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OSDC 2014: Michael Renner - Secure encryption in a wiretapped future

NETWAYS
NETWAYS

The document discusses the evolution of cryptographic security protocols and the challenges posed by advanced persistent threats (APTs) from both non-state actors and government surveillance programs. It emphasizes the importance of using strong encryption methods and staying updated with cryptographic standards to ensure privacy and secure communications. The presentation also highlights the inadequacies of the current x.509 public key infrastructure and suggests potential alternatives and improvements in cryptographic practices.

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Secure encryption in a wiretapped future Netways OSDC 9th of April 2014
Michael Renner @terrorobe My name is... Worked in the IT for the last 15 years Strong focus on operations Always interested in security, never took it up professionally Please take the details with a grain of salt Tight program, note questions down for the end of the talk
Quick poll Who has Forward Secrecy enabled on their servers? Who was affected by the heartbleed bug and has already patched it? Probably can skip the talk, for the rest - let's get started!
I.The internet is a scary place I expect most people want to communicate in private, be sure that only they and the intended recipient can read the content. Be safe from manipulation, trickery, imposters. Since the internet is the culmination of human society, it didn't take long to have people with malicious intent join the online communities.
They invented SSL Things were good. So in 1994... and everybody rejoiced. "Safe online shopping" "Safe online banking" "Safe exchange of naughty pictures with your significant other" Things were good for some time
Implementations are not forever But the fortress of cryptography got it's first cracks
•SSL 2.0: Broken •MD5: Broken •RC4: Broken •SSL 3.0: Unfixable flaws Over the last 20 years quite a few implementations were broken beyond repair and eventually phased out
Along comes TLS So in 1999 TLS 1.0 standardized as successor to SSL 3.0 Took 5 years of experience in hostile internet environments to fix most glaring issues And we thought we nailed it
•TLS based attacks: •Renegotiation •BEAST •CRIME & BREACH •Lucky thirteen •Even SHA1 has first cracks in the armor But we learned that we could only delay the inevitable in the last five years there have been:
So we update openssl and hope for the best And all these attacks mean "wait for vendor update, install updated library, _maybe_ restart daemons using those libraries, hope for the best"
And then the damn IPv4 space runs out we're done installing the updates, and the damn IPv4 space runs out and people go like "I WOULD REALLY LIKE MY SSL CERTIFICATE ON THIS WEBHOST!1"
...so we get Server Name Indication Server Name Indication sends the Hostname the client is interested in to the server, so he can offer the right certificate to the client even when using namebased virtualhosting Sounds like a good idea, supported since almost 5 years (so even RHEL6 has it) ...and we ask the customer if he has customers using Windows XP
...and we hope that the browser bar shows a cute little lock symbol but in the end we're just interested in the lock symbol in the browser bar ...because that's all that counts. To hold all those eastern european mobsters and nigerian scammers away. And we hope that the little lock symbol will hold them at bay
Until we read about APT and I don't mean the Debian Package Manager there...
Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) is a set of stealthy and continuous hacking processes often orchestrated by human targeting a specific entity. APT usually targets organizations and or nations for business or political motives. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_persistent_threat Suddenly our little lock symbol doesn't look so mighty anymore.
Baddies, right? And when reading this we think - that must be real bad people. We think: "It hast to be the chinese! or maybe russians" - and certainly our network is most likely not too interesting for the chinese, amirite?
But then this guy comes along ...and tells us that it's probably not the Chinese and Russians we should be worried the most when it comes to Advanced Persistent Threats...
FVEY: Eavesdropping World Champions See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Eyes ...but the people on our side of the former iron curtain! He worked for a subcontractor of the NSA and took a few documents with him giving us a few years old progress report. Turns out the former crown colonies of great britain formed a eavesdropping group called FVEY, consisting of USA, Canada, Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand This caused a huge ruckus, lots of fingerpointing, US telling the rest of the world that they shouldn't get too excited, since the rest of the governments is doing it too!
Runner ups See: http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/01/gchq-europe-spy-agencies-mass-surveillance-snowden ...and one by one cooperation agreement after cooperation agreement was publicized Often unveiling how NSA & GCHQ helped other european countries to get legal and technical hurdles solved so that they can finally sniff their citizens data
...and since this monday See: http://www.format.at/articles/1414/524/374054/nsa-oesterreich ...and you know, the Austrian cybercrime doctrine ("There is no cybercrime") didn't work for us either. This monday documents were leaked from our ministry of interior outlining cooperation agreements between the NSA and Austria And we should've known better, with all the CEE headquarters and the United Nations office.
So what did we learn? If you send data over links that carry a lot of data or carry "interesting data" your communication will be compromised.
