Optimal distributed generation in green building assessment towards line loss reduction for Malaysian public hospital

Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Vol. 8, No. 4, December 2019, pp. 1180~1188
ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v8i4.1524  1180
Journal homepage: http://beei.org/index.php/EEI
Optimal distributed generation in green building assessment
towards line loss reduction for Malaysian public hospital
Mohd Effendi Amran1
, Mohd Nabil Muhtazaruddin2
, Nurul Aini Bani3
, Hazilah Mad Kaidi4
,
Mohamad Zaki Hassan5
, Shamsul Sarip6
, Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki7
1
Engineering Services Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 62590 Putrajaya, Malaysia
1,2,3,4,5,6
Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
7
School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ Scotland, United Kingdom
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Apr 30, 2019
Revised Jun 14, 2019
Accepted Jul 3, 2019
This paper presents an optimization approach for criteria setting of
Renewable Distributed Generation (DG) in the Green Building Rating
System (GBRS). In this study, the total line loss reduction is analyzed and set
as the main objective function in the optimization process which then a
reassessment of existing criteria setting for renewable energy (RE) is
proposed towards lower loss outcome. Solar photovoltaic (PV)-type DG unit
(PV-DG) is identified as the type of DG used in this paper. The proposed
PV-DG optimization will improve the sustainable energy performance of the
green building by total line losses reduction within accepted lower losses
region using Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. The distribution network
uses bus and line data setup from selected one of each three levels of
Malaysian public hospital. MATLAB simulation result shows that the
PV-DG expanding capacity towards optimal scale and location provides a
better outcome in minimizing total line losses within an appropriate voltage
profile as compared to the current setting of PV-DG imposed in selected
GBRS. Thus, reassessment of RE parameter setting and the proposed five
rankings with new PV-DG setting for public hospital provides technical
justification and give the best option to the green building developer for more
effective RE integration.
Keywords:
Artificial bee colony (ABC)
Distributed Generation (DG)
Green building rating system
(GBRS)
Maximum demand (MD)
Photovoltaic-type DG (PV-DG)
Renewable energy (RE)
Copyright © 2019 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Mohd Effendi Amran,
Engineering Services Division,
Ministry of Health Malaysia,
Level 3-7 Block E3, Parcel E, Precinct 1, 62590 Putrajaya, Malaysia.
Email: meffendi.amran@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The green building developments are remarkably significant to the design of advanced and efficient
integrated energy technologies to reduce electricity loads such as heating, cooling, etc. in the form of energy
demand and the consumptions through the on-site RE sources approach [1, 2]. Based on the essence of
sustainable developments, the RE usage such as photovoltaic (PV) generator is one of the most influentially
common principles [3] and consequential approach in reducing the energy consumption in buildings [4]
while having considered as a key component of the green building-based design of electricity generation
capability [5]. RE setup such as PV-DG in current GBRS, for instance, Malaysian Carbon Reduction
Environmental Sustainability Tool (MyCREST), Green Building Index (GBI), and Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED v4) were still lack in adopting optimization baseline approach via total line
losses reduction as objective function for initial simulating stage. Relatively, simultaneous optimization
criteria for RE-based DG location and capacity was found to be more effective to be observed via minimal
losses outcome [6] and also implemented in many recent kinds of literature [6-9], however, this mechanism

