ORIGIN-HISTORY-METAPHORS-OF-GLOBALIZATION.pdf
- 9. WHAT DO THESE HAVE IN COMMON?
- 10. DO YOU REALIZE THESE ARE RESULTS OF GLOBALIZATION?
- 11. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: 1. Define globalization and explain its origins and history. 2.Analyze the 5 perspectives of globalization (hardwired, cycle, epoch, events, broader changes). 3.Explain the metaphors of globalization (solidity, liquidity, flows). 4.Relate globalization to contemporary real- life examples. (Grewal, 2008; Steger, 2017)
- 12. What is Globalization? Origins of Globalization Historic Perspectives of Globalization
- 13. What is Globalization? Origins of Globalization Historic Perspectives of Globalization
- 14. What is Globalization? The process of increasing interconnectedness of people, cultures, economies, and politics across the globe. (Steger, 2017)
- 15. What is Globalization? Origins of Globalization Historic Perspectives of Globalization
- 16. obalization? Origins of Globalization Historical De Perspectives of Globalization
- 17. The origins of globalization can be traced to humanity’s earliest interactions, where the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture laid the foundations for today’s interconnected world. Origins of Globalization
- 18. (Frank & Gills, 1993)
- 19. (Frank & Gills, 1993)
- 20. Ancient Trade Routes The Silk Road connected Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, enabling the exchange of silk, spices, and knowledge across continents.
- 21. (Frank & Gills, 1993)
- 22. (Frank & Gills, 1993)
- 23. Exploration Era (15th–16th century) Explorers like Columbus, Magellan, and Vasco da Gama expanded maritime trade, linking distant parts of the globe.
- 24. (Frank & Gills, 1993)
- 25. (Frank & Gills, 1993)
- 26. Industrial Revolution (18th–19th century) The rise of technology, industry, and migration accelerated global trade and interconnected economies.
- 27. (Frank & Gills, 1993)
- 28. obalization? Origins of Globalization Historical De Perspectives of Globalization
- 29. Origins of Globalization Historical Development Perspectives of Globalization
- 30. Globalization is not a single event, but a dynamic process shaped by history, culture, technology, and human interaction. Different perspectives help us understand how and why globalization happens, as well as its effects on societies and economies worldwide (Steger, 2017).
- 31. 5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization Hardwired Cycle Epoch Broader, More Recent Changes Events
- 32. Hardwired Cycle Epoch Broader, More Recent Changes Events 5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization
- 33. Hardwired Perspective • Globalization is a natural aspect of human existence, rooted in the universal need to trade, communicate, and connect. (Scholte, 2005) • Jan A. Scholte underscores that global interaction isn’t new—humans have always participated in cross-border exchanges over centuries, long before the modern era.
- 34. Hardwired Cycle Epoch Broader, More Recent Changes Events 5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization
- 35. Hardwired Cycle Epoch Broader, More Recent Changes Events 5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization
- 36. Hardwired Perspective • Globalization is a natural aspect of human existence, rooted in the universal need to trade, communicate, and connect. • Jan A. Scholte underscores that global interaction isn’t new—humans have always participated in cross-border exchanges over centuries, long before the modern era. Cycle Perspective • Globalization evolves in waves— periods of expansion followed by retrenchment, repeating throughout history. (Steger, 2017) • Historical patterns like the Roman Empire’s integration, its collapse, and subsequent revival during the Age of Exploration demonstrate these cyclical trends. (Studocu, n.d.)
- 37. Hardwired Cycle Epoch Broader, More Recent Changes Events 5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization
- 38. Hardwired Cycle Epoch Broader, More Recent Changes Events 5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization
- 39. Epoch Perspective • Globalization can be segmented into distinct eras characterized by unique driving forces and levels of integration (O’Rourke & Williamson, 2002). • Examples include ancient trade periods like the Silk Road, the Age of Discovery, and modern epochs such as post–World War II globalization (Studocu, n.d.; Axios, 2019).
- 40. Hardwired Cycle Epoch Broader, More Recent Changes Events 5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization
- 41. Hardwired Cycle Epoch Broader, More Recent Changes Events 5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization
- 42. Events Perspective • Key historical events act as accelerators or blockers in the globalization process (Held et al., 1999). • Milestones like the fall of the Soviet Union, the rise of the internet, and global disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic significantly shifted global connectivity (Studocu, n.d.; Axios, 2020).
- 43. Hardwired Cycle Epoch Broader, More Recent Changes Events 5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization
- 44. Hardwired Cycle Epoch Broader, More Recent Changes Events 5 Perspectives on the Origin of Globalization
- 45. Broader, More Recent Changes • Modern globalization is shaped by large- scale transformations in technology, finance, and media (Castells, 2010). • The rise of digital communication technologies—such as the internet, mobile telecommunications, and social media—has revolutionized how economies, cultures, and politics engage globally (IMF eLibrary, 2019; Wikipedia, 2023; Scribd, n.d.).
- 46. Origins of Globalization Historical Development Perspectives of Globalization
- 47. Historical Development Metaphor of G of Globalization
- 48. Globalization 1.0 (15th–18th C) This was the age of exploration, when Spain and Portugal sailed to new lands like the Americas and Asia. Trade routes such as the Silk Road and Spice Routes connected people and cultures, but colonies were also exploited for resources and labor.
- 49. Globalization 2.0 (1800–1945) The Industrial Revolution introduced machines and factories that expanded global businesses and markets. Colonial empires grew, and many workers migrated to industrial centers for jobs.
