolu4onary

Open Source Culture and Transdisciplinary Practice

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