Bulletin of Electr Eng and Inf ISSN: 2302-9285 
Optimal distributed generation in green building assessment towards line loss… (Mohd Effendi Amran)
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in estimating the possible RE impact, was lack of use in current GBRS assessment criteria. By adopting this
approach, the extensiveness of RE utilization in current GBRS can be improvised for more justified and
effective outlook measure subjected to early-stage design.
Thus, leaving a gap for the needs in simulated optimization approach at the initial stage in GBRS to
meet the improved total line losses as the objective function for the desired outcome. This paper proposes an
optimal reassessment criterion which focuses on reducing the total line losses as the main objective function
for selected one in every three levels of public hospital i.e. national, state and district hospital. Subsequently,
a ranking of five segregation output generated power and location of the PV-DG, simultaneously, is formed.
The five assessment ranking (i.e. 1 to 5 scoring) for RE parameter setting has been practiced by most of
GBRS worldwide including GBI and LEED v4 [10, 11]. Therefore, segregation of five rankings was
following the current setting, except the percentage value for determining the capacity of the PV-DG in each
rank is newly formed via a random figure setting in 5% increment order and proposed towards an optimal
outcome in terms of power loss reduction. Only single PV-DG for a single location is considered in this
paper. The rest of this paper: Section 2 touch on ABC optimization. Section 3 describes the problem
formulation for the optimization and proposed method. Section 4 presents the twelve different case studies
experimental results that were utilized to test in terms of power losses reduction and voltage proﬁle as well as
the performance of the suggested techniques for the distribution system. Section 5 concludes the paper.
2. OPTIMIZATION APPROACH FOR LOSS REDUCTION
As a part of the objective in proposing the right parameter setting for single PV-DG integration
specifically in minimal power losses within voltage regulation, the analytical approach of optimization is
needed [12]. Distribution system dissipated approximately 13% of losses from power generation and these
losses are categories as active power loss and reactive power loss as given by (1) and (2) [13];
(1)
(2)
Where, is current flowing between and bus, and are resistance and reactance of
branch ij respectively. As solution, optimization is a procedure of identifying the value of minimum or
maximum of a function by specifying several numbers of constraints known as the ‘variables’ [14]. Via
simulation tools, the optimization function is called cost or fitness, or objective function is sequentially
calculated [15]. Based on [16], separate and simultaneous analysis are two identical ways for the solution in
power losses mitigation by DG. Using separate analysis, location and capacity of DG identification are
calculated separately using sensitivity factor [17] followed by optimization technique respectively. While, in
the simultaneous analysis (offer better results than separate analysis [18]), this method determining the
capacity and the DG location simultaneously by using optimization techniques such as Artificial Bee Colony
(ABC) [16, 19]. From the analogy of ABC according to [20], the flow and the cycle of three assigned groups
i.e. employed, onlookers and scouts’ bees in the colony of artificial bees, can translated into three formulas as
described in (3), (4) and (5). The ABC flowchart as illustrated in [21].
( )
(3)
Where, is the fitness for the objective function and (Total power loss) is the target of study.
∑
(4)
Where, is the probability and is a number of employed bees.
( ) ( ) (5)
Where, and represent the new and old (previous) value of a variable (either DG location or DG
size) respectively. is a neighbour value that is selected randomly from dimension and ( ) is a
random value between 0 and 1.

 ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng and Inf, Vol. 8, No. 4, December 2019 : 1180 – 1188
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3. RESEARCH METHOD
The simulation processes are performed into twelve case studies as determined in Table 1 uses
selected distribution network of three Malaysian public hospitals representing selected one from each level
hospital i.e. national level, state level, and district level, as illustrated in Figure 1(a), Figure 1(b) and
Figure 1(c) respectively. The distribution network also comprises of six actual power system parameters,
consist of distribution bus identification, active power load (P), reactive power load (Q), resistance (R) and
reactance (X) for laid cables (Ω/Km) and voltage level (V) as shown in Appendix A–Appendix C. The
distribution network in National level hospital is fed by three intake supplies (i.e. from utility provider)
through its’ radial network, however, the bus arrangement for simulation only divided and performed into
two main zones named as ‘Zone A’ and ‘Zone B’. While State and District level hospital had set division of
zoning into two zones (Zone A and Zone B) and one zone (Zone A) respectively. DG size and location are
identified simultaneously. ‘Type 3 DG’ is set in MATLAB coding according to major types of DG category
[22-26], where the only real power is being injected into the distribution network by PV-DG.
(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 1. The distribution network of, (a) National level hospital in two zones, (b) State level hospital in two
zones, and (c) District level hospital in one zone

