Operating System Concepts Part-1 by_Adi.pdf

Introduction
to
Operating Systems - 1
PROF. K. ADISESHA

Introduction
to
Operating System
OS Concepts
Functions of OS
Applications of OS
Types of OS
System Calls in OS
2
Operating System

Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
3
History:
An operating system is a type of software that acts as an interface between the user and
the hardware.
➢Generation of Operating System
❖The First Generation (1940 to early 1950s): Early computer users had complete
control over the device and wrote programs in pure machine language for every task.
❖The Second Generation (1955 – 1965): GMOSIS, the first OS was developed for the
IBM Computer, General Motors has created the operating system.
❖The Third Generation (1965 – 1980): operating system was based on a single
stream batch processing system capable of Multiprogramming.
❖The Fourth Generation (1980 – Present Day): The evolution of the personal computer
is linked to the fourth generation of operating systems.

Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
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History of Operating System:
Operating Systems have evolved in past years. It went through several changes before
getting its original form.
➢The evolution of operating system year-wise in detail:
❖No OS – (0s to 1940s)
❖Batch Processing Systems -(1940s to 1950s)
❖Multiprogramming Systems -(1950s to 1960s)
❖Time-Sharing Systems -(1960s to 1970s)
❖Introduction of GUI -(1970s to 1980s)
❖Networked Systems – (1980s to 1990s)
❖Mobile Operating Systems – (Late 1990s to Early 2000s)
❖AI Integration – (2010s to ongoing)

Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
5
Operating System:
An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the
computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
➢ Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows
Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.

Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
6
Operating System:
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer
hardware.
➢ An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like:
❖ File management
❖ Memory management
❖ Process management
❖ Handling input and output
❖ Controlling peripheral devices such
as disk drives and printers.

Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
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Operating System:

Operating System
Dr. K. Adisesha
8
Functions of Operating system :
The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system..
➢ Following are some of important functions of an operating System.
❖ Processor Management
❖ Memory Management
❖ Device Management
❖ File Management
❖ Security
❖ Control over system performance
❖ Job accounting
❖ Error detecting aids
❖ Coordination between other software and users

Operating System
Dr. K. Adisesha
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Processor Management:
In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides which process gets the processor
when and for how much time, this function is called process scheduling.
➢ An Operating System does the following activities for processor management:.
❖ Keeps tracks of processor and status of process.
❖ The program responsible for this task is known as traffic controller.
❖ Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
❖ De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.

Operating System
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Memory Management:
Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory or Main Memory.
Main memory is a large array of words or bytes where each word or byte has its own
address.
➢ An Operating System does the following activities for memory management:
❖ Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in use by whom, what part
are not in use.
❖ In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get memory when and
how much.
❖ Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.
❖ De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has been
terminated.

Operating System
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Device Management:
An Operating System manages device communication via their respective drivers.
➢ An Operating System does the following activities for device management:
❖ Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known as the I/O
controller.
❖ Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
❖ Allocates the device in the efficient way.
❖ De-allocates devices.

Operating System
Dr. K. Adisesha
12
File Management:
A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and usage.
These directories may contain files and other directions.
➢ An Operating System does the following activities for file management:
❖ Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective facilities are
often known as file system.
❖ Access to the file for read and write.
❖ Allocates the file for I/O devices.
❖ De-allocates the file form storage devices

Operating System
Dr. K. Adisesha
13
Applications of Operating System:
Following are some of the important activities that an Operating System performs.
➢ Security: By means of password and similar other techniques, it prevents unauthorized
access to programs and data.
➢ Control over system performance: Recording delays between request for a service
and response from the system.
➢ Job accounting: Keeping track of time and resources used by various jobs and users.
➢ Error detecting aids: Production of dumps, traces, error messages, and other
debugging and error detecting aids.
➢ Coordination between other software and users: Coordination and assignment of
compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software to the various users of the
computer systems.