- 50. Globalization 3.0 (Late 20th Century–Present) Technology and the internet allowed people to connect instantly across the world. Individuals and small groups could now trade, collaborate, and share culture on a global scale.
- 51. Globalization 4.0 (21st Century & Beyond) New technologies like AI, e-commerce, and 3D printing are creating deeper connections between nations and communities. This brings faster trade and knowledge-sharing but also challenges like cybersecurity risks and the digital divide.
- 52. Historical Development Metaphor of G of Globalization
- 53. evelopment Metaphor of Globalization
- 54. Metaphors make globalization easier to understand by comparing it to familiar concepts. Professors use different metaphors like Global Village, Network, Scapes, Spaceship Earth, Solidity, Liquidity, and Flow. The terms may differ, but the goal is the same: to explain globalization in simpler ways.
- 55. Global Village – Marshall McLuhan (1964) • McLuhan compared the world to a “global village,” where technology and media allow people from faraway places to communicate instantly. Because of this, events in one country can affect or be known in another part of the world almost immediately. Globalization, therefore, makes the world feel smaller and more connected, just like living in one big village.
- 56. Network Society – Manuel Castells (1996) • Castells described globalization as a “network society,” which means that our world is organized through networks of communication, trade, and technology. Like a web, these networks connect people, businesses, and governments across the globe. This shows how globalization depends on relationships and connections rather than just physical borders.
- 57. Global Cultural Flows – Arjun Appadurai (1990) • Appadurai explained globalization using the idea of “global cultural flows,” referring to the movement of people, ideas, money, and culture across borders. For example, music, fashion, or even food from one country can easily spread to another. Globalization is like a continuous flow that reshapes cultures and societies as they interact with each other.
- 58. Spaceship Earth – Kenneth Boulding (1966) • Boulding used the metaphor of “Spaceship Earth” to remind us that humanity shares one planet with limited resources. Just like passengers on the same spaceship, people and nations must work together and take care of the environment. This highlights the need for cooperation and sustainability in a globalized world.
- 59. ALTERNATIVE METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION (RITZER, 2010) SOLIDITY LIQUIDITY FLOWS
- 60. ALTERNATIVE METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION (RITZER, 2010) SOLIDITY LIQUIDITY
- 61. This refers to barriers that block or limit free movement. For example, The Berlin Wall in Germany (1961–1989) acted as a physical and symbolic barrier. It separated East and West Berlin, limiting travel, trade, and cultural exchange. SOLIDITY
- 62. ALTERNATIVE METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION (RITZER, 2010) SOLIDITY LIQUIDITY
- 63. ALTERNATIVE METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION (RITZER, 2010) LIQUIDITY FLOWS SOLIDITY
- 64. LIQUIDITY This means the increasing ease of movement across places. When barriers become weaker, cultures and ideas begin to mix and exchange more freely.
- 65. ALTERNATIVE METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION (RITZER, 2010) LIQUIDITY FLOWS SOLIDITY
- 66. ALTERNATIVE METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION (RITZER, 2010) FLOWS LIQUIDITY
- 67. FLOWS This refers to the free and continuous movement of people, goods, and ideas across the globe. These flows are made possible by technology, the economy, and global policies.
- 68. • Steger, M. B. (2017). Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. • Frank, A. G., & Gills, B. K. (Eds.). (1993). The world system: Five hundred years or five thousand? London: Routledge. • Scholte, J. A. (2005). Globalization: A critical introduction (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. • Steger, M. B. (2017). Globalization: A very short introduction (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. • O’Rourke, K. H., & Williamson, J. G. (2002). When did globalization begin? European Review of Economic History, 6(1), 23–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1361491601001537 • Ritzer, G. (2015). Globalization: A basic text (2nd ed.). Wiley. • Patella-Rey, P. J., & Ritzer, G. (2010). Conceptualizing globalization in terms of flows. In Theorizing the dynamics of social processes (pp. 247–271). REFERENCES:
- 69. • Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D., & Perraton, J. (1999). Global transformations: Politics, economics, and culture. Stanford University Press. • Castells, M. (2010). The information age: Economy, society and culture. Volume I: The Rise of the Network Society (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. • Dawei, C. (n.d.). Globalization: The precondition of global trade governance – Globalization 1.0 begins around Columbus in 1492. In Globalization: A very short introduction to global trade. Routhledge. Retrieved from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203701911-2/globalization- dawei-cheng • World Economic Forum. (2019, January 18). How globalization 4.0 fits into the history of globalization. Retrieved August 17, 2025, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/01/how-globalization-4-0-fits-into-the-history-of- globalization/ REFERENCES:
- 70. • Friedman, T. L. (2005, May 1). Why the world is flat. Wired. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/2005/05/friedman-2/ • Schwab, K. (2019, January 16). Globalization 4.0: A new architecture for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/world/globalization-40 • McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved from https://designopendata.wordpress.com/wp- content/uploads/2014/05/understanding-media-mcluhan.pdf • Castells, M. (1996). The Rise of the Network Society. Wiley-Blackwell. • Appadurai, A. (1990). Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy. Theory, Culture & Society, 7(2–3), 295–310. • Boulding, K. E. (1966). The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth. In H. Jarrett (Ed.), Environmental quality in a growing economy (pp. 3–14). Johns Hopkins University Press. REFERENCES:
- 71. PRESENTORS: REAJOY BUENCONSEJO LAWRENCE ANGELO PAESTE RHEANNEJOY MARAÑO
- 72. THANK YOU!