Program Name Jeopardy To give this abstract threat a bit more substance - let's do a quick round of Intelligence Community eavesdropping program name jeopardy
Tempora Let's start out with tempora Wiretapping by GCHQ - cooperation with British Telecom, Interoute, Level 3, Verizon, Global Crossing, Viatel and Vodafone
Source: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2013/10/30/e51d661e-4166-11e3-8b74-d89d714ca4dd_story.html and Tempora enabled this: Part of the MUSCULAR program NSA noticed that they could see all the traffic in the public internet. But it was all encrypted. Which made things complicated. So they just started to tap the links between the Google Datacenters Is anybody of you using MPLS across datacenters? Without encryption?
QUANTUM Suite The QUANTUM suite is a series of tools used to exploit internet users by doing MAN ON THE SIDE attacks on their computers
See: https://firstlook.org/theintercept/article/2014/03/12/nsa-plans-infect-millions-computers-malware/ Lets assume this guy over here has a browser window to facebook.com open. Most modern web applications use long-polling techniques to be able to send status updates to their users. Since the intelligence community has access to THE INTERNET thanks to Tempora, they know this. So what happens is that they're using a program called TRAFFICTHIEF to select "interesting" users and then send back an answer that looks like it's coming from facebook, correct source/destination IPs, correct TCP sequence numbers And put malicious payload in there. Suddenly the user is yours.
DISCOROUTE Whom of you know rancid? Router & Switch config backup utility. Turns out if you do a "show running-config" over an cleartext connection on a tempora-monitored link, NSA is keeping a backup of your config as well! Part of the "I hunt sysadmins" blog post series
BULLRUN & TURMOIL Bullrun is a program to: * Break weak encryption * Introduce Weak encryption in software and products (Routers, Mobile Devices etc.) Turmoil: * Steal private keys * Use these keys to decrypt internet communication
See: https://firstlook.org/theintercept/article/2014/03/12/nsa-plans-infect-millions-computers-malware/ Part of their IPsec busting program HAMMERSTEIN are router implants to sniff out traffic Hands traffic of to Turmoil Turmoil, given that the key has already been stolen or is weak enough, can decrypt the data and save it away Or if the agents want to be frisky they can even launch their on MITM attacks from there, impersonating servers in the VPN
are they allowed to do that? What we know so far is that intelligence agencies operate within legal frameworks to do their work. And that they don't give a single fuck about the spirit of the law, constitution, Grundgesetz, Verfassung, etc. If they've got access to data via an "official" interface which isn't monitored for usage & proportionality - consider your data compromised.
and we're even paying them for it! Since it's all tax payer money and they're on a mission to hunt terrorists, communists, or whatever the scapegoat du jour is, they're not being stopped any time soon. They've got lots of time, money and a cozy government job to do all these things which make our privacy and lives worse.
This is bad. This is bad... but situation is not entirely hopeless. A repeated occurrence in all the revelations was that proper crypto is still hard/impossible to break in a feasible manner. So our task at hand is to improve our cryptographic stance. But for that we need to know...
II. Crypto in a Nutshell ...to know how Cryptography works in the first place.
What should Cryptography do for me? •privacy •integrity •identification •non-repudiation If we're taking a high-level look at cryptography we want it to fulfill four main tasks Privacy: Nobody else is listening in Integrity: Nobody can modify our communication without us knowing Identification: I know who I am communicating with non-repudiation: Neither side can deny that communication has taken place
Building Blocks •Ciphers (e.g.AES) •Private/Session keys •Key Exchange (e.g. DH) •Identification (e.g. DNS & X509) •Signatures (e.g. RSA) •Hash functions (e.g. SHA1 as HMAC) ...but since we can't just wave a magic wand and hope that the right thing happens we need to build such systems. For this reason there're quite a few building blocks you'll find in any cryptographic system, be it kerberos, ipsec or ssh
...in the real world? SSL = TLS ...so much for theory, how do things look like in the real world? TLS is the prevalent secure socket communication layer. Developed as SSL back in 1994 by Netscape, continuously improved over the last twenty years Used for most TCP-based applications, e.g. HTTP, SMTP, IMAP, etc. pp. TLS Handshake is done before application data can be transmitted, almost completely invisible to underlying application
On Cipher suites •DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256 •Key exchange protocol: DHE •Authentication: RSA •Cipher:AES256 •MAC: SHA256 and when dealing with crypto most people have seen a cipher suite at least once defines which building blocks are going to be used for the specific communication When we look at this we notice four components Key Exchange: Used to establish a Session key Authentication: Used to authenticate the remote server Cipher: What's actually used to encrypt the data on the wire MAC: Message authentication - ensures that the data hasn't been modified both server and client need to agree on a cipher suite to be able to communicate
