Oracle dba interview

Oracle DBA interview
Questions
Oracle Concepts and Architecture
Database Structures
1. What are the components of physical database structure of Oracle database?
Oracle database is comprised of three types of files. One or more datafiles, two are more
redo log files, and one or more control files.
2. What are the components of logical database structure of Oracle database?
There are tablespaces and database's schema objects.
3. What is a tablespace?
A database is divided into Logical Storage Unit called tablespaces. A tablespace is used
to grouped related logical structures together.
4. What is SYSTEM tablespace and when is it created?
Every Oracle database contains a tablespace named SYSTEM, which is automatically
created when the database is created. The SYSTEM tablespace always contains the data
dictionary tables for the entire database.
5. Explain the relationship among database, tablespace and data file.
Each databases logically divided into one or more tablespaces one or more data files are
explicitly created for each tablespace.
6. What is schema?
A schema is collection of database objects of a user.
7. What are Schema Objects?
Schema objects are the logical structures that directly refer to the database's data. Schema
objects include tables, views, sequences, synonyms, indexes, clusters, database triggers,
procedures, functions packages and database links.
8. Can objects of the same schema reside in different tablespaces?
Yes.
9. Can a tablespace hold objects from different schemes?
Yes.
10. What is Oracle table?
A table is the basic unit of data storage in an Oracle database. The tables of a database
hold all of the user accessible data. Table data is stored in rows and columns.

11. What is an Oracle view?
A view is a virtual table. Every view has a query attached to it. (The query is a SELECT
statement that identifies the columns and rows of the table(s) the view uses.)
12. Do a view contain data?
Views do not contain or store data.
13. Can a view based on another view?
Yes.
14. What are the advantages of views?
- Provide an additional level of table security, by restricting access to a predetermined set
of rows and columns of a table.
- Hide data complexity.
- Simplify commands for the user.
- Present the data in a different perspective from that of the base table.
- Store complex queries.
15. What is an Oracle sequence?
A sequence generates a serial list of unique numbers for numerical columns of a
database's tables.
16. What is a synonym?
A synonym is an alias for a table, view, sequence or program unit.
17. What are the types of synonyms?
There are two types of synonyms private and public.
18. What is a private synonym?
Only its owner can access a private synonym.
19. What is a public synonym?
Any database user can access a public synonym.
20. What are synonyms used for?
- Mask the real name and owner of an object.
- Provide public access to an object
- Provide location transparency for tables, views or program units of a remote database.
- Simplify the SQL statements for database users.
21. What is an Oracle index?
An index is an optional structure associated with a table to have direct access to rows,
which can be created to increase the performance of data retrieval. Index can be created
on one or more columns of a table.
22. How are the index updates?
Indexes are automatically maintained and used by Oracle. Changes to table data are
automatically incorporated into all relevant indexes.
23. What are clusters?
Clusters are groups of one or more tables physically stores together to share common
columns and are often used together.
24. What is cluster key?
The related columns of the tables in a
cluster are called the cluster key.
25. What is index cluster?
A cluster with an index on the cluster key.

26. What is hash cluster?
A row is stored in a hash cluster based on the result of applying a hash function to the
row's cluster key value. All rows with the same hash key value are stores together on
disk.
27. When can hash cluster used?
Hash clusters are better choice when a table is often queried with equality queries. For
such queries the specified cluster key value is hashed. The resulting hash key value points
directly to the area on disk that stores the specified rows.
28. What is database link?
A database link is a named object that describes a "path" from one database to another.
29. What are the types of database
links?
Private database link, public database link & network database link.
30. What is private database link?
Private database link is created on behalf of a specific user. A private database link can
be used only when the owner of the link specifies a global object name in a SQL
statement or in the definition of the owner's views or procedures.
31. What is public database link?
Public database link is created for the special user group PUBLIC. A public database link
can be used when any user in the associated database specifies a global object name in a
SQL statement or object definition.
32. What is network database link?
Network database link is created and managed by a network domain service. A network
database link can be used when any user of any database in the network specifies a global
object name in a SQL statement or object definition.
33. What is data block?
Oracle database's data is stored in data blocks. One data block corresponds to a specific
number of bytes of physical database space on disk.
34. How to define data block size?
A data block size is specified for each Oracle database when the database is created. A
database users and allocated free database space in Oracle data blocks. Block size is
specified in init.ora file and cannot be changed latter.
35. What is row chaining?
In circumstances, all of the data for a row in a table may not be able to fit in the same
data block. When this occurs, the data for the row is stored in a chain of data block (one
or more) reserved for that segment.
36. What is an extent?
An extent is a specific number of contiguous data blocks, obtained in a single allocation
and used to store a specific type of information.
37. What is a segment?
A segment is a set of extents allocated for a certain logical structure.
38. What are the different types of segments?
Data segment, index segment, rollback segment and temporary segment.
39. What is a data segment?