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ABC is proposed in this research paper to alleviate such problems. Consequently, the proposed
PV-DG assessment is examined by simulation on the distribution network of three selected public hospitals
i.e. national, state and district hospital and the results obtained are graphically plotted for U-shape trajectory
determination. The P load and Q load sample data of distribution network are represented the highest value
within a period of 6 consecutive months considering the MD and maximum irradiation adopted from timeline
used in collecting energy trend via Efficient Management of Electrical Energy Regulation 2008, published by
Energy Commission of Malaysia [27]. Total Power Losses (TPL) in this distribution network is selected as a
main target i.e. objective function, in ABC optimization. The (6) represents the formula for objective;
∑ (| | ) (6)
Where, is a number of branches, is branch current, and is the branch resistance
All processes are examined for National level, State level, and District level hospital. In the first
process, the initial power loss, is identified which represented the original losses of distribution network
without the integration of PV-DG. is recorded for further comparison. Next, based on the ABC algorithm
setup, the optimal capacity (unlimited capacity) of DG, is obtained together with the optimal location
(distribution network bus). At this stage total line losses, shall be much lower than . For reassessment
stage, five (5) ranking of scoring is remained (1 to 5 scoring) as practiced by GBI and LEED [10, 11]. The
only element that being examined are the assessment criteria of DG capacity percentage, (limitation
capacity) and its’ total line losses, value. Optimization process with all constraints as listed below:
a. Size of DG constraint
( ) ≤ ≤ ( ) (7)
The minimum and maximum size of unlimited DG ( ( ) and ( )) is set between 0.3 MW
and 3 MW respectively as determined in Case 6 of Table 1.
Table 1. Case by case studies
Case Description
1 Original test system without PV-DG.
2 Determine optimal PV-DG capacity and location (15% of MD), simultaneously
6 Determine optimal PV-DG capacity and location (unlimited capacity), simultaneous
7-12 Further increase of PV-DG (random value) beyond optimal capacity ( > )
( ) ≤ ≤ ( ) (8)
The minimum and maximum size of proposed limited DG ( ( ) and ( )) is set between
0-15% MD, 0-25% MD, 0-35% MD, and 0-45% MD as determined in Case 2, Case 3, Case 4 and Case 5
respectively in Table 1. These PV-DG percentage are randomly selected criteria before reaching .
b. Power balance constraint
(9)
The summation of the total power supply by substation and power output from the DG must be
equal to the total size of load plus total power losses.
c. Voltage bus constraint
(10)
where n is a number of buses in the distribution system.
d. Radial circuit constraint
For national, state and district level hospital, the distribution network in each case studies shall
remain its radial circuit, i.e. maintaining the original condition of all off point (OP) switchgear shown in
Figure 1(a), Figure 1(b) and Figure 1(c). In further process, the result from the simulated optimization
(with limitation capacity) is observed and if the condition of ≤ ≤ is true, the DG value is effectively
achieved, where this value is kept in the list of new assessment criteria. Then, the process repeated by

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increasing the percentage level of limitation to obtain remaining PV-DG output generated until the result of
total line losses becoming higher than , where at this stage, the value of PV-DG for integration with
these selected distribution networks is no longer effective for power loss reduction. All data related to the test
system can be obtained in Appendix A–Appendix C.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From the results in Table 2(a), 2(b) and 2(c), original total power losses in the system (without
PV-DG integration) as in Case 1 for National level hospital, State level hospital, and District level hospital
represent the initial losses and used as a base case in the comparable making with further loss reduction
outcome. Subsequently in National level for Case 2, imposing PV-DG with limitation capacity ( =15%
from MD), resulting with 4% and 7% of total line losses reduction for Zone A and Zone B respectively.
Whereas, for State level, the power losses outcome is reduced to 3% and 9% (Zone A and Zone B), finally,
for District level, the output power loss is reduced to 4% (Zone A). At this 15% MD limited PV-DG value,
the overall range of percentage reduction are gained between 3% to 9% (Case 2 for all level hospital).
Table 2. Simulation result for (a) National level, (b) State level, and (c) District level hospital
Case 1 2 3 4 5 6
Zone A
MD=1097kW
Optimal
DG in
kW (Bus)
- 165
(5)
274
(4)
384
(4)
494
(4)
546
(7)
Total Power Losses (kW) 464 446 285 136 62 53
Percentage Reduction (%) 4% 39% 71% 87% 89%
Proposed RE Scoring - 1 2 3 4 5
Zone B
MD=1590kW
Optimal
DG in
kW (Bus)
- 239
(14)
398
(14)
557
(14)
716
(13)
840
(13)
(a)
Case 1 2 3 4 5 6
Zone A
MD=1248kW
Optimal
DG in
kW (Bus)
- 187
(5)
312
(5)
437
(5)
562
(4)
654
(3)
Zone B
MD=2584kW
Optimal
DG in
kW (Bus)
- 388
(6)
646
(6)
904
(5)
1163
(5)
1600
(4)
(b)
Case 1 2 3 4 5 6
Zone A
MD=1232kW
Optimal
DG in
kW (Bus)
- 185
(2)
308
(2)
431
(2)
554
(2)
885
(5)
(c)
The reduction value of losses also achieved in Case 3 ( =25% from MD), Case 4 ( =35%
from MD) and Case 5 ( =45% from MD) for all level hospital since these are still in the curve of lower
losses region as described in [28]. The percentage range of loss reduction are as shown in Table 3. Without
limiting the PV-DG in the optimization of Case 6 ( ) it provides the best outcome in loss
reduction, where these optimal PV-DG resulting in 71% to 91% of loss reduction in overall level. This