and to do that there's a TLS handshake ClientHello: Sends wanted TLS version and suggested CipherSuites ServerHello: Sends selected TLS version & Ciphersuite. Sends back Certificate. Cert contains public key of server ClientKeyExchange: Client sends required key material to server ChangeCipherSpec: Everything beyond this message is authenticated & encrypted by chosen CipherSuite Finished: Is authenticated & encrypted, finalizes TLS handshake
On X.509 certificates X509 Certificates are issued & signed by a certificate authority. They bind a public key to an "Common Name" & other attributes CAs can be nested, but TLS client has to trust the respective root CA, otherwise raises an TLS alert Usually managed by your Browser and OS vendor
Typical example of a certificate Has one intermediate CA which is signed by StartCom - operator of startssl.com Public Key of this server valid for CN www.bettercrypto.org and aaron@lo-res.org Those are mostly legacy Additional DNS alternative names further down in the certificate, e.g. bettercrypto.org
Extensions Galore •Server Name Indication •To offer proper TLSVirtualHosting •Secure Renegotiation •Mitigates implementation flaws •New cipher suites •AES-GCM, Camellia, etc. TLS also offers lots of extensions, here's a list of a few notable ones
Resumed TLS Handshakes •Session IDs •TLS state saved on server •Session Tickets •TLS state on client, encrypted by server key Allow for faster TLS connection establishment HTTP examples Comparison: Unencrypted: One roundtrip to send HTTP request W/ resuming: Two roundtrips to send HTTP request W/o resuming: Three roundtrips to send HTTP request ...and that's it for the details
III.The world responds Picking up where we left off, with all the governments gobbling up our communications data
So the situation is not only horrible.. ...but also horribly complex
Fortunately we are not alone But luckily we aren't alone in this, around the globe there've been many people who were as outraged as we were when they learnt about this new situation
High level papers •Hallam-Baker: PRISM-Proof Security Considerations •Farell,Tschofenigg: Pervasive Monitoring is an Attack Drafts by IETF and others, stating that constant monitoring of traffic is an attack on the internet, which needs to be adressed in protocol design
Lots of work on protocols •TLS 1.3 •Gets rid of all insecure Ciphers •XMPP •Mandatory encryption of all data •STARTTLS vulnerabilities •IMAP, XMPP, etc. Tightening up of protocols
Lots of research & audits •projectbullrun.org •Government-independent crypto competitions •e.g. http://competitions.cr.yp.to/ •Critical errors fixed in 2014: •gnutls, Apple OS X & iOS, curl... •heartbleed anyone? And the science community was also active. We've got Project Bullrun which documents the attempts of NSA to subvert random number generators Dan Bernstein is doing lots of work organizing state-sponsor free crypto contests And there's lots of focus on implementations, in the last 6 months we had major flaws fixed in gnutls, OS X, curl etc.
The X.509 PKI model is doomed On a side note: I'd like to mention that the x.509 PKI model is not secure against government actors and will need to be augmented or replaced.
From: "You Won't Be Needing These Any More: On Removing Unused Certificates From Trust Stores" Analyzed which certificates were in the trust stores of OS and browsers Looked how many of those were unused Analyzed two months of Campus TLS traffic as well as did a ZMAP scan of the Internet to see which CA were in use Of the 431 unique CAs present in all systems 148 were completely unused. Of those 148, 140 were not present in _ALL_ trust stores. The remaining 8 were installed in all systems but no certificate was ever seen.
X.509 Alternatives & Supplements •DANE: DNS distributed & DNSSEC authenticated Certificates •TACK(.io): Key pinning extension for TLS •Certificate Transparency projects Luckily there are a few alternatives or extensions of the current PKI model DANE uses DNS data to basically say "these certificate fingerprints are fine for this domain" or "this CA is fine for this domain", DNSSEC authenticates this information. Still a government-operated PKI TACK wants to get rid of PKI eventually, allowing authenticated TLS servers to hand out TACKs authoritatively stating which private keys are valid for this specific hostname. And then there're the certificate transparency project which tries to address "rogue" certificates. For example - Google collects a list of "valid" public certificates in a long list, website operators can then send out pointers to that list for browsers to verify
IV. Doing your part So these are the things other people are doing for you but you also need to get moving to make sure that you provide a safe communication environment
1. Use TLS in the first place We've learned that it's not only reckless but dangerous to use plaintext communication Programs like the QUANTUM attack suite as well as DISCOROUTE show that DPI is part of the adversaries toolbelt If you use secure encryption you make their lives much much harder
2. Use not only maintained but recent software To be able to use the strongest available ciphers you need to have fresh software. Just because your RHEL4 system is still maintained doesn't mean that it's actually a secure platform.