Each non-clustered table has a data segment. All of the table's data is stored in the extents
of its data segment. Each cluster has a data segment. The data of every table in the cluster
is stored in the cluster's data segment.
40. What is an index segment?
Each index has an index segment that stores all of its data.
41. What is rollback segment?
A database contains one or more rollback segments to temporarily store "undo"
information.
42. What are the uses of rollback segment?
To generate read-consistent database information during database recovery and to
rollback uncommitted transactions by the users.
43. What is a temporary segment?
Temporary segments are created by Oracle when a SQL statement needs a temporary
work area to complete execution. When the statement finishes execution, the temporary
segment extents are released to the system for future use.
44. What is a datafile?
Every Oracle database has one or more physical data files. A database's data files contain
all the database data. The data of logical database structures such as tables and indexes is
physically stored in the data files allocated for a database.
45. What are the characteristics of data files?
A data file can be associated with only one database. Once created a data file can't change
size. One or more data files form a logical unit of database storage called a tablespace.
46. What is a redo log?
The set of redo log files for a database is collectively known as the database redo log.
47. What is the function of redo log?
The primary function of the redo log is to record all changes made to data.
48. What is the use of redo log information?
The information in a redo log file is used only to recover the database from a system or
media failure prevents database data from being written to a database's data files.
49. What does a control file contains?
- Database name
- Names and locations of a database's files and redolog files.
- Time stamp of database creation.
50. What is the use of control file?
When an instance of an Oracle database is started, its control file is used to identify the
database and redo log files that must be opened for database operation to proceed. It is
also used in database recovery.
Data Base Administration
51. What is a database instance? Explain.
A database instance (Server) is a set of memory structure and background processes that
access a set of database files. The processes can be shared by all of the users. The
memory structure that is used to store the most queried data from database. This helps up
to improve database performance by decreasing the amount of I/O performed against data
file.
52. What is Parallel Server?
Multiple instances accessing the same database (only in multi-CPU environments)

53. What is a schema?
The set of objects owned by user account is called the schema.
54. What is an index? How it is implemented in Oracle database?
An index is a database structure used by the server to have direct access of a row
in a table. An index is automatically created when a unique of primary key
constraint clause is specified in create table command
55. What are clusters?
Group of tables physically stored together because they share common columns and are
often used together is called cluster.
56. What is a cluster key?
The related columns of the tables are called the cluster key. The cluster key is indexed
using a cluster index and its value is stored only once for multiple tables in the cluster.
57. What are the basic element of base configuration of an Oracle database?
It consists of one or more data files. one or more control files. two or more redo log files.
The Database contains multiple users/schemas one or more rollback segments one or
more tablespaces Data dictionary tables User objects (table,indexes,views etc.,)
The server that access the database consists of SGA (Database buffer, Dictionary Cache
Buffers, Redo log buffers, Shared SQL pool) SMON (System MONito) PMON (Process
MONitor) LGWR (LoG Write) DBWR (Data Base Write) ARCH (ARCHiver) CKPT
(Check Point) RECO Dispatcher User Process with associated PGS
58. What is a deadlock? Explain.
Two processes waiting to update the rows of a table, which are locked by other processes
then deadlock arises. In a database environment this will often happen because of not
issuing the proper row lock commands. Poor design of front-end application may cause
this situation and the performance of server will reduce drastically. These locks will be
released automatically when a commit/rollback operation performed or any one of this
processes being killed externally.
Memory Management
59. What is SGA?
The System Global Area in an Oracle database is the area in memory to facilitate the
transfer of information between users. It holds the most recently requested structural
information between users. It holds the most recently requested structural information
about the database. The structure is database buffers, dictionary cache, redo log buffer
and shared pool area.
60. What is a shared pool?
The data dictionary cache is stored in an area in SGA called the shared pool. This will
allow sharing of parsed SQL statements among concurrent users.
61. What is mean by Program Global Area (PGA)?
It is area in memory that is used by a single Oracle user process.
62. What is a data segment?
Data segment are the physical areas within a database block in which the data associated
with tables and clusters are stored.
63. What are the factors causing the reparsing of SQL statements in SGA?
Due to insufficient shared pool size. Monitor the ratio of the reloads takes place while
executing SQL statements. If the ratio is greater than 1 then increase the
SHARED_POOL_SIZE.

Database Logical & Physical
Architecture
64. What is Database Buffers?
Database buffers are cache in the SGA used to hold the data blocks that are read from the
data segments in the database such as tables, indexes and clusters
DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS parameter in INIT.ORA decides the size.
65. What is dictionary cache?
Dictionary cache is information about the database objects stored in a data dictionary table.
66. What is meant by recursive hints?
Number of times processes repeatedly query the dictionary table is called recursive hints.
It is due to the data dictionary cache is too small. By increasing the
SHARED_POOL_SIZE parameter we can optimize the size of data dictionary cache.
67. What is redo log buffer?
Changes made to the records are written to the on-line redo log files. So that they can be
used in roll forward operations during database recoveries. Before writing them into the
redo log files, they will first brought to redo log buffers in SGA and LGWR will write
into files frequently. LOG_BUFFER parameter will decide the size.
68. How will you swap objects into a different table space for an existing database?
- Export the user
- Perform import using the command imp system/manager file=export.dmp
indexfile=newrite.sql. This will create all definitions into newfile.sql.
- Drop necessary objects.
- Run the script newfile.sql after altering the tablespaces.
- Import from the backup for the necessary objects.
69. List the Optional Flexible Architecture (OFA) of Oracle database? How can we
organize the tablespaces in Oracle database to have maximum performance?
SYSTEM - Data dictionary tables.
DATA - Standard operational tables.
DATA2- Static tables used for standard operations
INDEXES - Indexes for Standard operational tables.
INDEXES1 - Indexes of static tables used for standard operations.
TOOLS - Tools table.
TOOLS1 - Indexes for tools table.
RBS - Standard Operations Rollback Segments,
RBS1,RBS2 - Additional/Special Rollback segments.
TEMP - Temporary purpose tablespace
TEMP_USER - Temporary tablespace for users.
USERS - User tablespace.
70. How will you force database to use particular rollback segment?
SET TRANSACTION USE, ROLLBACK SEGMENT rbs_name.
71. What is meant by free extent?
A free extent is a collection of continuous free blocks in tablespace. When a segment is
dropped its extents are reallocated and are marked as free.
72.Which parameter in Storage clause will reduce number of rows per block?
PCTFREE parameter , Row size also reduces no of rows per block.
73. What is the significance of having storage clause?