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optimal PV-DG value also vary from 53% (minimum) to 72% (maximum). In order to make it more firm
with wider applicable criteria, a minimum value i.e. 53% is set into the round up figure, i.e. 55% and is made
as the maximum scoring in new proposed RE assessment. Consequently, further increased PV-DG beyond
the optimal capacity ( > ) as in case 7 to 12, the total line losses are rising back towards greater than
optimal losses ( > ) values, and moving beyond the base case value ( > > ) as illustrated in Figure
2(a), Figure 2(b) and Figure 2(c).
Table 3. New RE criteria setting (capacity) based on its’ potential in total loss reduction
Case 1 2 3 4 5 6
RE capacity (% from MD) 15% 25% 35% 45% Approx. 55%
Range of loss reduction (%) for
all level
3%-9% 21%-47% 51%-71% 67%-87% 71%-91%
(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 2. Variation of power loss curve for, (a) National level hospital, (b) State level hospital, and (c)
District level hospital
From the above analysis, the values of total losses versus simulation cases (DG capacity and
location) were graphically plotted as in Figure 2(a) to Figure 2(c) and the results confirmed the energy losses
variation as a function of the penetration level of DG forms a U-shape trajectory in all the situations
according to [29] and [30] which also supported by a study in [31] and [28]. Other supported literature also
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Total
Losses
(kW)
Simulation Cases (DG Capacity and Location)
Zone A
Accepted lower
losses region
(15% ≤ ≤ )
Increment into higher
losses region
( > )