3. Use sufficiently sized keys and hashes Thirdly - use sufficiently large keys and hash sizes The best cipher is pointless when the key used is far too small - which was the base of the US crypto export embargo 15 years ago
Source: http://keylength.com Unfortunately "right size" is a hot topic when it comes to cryptography Many people setting different standards, keylength.com aggregates all of these in a nice table. This list was created with "safe by 2020" in mind In a nutshell: Symmetric Ciphers: 128 bit Asymmetric Ciphers (SSL Certs et al): 2048 bit Hashes: 256 bit
4. Use clients that only accept strong cipher suites Recent browsers are mostly fine, lots of focus on them. Mail Clients, CLI tools like wget get much less attention. Custom applications and URL libraries? All bets are off. urllib2 for python for example does no validation at all ruby ssl allowed cipher suites that were unauthenticated -> MITM
5. Configure servers so that they only offer strong cipher suites Because if you only offer strong crypto, older/broken clients can't talk to you, preventing information leaks Best orient on the guidelines on bettercrypto.org - have got a few examples later one
6. Use forward secure cipher suites were possible And last but not least - use forward secure cipher suites
•EDH/DHE or ECDHE Key Exchange •Implies "Ephemeral" session key •Forward Secrecy Source: http://www.wired.com/2013/10/lavabit_unsealed/ These are cipher suites where the actual cipher doesn't use a key derived from the private key of the server but a completely ephemeral one, created individually for each TLS session. With non-forward secure cipher suites you can decrypt all recorded traffic if you get ahold of the private key of the server. Forward secure ciphers prevent that. A notable example was lavabit, mail provider of edward snowden.
Considerations for daemons And if you adhere to these six rules, you shouldn't have to worry too much about anybody intercepting your communication. I've prepared a few examples based around real world daemons, all based off.
bettercrypto.org • Gathers best practices • Peer reviewed by cryptographers, sysadmins and software maintainers • Defined "Cipher String B" • Focuses on strongest available ciphers on common set of platforms • Does not support Windows XP and Java6 clients off bettercrypto.org
apache SSLCertificateFile server.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile server.key SSLProtocol All -SSLv2 -SSLv3 SSLHonorCipherOrder On SSLCompression off # Add six earth month HSTS header for all users... Header add Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=15768000" # If you want to protect all subdomains, use the following header # ALL subdomains HAVE TO support HTTPS if you use this! # Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=15768000 ; includeSubDomains SSLCipherSuite 'EDH+CAMELLIA:EDH+aRSA:EECDH+aRSA+AESGCM:EECDH+aRSA+SHA384:EECDH+aRS A+SHA256:EECDH:+CAMELLIA256:+AES256:+CAMELLIA128:+AES128:+SSLv3:!aNULL:!eNULL:!LO W:!3DES:!MD5:!EXP:!PSK:!DSS:!RC4:!SEED:!ECDSA:CAMELLIA256-SHA:AES256-SHA:CAMELLIA 128-SHA:AES128-SHA' honor cipher order: SSLv3 and TLSv1: Client chooses cipher Compression: Prevents CRIME and BREACH attacks HSTS: Instructs browsers to _ALWAYS_ use HTTPS for specific domains. Prevents HTTPS stripping attacks where MITM offers HTTPS site over HTTP
Postfixmain.cf: smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/postfix/server.pem smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/postfix/server.key # review smtp(d)_tls_loglevel settings # enable opportunistic TLS support in the SMTP server and client smtpd_tls_security_level = may smtp_tls_security_level = may # if you have authentication enabled, only offer it after STARTTLS smtpd_tls_auth_only = yes # if supported by all clients smtpd_tls_mandatory_protocols = !SSLv2, !SSLv3 smtpd_tls_mandatory_ciphers=high tls_high_cipherlist=EDH+CAMELLIA:EDH+aRSA:[..] master.cf: 587 inet n - - - - smtpd -o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt -o tls_preempt_cipherlist=yes MSA (Mail Submission Agent) your mailserver receives mail from your clients MUAs MTA (Mail Transmission Agent, MX) sending MTA (SMTP client) MSA: • listen on submission port 587 w/ mandatory TLS • enforce SMTP AUTH even for local networks • do not allow SMTP AUTH on unencrypted connections • optionally use the recommended cipher suites if supported by all clients MTA: * use opportunistic encryption (If available - use it) * do not use self-signed certificates
dovecot #dovecot defaults already require TLS and prohibit plaintext authentication over insecure links ssl_cipher_list = 'EDH+CAMELLIA:EDH+aRSA:[..]' ...another important part when validating security of your network is to see if you've missed any services
Scanning for services $ nmap -sV example.org [..] Not shown: 988 closed ports PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION 21/tcp open ftp ProFTPD 1.3.4a 22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 6.0p1 Debian 4+deb7u1 (protocol 2.0) 25/tcp open smtp Postfix smtpd 80/tcp open http Apache httpd 143/tcp open imap Dovecot imapd 443/tcp open ssl/http Apache httpd 587/tcp open smtp Postfix smtpd 993/tcp open ssl/imap Dovecot imapd unfortunately there's no comprehensive scanner suite nmap is a good start - it comes with scripting support, and somebody already implemented Protocol scanning Lists SSL for implicit TLS only, no STARTTLS support yet
SSLyze •Python based SSL scanner •Project from iSECPartners •Supports XML output for automation •GPLv2 sslyze is a great python based ssl scanner comes with bundled openssl
$ ./sslyze.py --regular example.org:443 SCAN RESULTS FOR EXAMPLE.ORG:443 --------------------------------------------------------------------- * Compression : DEFLATE Compression: Disabled * Session Renegotiation : Client-initiated Renegotiations: Rejected Secure Renegotiation: Supported * TLSV1_2 Cipher Suites : Rejected Cipher Suite(s): Hidden Preferred Cipher Suite: DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 256 bits HTTP 200 OK Accepted Cipher Suite(s): DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA256-SHA 256 bits HTTP 200 OK DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256 256 bits HTTP 200 OK DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA 256 bits HTTP 200 OK DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 256 bits HTTP 200 OK CAMELLIA256-SHA 256 bits HTTP 200 OK AES256-SHA 256 bits HTTP 200 OK DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA128-SHA 128 bits HTTP 200 OK DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256 128 bits HTTP 200 OK DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA 128 bits HTTP 200 OK DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 128 bits HTTP 200 OK CAMELLIA128-SHA 128 bits HTTP 200 OK AES128-SHA 128 bits HTTP 200 OK [..] Typical output for a sslyze run...