We can plan the storage for a table as how much initial extents are required, how much
can be extended next, how much % should leave free for managing row updating, etc.,
74. How does Space allocation table place within a block?
Each block contains entries as follows Fixed block header Variable block header Row
Header, row date (multiple rows may exists) PCTEREE (% of free space for row
updating in future)
75. What is the role of PCTFREE parameter is storage clause?
This is used to reserve certain amount of space in a block for expansion of rows.
76. What is the OPTIMAL parameter?
It is used to set the optimal length of a rollback segment.
77. What is the functionality of SYSTEM table space?
To manage the database level transactions such as modifications of the data dictionary
table that record information about the free space usage.
78. How will you create multiple rollback segments in a database?
- Create a database, which implicitly creates a SYSTEM rollback segment in a SYSTEM
tablespace.
- Create a second rollback segment name R0 in the SYSTEM tablespace.
- Make new rollback segment available (after shutdown, modify init.ora file and
start database)
- Create other tablespaces (RBS) for rollback segments.
- Deactivate rollback segment R0 and activate the newly created rollback
segments.
79. How the space utilization takes place within rollback segments?
It will try to fit the transaction in a cyclic fashion to all existing extents. Once it
found an extent is in use then it forced to acquire a new extent (number of extents
is based on the optimal size)
80. Why query fails sometimes?
Rollback segment dynamically extent to handle larger transactions entry loads. A single
transaction may wipeout all available free space in the rollback segment tablespace. This
prevents other user using rollback segments.
81. How will you monitor the space allocation?
By querying DBA_SEGMENT table/view
82. How will you monitor rollback segment status?
Querying the DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS view IN USE – Rollback Segment is on-line.
AVAILABLE – Rollback Segment available but not on-line. OFF-LINE - Rollback
Segment off-line INVALID – Rollback Segment Dropped. NEEDS RECOVERY -
Contains data but need recovery or corrupted. PARTLY AVAILABLE - Contains data
from an unresolved transaction involving a distributed database.
83. List the sequence of events when a large transaction that exceeds beyond its optimal
value when an entry wraps and causes the rollback segment to expand into another
extend.
Transaction Begins. An entry is made in the RES header for new transactions entry
Transaction acquires blocks in an extent of RBS The entry attempts to wrap into second
extent. None is available, so that the RBS must extent. The RBS checks to see if it is part
of its OPTIMAL size. RBS chooses its oldest inactive segment. Oldest inactive segment
is eliminated. RBS extents The data dictionary tables for space management are updated.

Transaction Completes.
84. How can we plan storage for very large tables?
Limit the number of extents in the table Separate table from its indexes. Allocate
sufficient temporary storage.
85. How will you estimate the space required by a non-clustered tables?
Calculate the total header size Calculate the available data space per data block Calculate
the combined column lengths of the average row Calculate the total average row size.
Calculate the average number rows that can fit in a block Calculate the number of blocks
and bytes required for the table. After arriving the calculation, add 10 % additional space
to calculate the initial extent size for a working table.
86. It is possible to use raw devices as data files and what are the advantages over file
system files?
Yes.
The advantages over file system files are that I/O will be improved because Oracle is
bye-passing the kernel which writing into disk. Disk corruption will be very less.
87. What is a Control file?
Database's overall physical architecture is maintained in a file called control file. It will
be used to maintain internal consistency and guide recovery operations. Multiple copies
of control files are advisable.
88. How to implement the multiple control files for an existing database?
Shutdown the database Copy one of the existing controlfile to new location
Edit Config ora file by adding new control filename Restart the database.
89. What is redo log file mirroring? How can be achieved?
Process of having a copy of redo log files is called mirroring. This can be achieved by
creating group of log files together, so that LGWR will automatically writes them to all
the members of the current on-line redo log group. If any one group fails then database
automatically switch over to next group. It degrades performance.
90. What is advantage of having disk shadowing / mirroring?
Shadow set of disks save as a backup in the event of disk failure. In most operating
systems if any disk failure occurs it automatically switchover to place of failed disk.
Improved performance because most OS support volume shadowing can direct file I/O
request to use the shadow set of files instead of the main set of files. This reduces I/O
load on the main set of disks.
91. What is use of rollback segments in Oracle database?
They allow the database to maintain read consistency between multiple transactions.
92. What is a rollback segment entry?
It is the set of before image data blocks that contain rows that are modified by a
transaction. Each rollback segment entry must be completed within one rollback segment.
A single rollback segment can have multiple rollback segment entries.
93. What is hit ratio?
It is a measure of well the data cache buffer is handling requests for data. Hit Ratio =
(Logical Reads – Physical Reads - Hits Misses)/ Logical Reads.
94. When will be a segment released?
When Segment is dropped. When Shrink (RBS only) When truncated (TRUNCATE used
with drop storage option)
95. What are disadvantages of having raw devices?