Operating System Types
Dr. K. Adisesha
14
Types of Operating System:
Operating systems are there from the very first computer generation and they keep
evolving with time.
➢ Various types of operating systems which are most commonly used are:
❖ Batch operating system
❖ Time-sharing operating systems
❖ Distributed operating System.
❖ Network operating System
❖ Real Time operating System

Dr. K. Adisesha
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Batch operating system:
A batch operating system grabs all programs and data in the batch form and then
processes them.
➢ Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the
computer operator.
➢ To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group.
➢ The problems with Batch Systems are as follows −
❖ Lack of interaction between the user and the job.
❖ CPU is often idle, because the speed of the mechanical I/O devices is slower than the
CPU.
❖ Difficult to provide the desired priority.

Dr. K. Adisesha
16
Batch operating system:
The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly.
➢ The main aim of using a batch processing system is to decrease the setup time while
submitting similar jobs to the CPU.
➢ Batch processing techniques were implemented in the hard disk and card readers as well..
➢ Examples of Batch Systems are as follows −
❖ Payroll System
❖ Bank Invoice System
❖ Transactions Process
❖ Daily Report
❖ Research Segment
❖ Billing System

Dr. K. Adisesha
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Time-sharing operating systems:
Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at various terminals,
to use a particular computer system at the same time.
➢ Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of
multiprogramming.
➢ Processor's time which is shared among multiple users
simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.
➢ Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them,
but the switches occur so frequently enabling, the users to receive an
immediate response.
➢ The operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming
to provide each user with a small portion of a time.

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Time-sharing operating systems:
Computer systems that were designed primarily as batch systems have been modified to
time-sharing systems.
➢ Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are as follows:
❖ Provides the advantage of quick response.
❖ Avoids duplication of software.
❖ Reduces CPU idle time.
➢ Disadvantages of Time-sharing operating systems are as follows:
❖ Problem of reliability.
❖ Question of security and integrity of user programs and data.
❖ Problem of data communication.

Dr. K. Adisesha
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Distributed operating System:
Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time
applications and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the
processors accordingly.
➢ The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines.
➢ These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems.
➢ Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function.
➢ These processors are referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on.
➢ Examples: Solaris, OSF/1, Micros,
DYNIX, Locus, Mach

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Distributed operating System:
Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time
applications and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the
processors accordingly.
➢ The advantages of distributed systems are as follows −
❖ With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the resources available
at another.
❖ Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
❖ Better service to the customers.
❖ Reduction of the load on the host computer.
❖ Reduction of delays in data processing.

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Network operating System:
A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the capability to
manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.
➢ The primary purpose of the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access
among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private
network or to other networks.
➢ There are two basic types of network operating systems:
❖ Peer-to-Peer Network Operating Systems
❖ Client/Server Network Operating Systems
➢ Examples of network operating systems include:
❖ Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008,
❖ UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD.

Dr. K. Adisesha
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Network operating System:
A Network Operating System runs on a server and provides the server the capability to
manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions.
➢ The advantages of network operating systems are as follows:
❖ Centralized servers are highly stable.
❖ Security is server managed.
❖ Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.
❖ Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems.
➢ The disadvantages of network operating systems are as follows:
❖ High cost of buying and running a server.
❖ Dependency on a central location for most operations.
❖ Regular maintenance and updates are required..

Dr. K. Adisesha
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Real Time operating System:
A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the time interval
required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the environment.
➢ The time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of required updated
information is termed as the response time.
➢ In this method, the response time is very less as compared to online processing.
➢ Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on the operation of a
processor or the flow of data and real-time systems can be used as a control device in a
dedicated application.
➢ A real-time operating system must have well-defined, fixed time constraints, otherwise the
system will fail.

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Real Time operating System:
There are two types of real-time operating systems.
➢ Hard real-time systems
❖ Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete on time.
❖ In hard real-time systems, secondary storage is limited or missing and the data is stored in
ROM.
❖ In these systems, virtual memory is almost never found.
➢ Soft real-time systems
❖ Soft real-time systems are less restrictive.
❖ Soft real-time systems have limited utility than hard real-time systems.
❖ Example: Multimedia, virtual reality, Advanced Scientific Projects like undersea
exploration and planetary rovers, etc.