Web Services Galore •HTTP: https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest •XMPP: https://xmpp.net/ •SMTP: https://checktls.com/ •Browser: https://www.howsmyssl.com/ There are also various webservices which help with auditing
Unfortunately there's no modern ssldump Would be nice to have tool to run at network edges sniffs out all TLS handshakes complains when weak cipher suites are offered or chosen.
Thanks to •The bettercrypto.org team •Aaron Zauner - @a_z_e_t  •All the people devoting their time to security research •You, for listening And that's it for the material I prepared... I'd like to say thanks to...
https://tinyurl.com/cryptolinks Questions? You can find links to all material and references at...

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OSDC 2014: Michael Renner - Secure encryption in a wiretapped future

  • 1. Secure encryption in a wiretapped future Netways OSDC 9th of April 2014
  • 2. Michael Renner @terrorobe My name is... Worked in the IT for the last 15 years Strong focus on operations Always interested in security, never took it up professionally Please take the details with a grain of salt Tight program, note questions down for the end of the talk
  • 3. Quick poll Who has Forward Secrecy enabled on their servers? Who was affected by the heartbleed bug and has already patched it? Probably can skip the talk, for the rest - let's get started!
  • 4. I.The internet is a scary place I expect most people want to communicate in private, be sure that only they and the intended recipient can read the content. Be safe from manipulation, trickery, imposters. Since the internet is the culmination of human society, it didn't take long to have people with malicious intent join the online communities.
  • 5. They invented SSL Things were good. So in 1994... and everybody rejoiced. "Safe online shopping" "Safe online banking" "Safe exchange of naughty pictures with your significant other" Things were good for some time
  • 6. Implementations are not forever But the fortress of cryptography got it's first cracks
  • 7. •SSL 2.0: Broken •MD5: Broken •RC4: Broken •SSL 3.0: Unfixable flaws Over the last 20 years quite a few implementations were broken beyond repair and eventually phased out
  • 8. Along comes TLS So in 1999 TLS 1.0 standardized as successor to SSL 3.0 Took 5 years of experience in hostile internet environments to fix most glaring issues And we thought we nailed it
  • 9. •TLS based attacks: •Renegotiation •BEAST •CRIME & BREACH •Lucky thirteen •Even SHA1 has first cracks in the armor But we learned that we could only delay the inevitable in the last five years there have been:
  • 10. So we update openssl and hope for the best And all these attacks mean "wait for vendor update, install updated library, _maybe_ restart daemons using those libraries, hope for the best"
  • 11. And then the damn IPv4 space runs out we're done installing the updates, and the damn IPv4 space runs out and people go like "I WOULD REALLY LIKE MY SSL CERTIFICATE ON THIS WEBHOST!1"
  • 12. ...so we get Server Name Indication Server Name Indication sends the Hostname the client is interested in to the server, so he can offer the right certificate to the client even when using namebased virtualhosting Sounds like a good idea, supported since almost 5 years (so even RHEL6 has it) ...and we ask the customer if he has customers using Windows XP
  • 13. ...and we hope that the browser bar shows a cute little lock symbol but in the end we're just interested in the lock symbol in the browser bar ...because that's all that counts. To hold all those eastern european mobsters and nigerian scammers away. And we hope that the little lock symbol will hold them at bay
  • 14. Until we read about APT and I don't mean the Debian Package Manager there...
  • 15. Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) is a set of stealthy and continuous hacking processes often orchestrated by human targeting a specific entity. APT usually targets organizations and or nations for business or political motives. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_persistent_threat Suddenly our little lock symbol doesn't look so mighty anymore.
  • 16. Baddies, right? And when reading this we think - that must be real bad people. We think: "It hast to be the chinese! or maybe russians" - and certainly our network is most likely not too interesting for the chinese, amirite?
  • 17. But then this guy comes along ...and tells us that it's probably not the Chinese and Russians we should be worried the most when it comes to Advanced Persistent Threats...