We should depend on export/import utility for backup/recovery (fully
reliable) The tar command cannot be used for physical file backup, instead we can use
dd command, which is less flexible and has limited recoveries.
96. List the factors that can affect the accuracy of the estimations?
- The space used transaction entries and deleted records, does not become free
immediately after completion due to delayed cleanout. - Trailing nulls and length bytes
are not stored. - Inserts of, updates to and deletes of rows as well as columns larger than a
single data block, can cause fragmentation a chained row pieces.
Database Security & Administration
97. What is user Account in Oracle database?
A user account is not a physical structure in database but it is having important
relationship to the objects in the database and will be having certain privileges.
98. How will you enforce security using stored procedures?
Don't grant user access directly to tables within the application. Instead grant the ability
to access the procedures that access the tables. When procedure executed it will execute
the privilege of procedures owner. Users cannot access tables except via the procedure.
99. What are the dictionary tables used to monitor a database space?
DBA_FREE_SPACE
DBA_SEGMENTS
DBA_DATA_FILES.
SQL*Plus Statements
100. What are the types of SQL statement?
Data Definition Language: CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, REVOKE, NO
AUDIT & COMMIT. Data Manipulation Language: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE,
LOCK TABLE, EXPLAIN PLAN & SELECT. Transactional Control: COMMIT &
ROLLBACK Session Control: ALTERSESSION & SET ROLE System Control: ALTER
SYSTEM.
101. What is a transaction?
Transaction is logical unit between two commits and commit and rollback.
102. What is difference between TRUNCATE & DELETE?
TRUNCATE commits after deleting entire table i.e., cannot be rolled back. Database
triggers do not fire on TRUNCATE DELETE allows the filtered deletion. Deleted
records can be rolled back or committed. Database triggers fire on DELETE.
103. What is a join? Explain the different types of joins?
Join is a query, which retrieves related columns or rows from multiple tables. Self Join -
Joining the table with itself. Equi Join - Joining two tables by equating two common
columns. Non-Equi Join - Joining two tables by equating two common columns.
Outer Join - Joining two tables in such a way that query can also retrieve rows
that do not have corresponding join value in the other table.
104. What is the sub-query?
Sub-query is a query whose return values are used in filtering conditions of the main
query.
105. What is correlated sub-query?
Correlated sub-query is a sub-query, which has reference to the main query.
106. Explain CONNECT BY PRIOR?
Retrieves rows in hierarchical order eg. select empno, ename from emp where.

107. Difference between SUBSTR and INSTR?
INSTR (String1, String2 (n, (m)), INSTR returns the position of the m-th occurrence of
the string 2 in string1. The search begins from nth position of string1.
SUBSTR (String1 n, m) SUBSTR returns a character string of size m in string1, starting
from n-th position of string1.
108. Explain UNION, MINUS, UNION ALL and INTERSECT?
INTERSECT - returns all distinct rows selected by both queries.
MINUS - returns all distinct rows selected by the first query but not by the second.
UNION - returns all distinct rows selected by either query
UNION ALL - returns all rows selected by either query, including all duplicates.
109. What is ROWID?
ROWID is a pseudo column attached to each row of a table. It is 18 characters long,
blockno, rownumber are the components of ROWID.
110. What is the fastest way of accessing a row in a table?
Using ROWID. CONSTRAINTS
111. What is an integrity constraint?
Integrity constraint is a rule that restricts values to a column in a table.
112. What is referential integrity constraint?
Maintaining data integrity through a set of rules that restrict the values of one or more
columns of the tables based on the values of primary key or unique key of the referenced
table.
113. What is the usage of SAVEPOINTS?
SAVEPOINTS are used to subdivide a transaction into smaller parts. It enables rolling
back part of a transaction. Maximum of five save points are allowed.
114. What is ON DELETE CASCADE?
When ON DELETE CASCADE is specified Oracle maintains referential integrity by
automatically removing dependent foreign key values if a referenced primary or unique
key value is removed.
115. What are the data types allowed in a table?
CHAR, VARCHAR2, NUMBER, DATE, RAW, LONG and LONG RAW.
116. What is difference between CHAR and VARCHAR2? What is the maximum SIZE
allowed for each type?
CHAR pads blank spaces to the maximum length. VARCHAR2 does not pad blank
spaces. For CHAR the maximum length is 255 and 2000 for VARCHAR2.
117. How many LONG columns are allowed in a table? Is it possible to use LONG
columns in WHERE clause or ORDER BY?
Only one LONG column is allowed. It is not possible to use LONG column in WHERE
or ORDER BY clause.
118. What are the pre-requisites to modify datatype of a column and to add a column
with NOT NULL constraint?
- To modify the datatype of a column the column must be empty.
- To add a column with NOT NULL constrain, the table must be empty.
119. Where the integrity constraints are stored in data dictionary?
The integrity constraints are stored In USER_CONSTRAINTS.
120. How will you activate/deactivate integrity constraints?