Operating System - Services
Dr. K. Adisesha
25
Operating System - Services:
An Operating System provides services to both the users and to the programs.
➢ It provides programs an environment to execute.
➢ It provides users the services to execute the programs in a convenient manner.
➢ Common services provided by an operating System are:
❖ Program execution
❖ I/O operations
❖ File System manipulation
❖ Communication
❖ Error Detection
❖ Resource Allocation
❖ Protection

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Program execution:
Operating systems handle many kinds of activities from user programs to system
programs, these activities are encapsulated as a process.
➢ A process includes the complete execution context (code to execute, data to manipulate,
registers, OS resources in use).
➢ Following are the activities of an operating system with respect to program management:
❖ Loads a program into memory.
❖ Executes the program.
❖ Handles program's execution.
❖ Provides a mechanism for process synchronization.
❖ Provides a mechanism for process communication.
❖ Provides a mechanism for deadlock handling.

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File system manipulation:
A file represents a collection of related information. Computers can store files on the
disk (secondary storage), for long-term storage purpose.
➢ A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and usage.
➢ These directories may contain files and other directions.
➢ Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to file management:
❖ Program needs to read a file or write a file.
❖ The operating system gives the permission to the program for operation on file.
❖ Permission varies from read-only, read-write, denied and so on.
❖ Operating System provides an interface to the user to create/delete files.
❖ Operating System provides an interface to the user to create/delete directories.
❖ Operating System provides an interface to create the backup of file system.

Dr. K. Adisesha
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I/O Operation:
An I/O subsystem comprises of I/O devices and their corresponding driver software.
Drivers hide the peculiarities of specific hardware devices from the users.
➢ An Operating System manages the communication between user and device drivers:
❖ I/O operation means read or write operation with any file or any specific I/O device.
❖ Operating system provides the access to the required I/O device when required.

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Communication:
In case of distributed systems which are a collection of processors that do not share
memory, peripheral devices, or a clock, the operating system manages communications
between all the processes.
➢ The OS handles routing and connection strategies, and the problems of contention and security.
➢ Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to communication:
❖ Two processes often require data to be transferred between them
❖ Both the processes can be on one computer or on different computers, but are connected
through a computer network.
❖ Communication may be implemented by two methods, either by Shared Memory or by
Message Passing..

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Error handling:
Errors can occur anytime and anywhere. An error may occur in CPU, in I/O devices or
in the memory hardware.
➢ Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to error handling:
❖ The OS constantly checks for possible errors.
❖ The OS takes an appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent computing.

Dr. K. Adisesha
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Resource Management:
In case of multi-user or multi-tasking environment, resources such as main memory,
CPU cycles and files storage are to be allocated to each user or job.
➢ Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to resource
management:
❖ The OS manages all kinds of resources using schedulers.
❖ CPU scheduling algorithms are used for better utilization of CPU.

Dr. K. Adisesha
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Protection:
Protection refers to a mechanism or a way to control the access of programs, processes,
or users to the resources defined by a computer system.
➢ Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to protection:
❖ The OS ensures that all access to system resources is controlled.
❖ The OS ensures that external I/O devices are protected from invalid access attempts.
❖ The OS provides authentication features for each user by means of passwords.

Operating System - Properties
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33
Properties of Operating System:
Operating System refers to a mechanism to access the programs, processes, or users to
the resources defined by a computer system.
➢ Following are the properties of Operating System:
❖ Batch processing.
❖ Multitasking
❖ Multiprogramming
❖ Interactivity
❖ Real Time System
❖ Distributed Environment
❖ Spooling

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Batch processing:
Batch processing is a technique in which an Operating System collects the programs
and data together in a batch before processing starts.
➢ An operating system does the following activities related to batch processing:
❖ The OS defines a job which has predefined sequence of commands,
programs and data as a single unit.
❖ The OS keeps a number a jobs in memory and executes them without any
manual information.
❖ Jobs are processed in the order of submission, i.e., first come first served
fashion.
❖ When a job completes its execution, its memory is released and the output
for the job gets copied into an output spool for later printing or processing.