  • 18. FVEY: Eavesdropping World Champions See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Eyes ...but the people on our side of the former iron curtain! He worked for a subcontractor of the NSA and took a few documents with him giving us a few years old progress report. Turns out the former crown colonies of great britain formed a eavesdropping group called FVEY, consisting of USA, Canada, Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand This caused a huge ruckus, lots of fingerpointing, US telling the rest of the world that they shouldn't get too excited, since the rest of the governments is doing it too!
  • 19. Runner ups See: http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/01/gchq-europe-spy-agencies-mass-surveillance-snowden ...and one by one cooperation agreement after cooperation agreement was publicized Often unveiling how NSA & GCHQ helped other european countries to get legal and technical hurdles solved so that they can finally sniff their citizens data
  • 20. ...and since this monday See: http://www.format.at/articles/1414/524/374054/nsa-oesterreich ...and you know, the Austrian cybercrime doctrine ("There is no cybercrime") didn't work for us either. This monday documents were leaked from our ministry of interior outlining cooperation agreements between the NSA and Austria And we should've known better, with all the CEE headquarters and the United Nations office.
  • 21. So what did we learn? If you send data over links that carry a lot of data or carry "interesting data" your communication will be compromised.
  • 22. Program Name Jeopardy To give this abstract threat a bit more substance - let's do a quick round of Intelligence Community eavesdropping program name jeopardy
  • 23. Tempora Let's start out with tempora Wiretapping by GCHQ - cooperation with British Telecom, Interoute, Level 3, Verizon, Global Crossing, Viatel and Vodafone
  • 24. Source: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2013/10/30/e51d661e-4166-11e3-8b74-d89d714ca4dd_story.html and Tempora enabled this: Part of the MUSCULAR program NSA noticed that they could see all the traffic in the public internet. But it was all encrypted. Which made things complicated. So they just started to tap the links between the Google Datacenters Is anybody of you using MPLS across datacenters? Without encryption?
  • 25. QUANTUM Suite The QUANTUM suite is a series of tools used to exploit internet users by doing MAN ON THE SIDE attacks on their computers
  • 26. See: https://firstlook.org/theintercept/article/2014/03/12/nsa-plans-infect-millions-computers-malware/ Lets assume this guy over here has a browser window to facebook.com open. Most modern web applications use long-polling techniques to be able to send status updates to their users. Since the intelligence community has access to THE INTERNET thanks to Tempora, they know this. So what happens is that they're using a program called TRAFFICTHIEF to select "interesting" users and then send back an answer that looks like it's coming from facebook, correct source/destination IPs, correct TCP sequence numbers And put malicious payload in there. Suddenly the user is yours.
  • 27. DISCOROUTE Whom of you know rancid? Router & Switch config backup utility. Turns out if you do a "show running-config" over an cleartext connection on a tempora-monitored link, NSA is keeping a backup of your config as well! Part of the "I hunt sysadmins" blog post series
  • 28. BULLRUN & TURMOIL Bullrun is a program to: * Break weak encryption * Introduce Weak encryption in software and products (Routers, Mobile Devices etc.) Turmoil: * Steal private keys * Use these keys to decrypt internet communication
  • 29. See: https://firstlook.org/theintercept/article/2014/03/12/nsa-plans-infect-millions-computers-malware/ Part of their IPsec busting program HAMMERSTEIN are router implants to sniff out traffic Hands traffic of to Turmoil Turmoil, given that the key has already been stolen or is weak enough, can decrypt the data and save it away Or if the agents want to be frisky they can even launch their on MITM attacks from there, impersonating servers in the VPN
  • 30. are they allowed to do that? What we know so far is that intelligence agencies operate within legal frameworks to do their work. And that they don't give a single fuck about the spirit of the law, constitution, Grundgesetz, Verfassung, etc. If they've got access to data via an "official" interface which isn't monitored for usage & proportionality - consider your data compromised.
  • 31. and we're even paying them for it! Since it's all tax payer money and they're on a mission to hunt terrorists, communists, or whatever the scapegoat du jour is, they're not being stopped any time soon. They've got lots of time, money and a cozy government job to do all these things which make our privacy and lives worse.
  • 32. This is bad. This is bad... but situation is not entirely hopeless. A repeated occurrence in all the revelations was that proper crypto is still hard/impossible to break in a feasible manner. So our task at hand is to improve our cryptographic stance. But for that we need to know...
  • 33. II. Crypto in a Nutshell ...to know how Cryptography works in the first place.