The integrity constraints can be enabled or disabled by ALTER TABLE ENABLE
CONSTRAINT / DISABLE CONSTRAINT.
121. If unique key constraint on DATE column is created, will it validate the rows that
are inserted with SYSDATE?
It won't, Because SYSDATE format contains time attached with it.
122. What is a database link?
Database link is a named path through which a remote database can be accessed.
123. How to access the current value and next value from a sequence? Is it possible to
access the current value in a session before accessing next value?
Sequence name CURRVAL, sequence name NEXTVAL. It is not possible. Only if you
access next value in the session, current value can be accessed.
124. What is CYCLE/NO CYCLE in a Sequence?
CYCLE specifies that the sequence continue to generate values after reaching either
maximum or minimum value. After pan-ascending sequence reaches its maximum value,
it generates its minimum value. After a descending sequence reaches its minimum, it
generates its maximum. NO CYCLE specifies that the sequence cannot generate more
values after reaching its maximum or minimum value.
125. What are the advantages of VIEW?
- To protect some of the columns of a table from other users.
- To hide complexity of a query.
- To hide complexity of calculations.
126. Can a view be updated/inserted/deleted? If Yes - under what conditions?
A View can be updated/deleted/inserted if it has only one base table if the view is
based on columns from one or more tables then insert, update and delete is not possible.
127. If a view on a single base table is manipulated will the changes be reflected on the
base table?
If changes are made to the tables and these tables are the base tables of a view, then the
changes will be reference on the view.
Some quick answers...
TUNING [2] -- use trace files and tkprof
SHELL [1] --
view: $ tar -tvf ./arch1.tar
extract: $ tar -xvf ./arch1.tar
SHELL [3] -- $ egrep "ORA-00054" *log -r
SHELL [4] -- $ ls -la
SOLARIS [1] -- smtx = mutex stall (type of locking), number of times a CPU failed to
obtain a
mutex immediately. smtx=0 all is OK (smtx above 500 = big problem)..... impact: [big
smtx] =
[harddisk extremely busy]
SOLARIS [2] -- check swap space: $ /usr/sbin/swap -s
SOLARIS [3] -- setting the kernel memory parameters... for Oracle, modify /etc/system,
and server
must have 2 GB RAM (more recommended)
Re: Senior Oracle DBA interview questions (Score: 1)
by Administrator on Mar 24, 2003 - 02:52 PM

(User info | Send a Message) http://www.dbaclick.com
If you are looking for more Oracle DBA interview questions, make sure to check these
articles too:
Oracle DBA interview questions
127 Oracle DBA job interview questions
How to become Oracle DBA - interview tips and preparation
Good luck on your interviews !!!
by Administrator on Apr 21, 2003 - 02:48 PM
(User info | Send a Message) http://www.dbaclick.com
Hi,
Check out this site for all Sample Question Papers of Major Software Companies:
http://freshersworld.com/questions/questions.html
and also for some job interview tips.
by adrian (nospam@yahoo.com) on May 09, 2003 - 10:17 AM
(User info | Send a Message) http://
I passed my interview last week. It was tough and still waiting for the results. Hope I will
get the position soon.
Here are some of the questions they asked me:
1) Schema A has some objects and created one procedure and granted to Schema B.
Schema B has the same objects like schema A. Schema B executed the procedure like
inserting some records. In this case where the data will be stored whether in Schema A or
Schema B?
2) What is mutated trigger, is it the problem of locks. In single user mode we got mutated
error, as a DBA how you will resolve it?
3) In exception handling we have some NOT_FOUND and OTHERS. In inner layer we
have some NOT_FOUND and OTHERS. While executing which one whether outer layer
or inner layer will check first?
4) Dual table explain. Is any data internally storing in dual table. Lot of users are
accessing select sysdate from dual and they getting some millisecond differences. If we
execute SELECT SYSDATE FROM EMP; what error will we get. Why?
5) How can you see the source code of the package?
6) You are regularly changing the package body part. How will you create or what will
you do before creating that package?
7) How do you increase the performance of %LIKE operator?
8) Shall we create procedures to fetch more than one record?

9) If the SQL * Plus hangs for a long time, what is the reason?
10) All the users are complaining that their application is hanging. How you will resolve
this situation in OLTP?
11) How to check to memory gap once the SGA is started in Restricted mode?
12) In which situation whether peak time or off peak time you will execute the
ANALYZE TABLE command. Why?
13) If the large table contains thousands of records and the application is accessing 35%
of the table which method to use: index searching or full table scan?
14) What are the differences between database designing and database modeling?
15) What are the differences you have seen while installing Oracle on NT and Unix
platform?
16) How to do the scheduled task/jobs in Unix platform?
17) What is bulk SQL?
18) If the entire disk is corrupted how will you and what are the steps to recover the
database?
Hope that will be helpful to everyone.
Oracle DBA interview questions
1. What are the different tablespaces in database?
2. How to drop the index?
3. How to drop the column in a table?
4. How to take the export and import of users level?
5. What are the new parameters in imp?
6. If the application is running very slow? At what points you need to go about the
database in order to improve the performance?
7. Specifically on Application Tuning?
8. What are the possible backups are there?
9. How to see the free spaces information in sun solaris?
10. How to find the running processes? 11. How to clone the database?
12. 12. What is Oracle database instance?
13. 13. What is Oracle database?
14. 14. Name all the background processes?
15. 15. What are LGWR, SMON, PMON, DBWR? Explain in details?
16. What exactly happens when a user issues an UPDATE statement?
17. What are the various hit ratios in SGA? How to monitor?
18. What files form a database? Explain about control files?
19. When an UPDATE statement is very slow, what will you do?