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obtained from [32] where power flow in a traditional distribution network was unidirectional and determined
by the load profile due to centralized and passive with radial topology in the traditional development of the
distribution networks. With the present of DG, the power system is changing, i.e. a large number of DG units
are commonly connected to a distribution network which transformed into active modern distribution
network with bidirectional power flows defined by the load profile and the DG generation units [33].
Based on the graph in Figure 2, five range of proposed assessment criteria (i.e. Case 2 to Case 6)
reduced total line losses and in the range of lower region curve which laid between the base case and the
optimal loss value. Therefore, new assessment for RE criteria is proposed, and the current setting comparison
from three different GBRS by [28] is referred to differentiate this new proposed setting as shown in Table 4,
thus, it is clearly observed that none of GBI, LEED, and MyCREST provide the RE criteria within this range
of lower loss region as compared to the proposed new assessment criteria.
Table 4. Proposed new RE criteria and comparison with GBI, LEED, and MyCREST
Proposed New Assessment
Criteria
GBI LEED v4 MyCREST
Parameter
setting for PV-
DG capacity
Score
Parameter setting
for PV-DG
capacity
Score
Parameter setting
for PV-DG
capacity
Score
Parameter setting
for PV-DG
capacity
Score
15% of MD or
total electricity
consumption
1 (min)
0.25% of MD or
total electricity
consumption or
2kWp
1 (min)
Points
0 to 5
(max)
RE of 0.5% from
total building
energy use
1 (min)
25% of MD or
total electricity
consumption
2
0.5% of MD or
total electricity
consumption or
5kWp
2
RE of 1% from
total building
energy use
2
35% of MD or
total electricity
consumption
3
1.0% of MD or
total electricity
consumption or
10kWp
3
RE of 2% from
total building
energy use
3
45% of MD or
total electricity
consumption
4
1.5% of MD or
total electricity
consumption or
20kWp
4
RE of 3% from
total building
energy use
4
(max)
55% of MD or
total electricity
consumption
5
(max)
2.0% of MD or
total electricity
consumption or
40kWp
5
(max)
From the whole analysis, optimization of PV-DG location and output simultaneously and
reassessment of RE parameter setting give the best option to the green building developer through GBRS to
provide the lowest line loss impact in the existing network. This can be seen by choosing the first five criteria
(Case 2–Case 6) from graph in Figure 2 as well as establishment of new assessment criteria in Table 4, which
has been proven on the effectiveness in reducing total line losses, hence, is proposed to be applied in GBRS
for more justified and effective outcome. However, the optimal location for PV-DG placement needs to be
simulated differently for other different public hospital application.
5. CONCLUSION
This paper presents the simulated outcome-based for the worth application of PV-DG imposed in
green building development for selected Malaysian public hospitals. The objective function representing total
line losses contribution gives a better justified measure for expanding capacity towards optimal DG setting,

1187
thus, the PV-DG assessment criteria in current GBRS is proposed to be reviewed into new parameter setting
as in Table 4 specifically for application within selected Malaysian public hospitals due to their high energy
demand [19] and distinctive electrical load profile [28].
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express their appreciation to the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
and Ministry of Education for funding this study via grants R.K130000.7740.4J315 and
Q.K130000.2540.16H95.
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Appendix A: Bus and line data for National Hospital level
Zone Zone A Zone B
Input data Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6 Bus 7 Bus 11 Bus 12 Bus 13 Bus 14
Voltage (kV) 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.3 11.2 11.2
P Load (kW) 100 472 105 420 499 465 539 87
Q Load (kVAR) 52 170 -46 240 -68 157 111 52
Resistance, R
(Ω/Km)
Bus 4-5=0.049, Bus 5-6=0.098,
Bus 6-7=0.0686
Bus 11-12=0.049, Bus 12-13=0.0686,
Bus 13-14=0.049
Reactance, X
(Ω/Km)
Bus 4-5=0.0377, Bus 5-6=0.0754,
Bus 6-7=0.0528
Bus 11-12=0.0377, Bus 12-13=0.0528,
Bus 13-14=0.0377
Appendix B: Bus and line data for State Hospital level
Zone Zone A Zone B
Input data Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5 Bus 6 Bus 7 Bus 8 Bus 9
Voltage (kV) 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9
Real Power, P (kW) 710 187 151.5 199 1190 465 457 283 189
Reactive Power, Q (kVAR) 22.5 98 77 125 20.9 130 175 137 63
Resistance, R (Ω/Km) Bus 1-2=0.049, Bus 2-3=0.0196,
Bus 3-4=0.0294
Bus 5-6=0.0294, Bus 6-7=0.0196, Bus 7-8=0.049,
Bus 8-9=0.0294
Reactance, X (Ω/Km) Bus 1-2=0.0377, Bus 2-3=0.0151,
Bus 3-4=0.0226
Bus 11-12=0.0377, Bus 12-13=0.0528,
Bus 13-14=0.0377
Appendix C: Bus and line data for District Hospital level
Zone Zone A
Input data Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4 Bus 5
Voltage (kV) 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9
Real Power, P (kW) 217 50 479 485
Reactive Power, Q (kVAR) 33.42 10 181 198
Resistance, R (Ω/Km) Bus 3-4=0.0196, Bus 4-5=0.0686, Bus 5-2=0.049
Reactance, X (Ω/Km) Bus 3-4=0.0151, Bus 4-5=0.0528, Bus 5-2=0.0377

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