  • 34. What should Cryptography do for me? •privacy •integrity •identification •non-repudiation If we're taking a high-level look at cryptography we want it to fulfill four main tasks Privacy: Nobody else is listening in Integrity: Nobody can modify our communication without us knowing Identification: I know who I am communicating with non-repudiation: Neither side can deny that communication has taken place
  • 35. Building Blocks •Ciphers (e.g.AES) •Private/Session keys •Key Exchange (e.g. DH) •Identification (e.g. DNS & X509) •Signatures (e.g. RSA) •Hash functions (e.g. SHA1 as HMAC) ...but since we can't just wave a magic wand and hope that the right thing happens we need to build such systems. For this reason there're quite a few building blocks you'll find in any cryptographic system, be it kerberos, ipsec or ssh
  • 36. ...in the real world? SSL = TLS ...so much for theory, how do things look like in the real world? TLS is the prevalent secure socket communication layer. Developed as SSL back in 1994 by Netscape, continuously improved over the last twenty years Used for most TCP-based applications, e.g. HTTP, SMTP, IMAP, etc. pp. TLS Handshake is done before application data can be transmitted, almost completely invisible to underlying application
  • 37. On Cipher suites •DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256 •Key exchange protocol: DHE •Authentication: RSA •Cipher:AES256 •MAC: SHA256 and when dealing with crypto most people have seen a cipher suite at least once defines which building blocks are going to be used for the specific communication When we look at this we notice four components Key Exchange: Used to establish a Session key Authentication: Used to authenticate the remote server Cipher: What's actually used to encrypt the data on the wire MAC: Message authentication - ensures that the data hasn't been modified both server and client need to agree on a cipher suite to be able to communicate
  • 38. and to do that there's a TLS handshake ClientHello: Sends wanted TLS version and suggested CipherSuites ServerHello: Sends selected TLS version & Ciphersuite. Sends back Certificate. Cert contains public key of server ClientKeyExchange: Client sends required key material to server ChangeCipherSpec: Everything beyond this message is authenticated & encrypted by chosen CipherSuite Finished: Is authenticated & encrypted, finalizes TLS handshake
  • 39. On X.509 certificates X509 Certificates are issued & signed by a certificate authority. They bind a public key to an "Common Name" & other attributes CAs can be nested, but TLS client has to trust the respective root CA, otherwise raises an TLS alert Usually managed by your Browser and OS vendor
  • 40. Typical example of a certificate Has one intermediate CA which is signed by StartCom - operator of startssl.com Public Key of this server valid for CN www.bettercrypto.org and [email protected] Those are mostly legacy Additional DNS alternative names further down in the certificate, e.g. bettercrypto.org
  • 41. Extensions Galore •Server Name Indication •To offer proper TLSVirtualHosting •Secure Renegotiation •Mitigates implementation flaws •New cipher suites •AES-GCM, Camellia, etc. TLS also offers lots of extensions, here's a list of a few notable ones
  • 42. Resumed TLS Handshakes •Session IDs •TLS state saved on server •Session Tickets •TLS state on client, encrypted by server key Allow for faster TLS connection establishment HTTP examples Comparison: Unencrypted: One roundtrip to send HTTP request W/ resuming: Two roundtrips to send HTTP request W/o resuming: Three roundtrips to send HTTP request ...and that's it for the details
  • 43. III.The world responds Picking up where we left off, with all the governments gobbling up our communications data
  • 44. So the situation is not only horrible.. ...but also horribly complex
  • 45. Fortunately we are not alone But luckily we aren't alone in this, around the globe there've been many people who were as outraged as we were when they learnt about this new situation
  • 46. High level papers •Hallam-Baker: PRISM-Proof Security Considerations •Farell,Tschofenigg: Pervasive Monitoring is an Attack Drafts by IETF and others, stating that constant monitoring of traffic is an attack on the internet, which needs to be adressed in protocol design
  • 47. Lots of work on protocols •TLS 1.3 •Gets rid of all insecure Ciphers •XMPP •Mandatory encryption of all data •STARTTLS vulnerabilities •IMAP, XMPP, etc. Tightening up of protocols
  • 48. Lots of research & audits •projectbullrun.org •Government-independent crypto competitions •e.g. http://competitions.cr.yp.to/ •Critical errors fixed in 2014: •gnutls, Apple OS X & iOS, curl... •heartbleed anyone? And the science community was also active. We've got Project Bullrun which documents the attempts of NSA to subvert random number generators Dan Bernstein is doing lots of work organizing state-sponsor free crypto contests And there's lots of focus on implementations, in the last 6 months we had major flaws fixed in gnutls, OS X, curl etc.
  • 49. The X.509 PKI model is doomed On a side note: I'd like to mention that the x.509 PKI model is not secure against government actors and will need to be augmented or replaced.
  • 50. From: "You Won't Be Needing These Any More: On Removing Unused Certificates From Trust Stores" Analyzed which certificates were in the trust stores of OS and browsers Looked how many of those were unused Analyzed two months of Campus TLS traffic as well as did a ZMAP scan of the Internet to see which CA were in use Of the 431 unique CAs present in all systems 148 were completely unused. Of those 148, 140 were not present in _ALL_ trust stores. The remaining 8 were installed in all systems but no certificate was ever seen.