20. What privileges are needed to connect to a database?
21. 21. How to monitor rollback segment contention?
22. When “SNAPSHOT TOO OLD” error will occur?
23. What is the difference between logical backup and physical backup?
24. How to export Oracle tablespace?
25. What is DIRECT=Y option in export?
26. Pipe command syntax
27. How to take hot backup?
28. What third party tools, you used for sql tuning?
29. What is TRANSACTION TABLE in rollback segment?
30. What is the simplest way to collect database statistics?
31. 31. How to generate trace file? tkprof options?
32. What is the difference between rule based optimization and cost based optimization?
32. When will you use NESTED LOOP join and SORT MERGE join?
33. What is the difference between CHAINED ROW and MIGRATED ROW?
33. Rollback segment contention? How do you solve?
34. What for OPTIMAL (rollback segment) size? And tell me the syntax how will you
define it?
35. Describe the exp utility parameters and syntax?
36. Describe the imp utility parameters and syntax?
37. Backup strategy that you followed for different clients?
38. What are the different export options?
39. How to use pipe commands in UNIX during export?
40. How to find the running processes?
41. Have you ever used any database monitoring tools?
42. If the application is running very slow?
At what points you need to go about the database in order to improve the performance?
43. How to solve the contention on Rollback segments?
44. What are the parameters you need to look at in output file (tkprof)? How to identify
that the given SQL statement is bad by looking into the tkprof output file? How to use
pipe commands in UNIX during export?
45. Tell me about your technical background?
46. What were all the problems you have faced?
47. What are the projects that you have so far involved? Depending on whether the Orace
DBA is OCP certified.
I would start the interview with thesee questions:
1. What is the difference between the WHERE clause and the HAVING clause on a SQL
statement?
2. What is SQL.BSQ?
3. What is the difference between a static and a dynamic cursor and when would you
choose one over the other? Then, if they cannot answer these questions, likely I would
show them to the door. But if they passed I would continue with questions reserved for
those with real experience on their resume.
4. Describe the most difficult crash and restore you have ever had to deal with in great

and painful detail.
If none ... out the door again or we continue with:
5. What dba_ and v$ objects should be available to developers and why?
6. Go to the whiteboard and demonstrate your knowledge of ALL ASPECTS of the
Oracle Security Model.
7. Explain the difference between UNDO and ROLLBACK as implemented inOracle 9i
and explain why you would use one rather than the other.
8. Then I would ask about what they would do if they received a half-dozen or so
common error messages including ORA-00600 and ORA-01555
and make sure they understood multiversioning and other basic architecture matters.
9. A series of questions hardware platform related such as, if a Solaris environment, what
is in /etc/system and how does it relate to Oracle.
10. Finally I'd ask how they feel about not having a life and carrying a pager 24 hours a
day.
I have come across with the following Senior Oracle DBA questions. For all Oracle
DBAs looking for job or preparing for job interviews, a good test to check your
knowledge. Hope that is going to be helpful for the community. Enjoy. To read the
complete article, click on the Read more ... link. Your comments or additions are
welcome.
Submitted by our member: shelley
1. How many memory layers are in the shared pool?
1/3 of physical memory, can be 2/4k depending on bit of 32 or 64
2. How do you find out from the RMAN catalog if a particular archive log has been
backed-up?
The database should be in ARCHIVE mode if you are going to use RMAN as backup
method.
3. How can you tell how much space is left on a given file system and how much space
each of the file system's subdirectories take-up?
4. Define the SGA and: • How you would configure SGA for a mid-sized OLTP
environment?
• What is involved in tuning the SGA?
5. What is the cache hit ratio, what impact does it have on performance of an Oracle
database and what is involved in tuning it?
6. Other than making use of the statspack utility, what would you check when you are
monitoring or running a health check on an Oracle 8i or 9i database?
7. How do you tell what your machine name is and what is its IP address?
8. How would you go about verifying the network name that the local_listener is
currently using?
9. You have 4 instances running on the same UNIX box. How can you determine which
shared memory and semaphores are associated with which instance?
10. What view(s) do you use to associate a user's SQLPLUS session with his o/s process?
11. What is the recommended interval at which to run statspack snapshots, and why?
12. What spfile/init.ora file parameter exists to force the CBO to make the execution path
of a given statement use an index, even if the index scan may appear to be calculated as

