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Orthographic projections
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- 2. Orthographic Projections ■ OrthographicProjections is a technical drawing in which different views of an object are projected on different reference planes observing perpendicular to respective reference plane. ■ Different Reference planes are; – Horizontal Plane (HP) – Vertical Plane (VP) – Side or Profile Plane (PP) ■ Different views are; – Front View (FV) – Projected on VP – Top View (TV) – Projected on HP – Side View (SV) – Projected on PP
- 3. NOTATIONS Following notations shouldbe followed while naming Different views in orthographic projections. IT’S FRONT VIEW a´ a´ b´ Same system of notations should be followed incase numbers, like 1, 2, 3 – are used. OBJECT POINT A LINE AB IT’S TOP VIEW a a b IT’S SIDE VIEW a´´ a´´ b´´ TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECT TO H.P. AND TERMS ‘INFRONT’ & ‘BEHIND’ WITH RESPECT TO V.P. 3
- 4. Types of views Projections ConvergeParallel OrthogonalOblique AxonometricMultiview Pictorial drawing Perspective drawingMulti-view drawing
- 5. View comparison Pictorial drawing Perspectivedrawing Multi-view drawing Difficult to create Easy to visualize. Shape and angle distortion Object looks more like what our eyes perceive. Size and shape distortion Right angle becomes obtuse angle. Circular hole becomes ellipse Distorted width Accurately presents object’s details, i.e. size and shape. Require training to visualization. Advantage DisadvantageType
- 6. A.V.P. to Hp& to Vp PLANES PRINCIPAL PLANES HP AND VP AUXILIARY PLANES Auxiliary Vertical Plane (A.V.P.) Profile Plane ( P.P.) Auxiliary Inclined Plane (A.I.P.)
- 7. THIS IS APICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES. ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT. BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN. THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN. HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 AND BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 900 AND BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. X Y X Y VP HP PP FV ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS DRAWN IN FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS LSV TV PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:- TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION, A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION. THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP. PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method) Click to view Animation On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this program is safe for your pc.
- 8. Projection systems 1. Firstangle system 2. Third angle system First quadrant Third quadrant - European countries - ISO standard - Canada, USA, Japan, Thailand Transparent planes Opaque planes
- 9. 1st angle system (Opaqueplanes) 3rd angle system (transparent planes/glass box) Orthographic views
- 10. Folding line Folding line Folding line Folding line 1st angle system3rd angle system Orthographic views
- 11. 1st angle system3rd angle system Front View Front ViewRight Side View Right Side View Top View Top View Views arrangement
- 12. Projection symbols 1st anglesystem 3rd angle system d 1.7d 2.2d
- 13. 1. Natural Method:Revolve the object with respect to observer Methods of Orthogonal Projection 2. Glass box method: The observer moves around the object. Front view Right side view Top view Right side view Top view play play Front view Glass box concept
- 14. Glass box :Revolution of the planes of projection Bottom view Left side view Rear view
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- 16. Summary : Problemsolving steps 1 2 3 4 Given
- 17. Steps for OrthographicViews 1. Select the necessary views 2. Layout the selected views on a drawing sheet. 3. Complete each selected views. 4. Complete the dimensions and notes. 45 152 152 64 25~4 0 Front Top Choose a drawing scale (say 1:1) Front Top y y x x x x y y z
- 18. View selection procedures 1.Orient the object to the best position relative to a glass box. 2. Select the front view. 3. Select adjacent views.
- 19. Suggestions: Orient theobject 1. The object should be placed in its natural position. NO ! 2. The orthographic views should represent the true size and true shape of an object (as much as possible). GOOD
- 20. Suggestions: Select thefront view 1. The longest dimension of an object should be presented as a width (in a front view). InappropriateFirst choice GoodSecond choice Use more space
- 21. Inappropriate 2. The adjacentviews project from the selected front view should be appeared in a natural position. Suggestions: Select the front view
- 22. 3. It hasthe fewest number of hidden lines. Good Inappropriate Suggestions: Select the front view
- 23. Suggestions: Select anadjacent view Inappropriate Inappropriate 1. Choose the view that has the fewest number of hidden lines.
- 24. 2. Choose theminimum number of views that can represent the major features of the object. Necessary Necessary Hole’s information is placed on a separated view. Suggestions: Select an adjacent view All information is placed on a single view.
- 25. 3. Choose theviews that are suitable to a drawing sheet. Good Suggestions: Select an adjacent view Poor Not enough space for dimensioning. GoodChoose another adjacent view. Change orientation of the selected views.
- 26. Summary View selection has3 steps Orient the object Select front view Select adjacent views
- 27. Object that requiresonly one-view Flat (thin) part having a uniform thickness such as a gasket, sheet metal etc. Adjacent views provide only a part’s thickness ! 1 Thick Cylindrical-shaped part. Example
- 28. Repeat ! Infer fromCL Object that requires only one-view Example Example Flat (thin) part having a uniform thickness such as a gasket, sheet metal etc. Cylindrical-shaped part.
- 29. Identical adjacent viewexists. Repeat ! Object that requires only two-view The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object. (provides no additional information) Example
- 30. Object that requiresonly two-view Identical view exists. Example 1 The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object. (provides no additional information)
- 31. Object that requiresonly two-view Identical view exists. Example 2 The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object. (provides no additional information)
- 32. Example-1 ■ Identify surfaces perpendicularor inclined to the view ■ Surfaces parallel to the view would not be visible in that view. ■ First draw horizontal and vertical reference planes (easily identifiable on drawing) ■ Start drawing from the reference planes. Steps to draw projections
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- 34. HP VP Front view Sideview Top view 80+40+80=200 5070 Φ 50 30+20=5 0 Midpoint 35 80 40 70 20
- 35. 200 Φ 50 50 80 40 70 20 Front viewSide view Top view 80 70 125 50 25 20 25 +
- 36. x y FRONT VIEW TOPVIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW FOR T.V. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS Example-2
- 37. FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONTVIEW TOP VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW X Y PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD Example-3
- 38. FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONTVIEW TOP VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW X Y PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD Example-4
- 39. FRONT VIEW TOP VIEW L.H.SIDEVIEW X Y FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD Example-5
- 40. FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONTVIEW TOP VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW X Y PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD Example-6
- 41. Example-7 x y FV 35 35 10 TV 302010 40 70 O FOR T.V. PICTORIALPRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
- 42. Example-8 SV TV yx FV 30 30 10 30 10 30 ALLVIEWS IDENTICAL FOR T.V. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 14 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
- 43. x y FV SV Example-9 TV 10 4060 60 40 ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL FOR T.V. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 15 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
- 44. FOR T.V. PICTORIAL PRESENTATIONIS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS x y FV SV ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL 40 60 60 40 10 TOP VIEW Example-10
- 45. 20 D 30 D 60D TV 10 30 50 10 35 FV X Y RECT. SLOT FOR T.V. PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS TOP VIEW Example-11
- 46. 450 X FV Y 30 40 TV 30 D 40 40 15 O FOR T.V. PICTORIALPRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONSExample-12
- 47. LSV Y 25 25 1050 FV X 10 10 15 O PICTORIALPRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS Example-13
- 48. FOR T.V. PICTORIAL PRESENTATIONIS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FRONT VIEW TOP VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW X Y Example-14