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Batch processing:
Batch processing is a technique in which an Operating System collects the programs
and data together in a batch before processing starts.
➢ Advantages
❖ Batch processing takes much of the work of the operator to the computer.
❖ Increased performance as a new job get started as soon as the previous job is finished,
without any manual intervention.
➢ Disadvantages
❖ Difficult to debug program.
❖ A job could enter an infinite loop.
❖ Due to lack of protection scheme, one batch job can affect pending jobs.:

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Multitasking:
Multitasking is when multiple jobs are executed by the CPU simultaneously by
switching between them.
➢ An Operating System does the following activities related to multitasking:
❖ The user gives instructions to the operating system or to a program directly, and receives an
immediate response.
❖ The OS handles multitasking in the way that it can handle multiple operations/executes multiple
programs at a time.
❖ Multitasking Operating Systems are also known as Time-sharing systems.
❖ Each user has at least one separate program in memory.

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Multiprogramming:
Sharing the processor, when two or more programs reside in memory at the same time, is
referred as multiprogramming.
➢ Multiprogramming assumes a single shared processor.
➢ Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so
that the CPU always has one to execute.
➢ An OS does the following activities related to multiprogramming:
❖ The operating system keeps several jobs in memory at a time.
❖ This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs kept in the job pool.
❖ The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in the memory.
❖ Multiprogramming operating systems monitor the state of all active programs and system resources
using memory management programs to ensures that the CPU is never idle, unless there are no jobs
to process

Dr. K. Adisesha
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Multiprogramming:
Sharing the processor, when two or more programs reside in memory at the same time,
is referred as multiprogramming.
➢ Multiprogramming assumes a single shared processor.
➢ Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that the CPU always has
one to execute.
➢ An OS does the following activities related to multiprogramming:
❖ The operating system keeps several jobs in memory at a time.
❖ This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs kept in the job pool.
❖ The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in the memory.
❖ Multiprogramming operating systems monitor the state of all active programs and system resources
using memory management programs to ensures that the CPU is never idle, unless there are no jobs
to process

Dr. K. Adisesha
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Real Time System & Interactivity:
Real-time systems are usually dedicated, embedded systems.
➢ An operating system does the following activities related to real-time system activity..
❖ In such systems, Operating Systems typically read from and react to sensor data.
❖ The Operating system must guarantee response to events within fixed periods of time to
ensure correct performance.
Interactivity
➢ Interactivity refers to the ability of users to interact with a computer system.
➢ An Operating system does the following activities related to interactivity −
❖ Provides the user an interface to interact with the system.
❖ Manages input devices to take inputs from the user. For example, keyboard.
❖ Manages output devices to show outputs to the user. For example, Monitor.
❖ The response time of the OS needs to be short, since the user submits and waits for the result.

Dr. K. Adisesha
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Distributed Environment:
A distributed environment refers to multiple independent CPUs or processors in a
computer system.
➢ An operating system does the following activities related to distributed environment:
❖ The OS distributes computation logics among several physical processors.
❖ The processors do not share memory or a clock. Instead, each processor has its own local
memory.
❖ The OS manages the communications between the processors.
❖ They communicate with each other through various communication lines.

Operating System - System Call
Dr. K. Adisesha
41
System Call:
A system call is a function that a user program uses to ask the operating system for a
particular service.
➢ User programmers can communicate with the operating system to request its
services using the interface that is created by a system call.
➢ There are primarily 5 different types of system calls in OS:
❖ Process Control
❖ File Management
❖ Device Management
❖ Information Maintenance
❖ Communication

Operating System - System Call
Dr. K. Adisesha
42
System Calls in Windows and Unix:
Types of System Calls Windows Linux
Process Control CreateProcess() ExitProcess()
WaitForSingleObject()
fork(), exit()
wait()
File Management CreateFile(), ReadFile()
WriteFile(), CloseHandle()
open(), read()
write()
close()
Device Management SetConsoleMode()
WriteConsReadConsoleole()
ioctl(), read()
write()
Information Maintenance GetCurrentProcessID()
SetTimer(), Sleep()
getpid(), alarm()
sleep()
Communication CreatePipe()
CreateFileMapping(), MapViewOfFile()
pipe(), shmget()
mmap()

Discussion
Dr. K. Adisesha
43
Queries ?
Prof. K. Adisesha
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