more costly?
13. Assuming today is Monday, how would you use the DBMS_JOB package to schedule
the execution of a given procedure owned by SCOTT to start Wednesday at 9AM and to
run subsequently every other day at 2AM.
14. How would you edit your CRONTAB to schedule the running of /test/test.sh to run
every other day at 2PM?
15. What do the 9i dbms_standard.sql_txt() and dbms_standard.sql_text() procedures do?
16. In which dictionary table or view would you look to determine at which time a
snapshot or MVIEW last successfully refreshed?
17. How would you best determine why your MVIEW couldn't FAST REFRESH?
18. How does propagation differ between Advanced Replication and Snapshot
Replication (read-only)?
19. Which dictionary view(s) would you first look at to understand or get a high-level
idea of a given Advanced Replication environment?
20. How would you begin to troubleshoot an ORA-03113 error?
21. Which dictionary tables and/or views would you look at to diagnose a locking issue?
22. An automatic job running via DBMS_JOB has failed. Knowing only that "it's failed",
how do you approach troubleshooting this issue?
23. How would you extract DDL of a table without using a GUI tool?
24. You're getting high "busy buffer waits" - how can you find what's causing it?
25. What query tells you how much space a tablespace named "test" is taking up, and
how much space is remaining?
26. Database is hung. Old and new user connections alike hang on impact. What do you
do? Your SYS SQLPLUS session IS able to connect.
27. Database crashes. Corruption is found scattered among the file system neither of your
doing nor of Oracle's. What database recovery options are available? Database is in
archive log mode.
28. Illustrate how to determine the amount of physical CPUs a Unix Box possesses
(LINUX and/or Solaris).
29. How do you increase the OS limitation for open files (LINUX and/or Solaris)?
30. Provide an example of a shell script which logs into SQLPLUS as SYS, determines
the current date, changes the date format to include minutes & seconds, issues a drop
table command, displays the date again, and finally exits.
31. Explain how you would restore a database using RMAN to Point in Time?
32. How does Oracle guarantee data integrity of data changes?
33. Which environment variables are absolutely critical in order to run the OUI?
34. What SQL query from v$session can you run to show how many sessions are logged
in as a particular user account?
35. Why does Oracle not permit the use of PCTUSED with indexes?
36. What would you use to improve performance on an insert statement that places
millions of rows into that table?
37. What would you do with an "in-doubt" distributed transaction?
38. What are the commands you'd issue to show the explain plan for "select * from
dual"?
39. In what script is "snap$" created? In what script is the "scott/tiger" schema created?
40. If you're unsure in which script a sys or system-owned object is created, but you

know it's in a script from a specific directory, what UNIX command from that directory
structure can you run to find your answer?
41. How would you configure your networking files to connect to a database by the name
of DSS which resides in domain icallinc.com?
42. You create a private database link and upon connection, fails with: ORA-2085:
connects to <fully qualified remote db name>. What is the problem? How would you go
about resolving this error?
43. I have my backup RMAN script called "backup_rman.sh". I am on the target
database. My catalog username/password is rman/rman. My catalog db is called rman.
How would you run this shell script from the o/s such that it would run as a background
process?
44. Explain the concept of the DUAL table.
45. What are the ways tablespaces can be managed and how do they differ?
46. From the database level, how can you tell under which time zone a database is
operating?
47. What's the benefit of "dbms_stats" over "analyze"?
48. Typically, where is the conventional directory structure chosen for Oracle binaries to
reside?
49. You have found corruption in a tablespace that contains static tables that are part of a
database that is in NOARCHIVE log mode. How would you restore the tablespace
without losing new data in the other tablespaces?
50. How do you recover a datafile that has not been physically been backed up since its
creation and has been deleted. Provide syntax example.
51. Draft one mock email requesting your on-technical management grant you downtime
to (provide justification where applicable) complete the following tasks:
(1) Generate statistics on a large table;
(2) Generate an RDA – if you don't know what an RDA is please say so.
(3) Rename datafiles.
The following article provides some of the PL/SQL DBA Interviews questions, asked durinng a
Oracle DBA interviews for contractors at a Bank in Luxembourg.
To read the complete article, click on the Read more ...link. Your comments or additions are
welcome.
Submitted by our member: F. Lange - Certified DBA
PL/SQL
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages, compared to the standard SQL and SQL*Plus?
2. Read the exercise. This block has not any compilation errors, sometimes it can have run time
errors. How can you trap the errors and how can I force to execute the everytimes the line B := 10
; ?
Declare
A number ;
B number ;
begin
--
select Col
into A
from tab

where col2 = 'Constant' ;
--
B := 10 ;
--
...
end ;
3. How to display the loop counter at the screen in a PL/SQL loop?
4. How can I display a LONG column? What are the maximum value, how to bypass then?
5. What is the first information displayed when you connect in sqlplus between
sqlplus scott/tiger@db
and
SQL>
6. If you execute the following commands, why in the same session have I different answer?
select 'count=' || to_char ( count ( 1 ) ) from tab where Col = 1 ;
count=100
select 'count=' || to_char ( count ( 1 ) ) from tab where Col = 2 ;
count=110
select 'count=' || to_char ( count ( 1 ) ) from tab ;
count=99
7. How can I have consistency and what are the locks ?
8. Explain the following term by a sentence
Initrans
pctincrease
ORACLE_SID
9. What are the differences betwen tkprof and explain plan?
10. What is an instance and what is a data base ?
11. When start and end a transaction ?
12. What are the database control command language? Give examples.
13. What is a view what are the problems and the benefits of it?
14. What happens in this example?
Create table a ( a number ) ;
Create view V_A as select * from a ;
Alter table a add ( b number ) ;
Alter table a modify ( a not null ) ;
select * from from V_A ;
15. What is a database link what are the problems and the benefits of it ?
select T1.col1 , T2.col2
from TAB1 T1 , TAB2@link2 T2
where T1.col1 = T2.col1
order by T2.col1 ;
16. Look at the queries, in rules base mode does Oracle use the index in the following case?
select .... from tab1 where colonne * 13.85 > 100000 /* column NUMBER */ ;
select .... from tab1 where colonne not > 10000 /* column NUMBER */ ;
select .... from tab1 where colonne = 123 /* column CHAR */ ;
select .... from tab1 where trunc ( colonne ) = trunc ( sysdate ) /* column date */ ;
select .... from tab1 where rowid = '000001D3.0000.0001' ;
select .... from tab1 where substr ( colonne , 1 , 5 ) = 'MAIN:' /* column CHAR */ ;
select .... from tab1 where colonne not in ( select colonne from tab1 where col2 = 123 ) ; /* col2
number */ ;
DBA
1. Explain by one sentences, role, references, privilege on a table and profile?

2. What can trigger a snapshot to old error?
3. What are the DB files, how oracle discover them?
4. Where do you look for the trace file?
5. The following question about implementation. The answer is not a number but the way you do
it.
You have got a raw partition. The size is 800M
dd if=/dev/rdsk/c.t.d.s. of=/dev/null bs=1024
819200 block.
You create one file table space what is it's maximum size available for the rollback and what is
the
maximum size for rollback? Explain how the extents for rollback segments are allocated?
9. How to backup a database and made a recovery of a table?
10. How do you chose your db_block_size ?
11. A database has been created with the default parameters how do you increase the
DB_BLOCK_SIZE and the DB_FILE?
12. How can you move the tablespace ROLLBACK from one disk to an other, given this
information?
select segment_name , tablespace_name , status , owner from
dba_rollback_segs ;
SYSTEM SYSTEM ONLINE SYS
RBS1 ROLLBACK ONLINE PUBLIC
RBS2 ROLLBACK ONLINE PUBLIC
select tablespace_name , file_name from dba_data_files where
tablespace_name = 'ROLLBACK' ;
ROLLBACK /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s0
New location is /dev/rdsk/c1t1d0s0
13. Estimate the size of the table? The answer is not a number but a list of steps you will use to
derive this number.
create table emp ( emp_id number not null ,
name varchar2(50) not null ,
surname varchar2(50) not null,
social_number varchar2(10) ) ;
emp will contains 1000 static rows.
14. Same question but the table already exists and has one extents of 1Gbytes ?
15. How to shutdown a database in Oracle version 8i and 9i?
PRO*C
1. When you can NOT use Pro*C ? Where in your application you can use Embedded SQL?
2. Explain: ORACA SQLCA SQLDA ora-1403 OR ora-100
3. What will happen in this example?
EXEC SQL AT DB1 DECLARE CURSOR C1 AS SELECT COL1 FROM TABLE2 WHERE
COL =
:VAR1 ;
EXEC SQL AT DB1 OPEN C1 ;
EXEC SQL AT DB1 FETCH C1 INTO :VAR2 ;
while ( .... )
{
EXEC SQL AT DB1 UPADTE TABLE1 SET COL1 = COL1 WHERE COL2 = :VAR ;
if ( ......)
{
}
EXEC SQL AT DB2 UPDATE TABLE1 SET COL1 = COL1 + 1 WHERE COL2 = :VAR ;

if ( ....)
{
}
EXEC SQL AT DB1 COMMIT ;
EXEC SQL AT DB2 COMMIT ;
EXEC SQL AT DB1 FETCH C1 INTO :VAR2 ;
}
EXEC SQL AT DB1 CLOSE C1 ;
...
4. How can you know a value fetch is null ?
OCI
1. Explain the following?
lda
hda
2. Translate the following logical model to a physical one (tables,indexes,constraints ... )? Explain
how do you read the relation between these two entities.
A (a1 a2 a3 a4 ... an) 1,1 <-> 0,N B (b1 b2 b3 ... bm)
A (a1 a2 a3 a4 ... an) 1,1 <-> 0,1 B (b1 b2 b3 ... bm)
A (a1 a2 a3 a4 ... an) 1,1 <-> 1,N B (b1 b2 b3 ... bm)
A (a1 a2 a3 a4 ... an) 1,1 <-> 1,1 B (b1 b2 b3 ... bm)
I just wanted to share with all DBA's looking for new job opportunities some of the Oracle DBA
interviews questions a fiend of mine had when attending one job interview.
Hope that would help you better prepare for your interviews and know what type of questions are
usually asked.
To read the complete article, click on the Read more ... link. Your comments or additions are
welcome.
Submitted by our member: The Guru
1. Three users at a time giving the following command:
alter database backup controlfile to trace;
How can you differentiate the file using the filename itself?
2. When you execute:
alter tablespace begin backup;
How can Oracle engine can identify that the corresponding datafiles are in backupmode?
3. When exporting using filesize parameter I have generated three files. How the oracle
name this three files?
4. One of my rollback segments got corrupted? How can I rectified?
5. When yesterday developer gives the following command:
select count(*) from
it gives the output within minutes
Today the same command takes hours? What will u check?
6. When the developer trying to compile the package. But the database gets hanged?
What will u check?
7. What is the use of query in Tkprof?
8. What is the maximum number of value allowed in parse column?
9. How can we force the query not to use the index? (Something else then a using a hint)
10. Till yesterday the query is running smoothly. But today the develper is complaining?
How will u start your tuning?
11. What is the difference between count(*) and count(1)?
12. As a Oracle DBA what are all the UNIX file you should be familar with?

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