  • 51. X.509 Alternatives & Supplements •DANE: DNS distributed & DNSSEC authenticated Certificates •TACK(.io): Key pinning extension for TLS •Certificate Transparency projects Luckily there are a few alternatives or extensions of the current PKI model DANE uses DNS data to basically say "these certificate fingerprints are fine for this domain" or "this CA is fine for this domain", DNSSEC authenticates this information. Still a government-operated PKI TACK wants to get rid of PKI eventually, allowing authenticated TLS servers to hand out TACKs authoritatively stating which private keys are valid for this specific hostname. And then there're the certificate transparency project which tries to address "rogue" certificates. For example - Google collects a list of "valid" public certificates in a long list, website operators can then send out pointers to that list for browsers to verify
  • 52. IV. Doing your part So these are the things other people are doing for you but you also need to get moving to make sure that you provide a safe communication environment
  • 53. 1. Use TLS in the first place We've learned that it's not only reckless but dangerous to use plaintext communication Programs like the QUANTUM attack suite as well as DISCOROUTE show that DPI is part of the adversaries toolbelt If you use secure encryption you make their lives much much harder
  • 54. 2. Use not only maintained but recent software To be able to use the strongest available ciphers you need to have fresh software. Just because your RHEL4 system is still maintained doesn't mean that it's actually a secure platform.
  • 55. 3. Use sufficiently sized keys and hashes Thirdly - use sufficiently large keys and hash sizes The best cipher is pointless when the key used is far too small - which was the base of the US crypto export embargo 15 years ago
  • 56. Source: http://keylength.com Unfortunately "right size" is a hot topic when it comes to cryptography Many people setting different standards, keylength.com aggregates all of these in a nice table. This list was created with "safe by 2020" in mind In a nutshell: Symmetric Ciphers: 128 bit Asymmetric Ciphers (SSL Certs et al): 2048 bit Hashes: 256 bit
  • 57. 4. Use clients that only accept strong cipher suites Recent browsers are mostly fine, lots of focus on them. Mail Clients, CLI tools like wget get much less attention. Custom applications and URL libraries? All bets are off. urllib2 for python for example does no validation at all ruby ssl allowed cipher suites that were unauthenticated -> MITM
  • 58. 5. Configure servers so that they only offer strong cipher suites Because if you only offer strong crypto, older/broken clients can't talk to you, preventing information leaks Best orient on the guidelines on bettercrypto.org - have got a few examples later one
  • 59. 6. Use forward secure cipher suites were possible And last but not least - use forward secure cipher suites
  • 60. •EDH/DHE or ECDHE Key Exchange •Implies "Ephemeral" session key •Forward Secrecy Source: http://www.wired.com/2013/10/lavabit_unsealed/ These are cipher suites where the actual cipher doesn't use a key derived from the private key of the server but a completely ephemeral one, created individually for each TLS session. With non-forward secure cipher suites you can decrypt all recorded traffic if you get ahold of the private key of the server. Forward secure ciphers prevent that. A notable example was lavabit, mail provider of edward snowden.
  • 61. Considerations for daemons And if you adhere to these six rules, you shouldn't have to worry too much about anybody intercepting your communication. I've prepared a few examples based around real world daemons, all based off.
  • 62. bettercrypto.org • Gathers best practices • Peer reviewed by cryptographers, sysadmins and software maintainers • Defined "Cipher String B" • Focuses on strongest available ciphers on common set of platforms • Does not support Windows XP and Java6 clients off bettercrypto.org
  • 63. apache SSLCertificateFile server.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile server.key SSLProtocol All -SSLv2 -SSLv3 SSLHonorCipherOrder On SSLCompression off # Add six earth month HSTS header for all users... Header add Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=15768000" # If you want to protect all subdomains, use the following header # ALL subdomains HAVE TO support HTTPS if you use this! # Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=15768000 ; includeSubDomains SSLCipherSuite 'EDH+CAMELLIA:EDH+aRSA:EECDH+aRSA+AESGCM:EECDH+aRSA+SHA384:EECDH+aRS A+SHA256:EECDH:+CAMELLIA256:+AES256:+CAMELLIA128:+AES128:+SSLv3:!aNULL:!eNULL:!LO W:!3DES:!MD5:!EXP:!PSK:!DSS:!RC4:!SEED:!ECDSA:CAMELLIA256-SHA:AES256-SHA:CAMELLIA 128-SHA:AES128-SHA' honor cipher order: SSLv3 and TLSv1: Client chooses cipher Compression: Prevents CRIME and BREACH attacks HSTS: Instructs browsers to _ALWAYS_ use HTTPS for specific domains. Prevents HTTPS stripping attacks where MITM offers HTTPS site over HTTP
  • 64. Postfixmain.cf: smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/postfix/server.pem smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/postfix/server.key # review smtp(d)_tls_loglevel settings # enable opportunistic TLS support in the SMTP server and client smtpd_tls_security_level = may smtp_tls_security_level = may # if you have authentication enabled, only offer it after STARTTLS smtpd_tls_auth_only = yes # if supported by all clients smtpd_tls_mandatory_protocols = !SSLv2, !SSLv3 smtpd_tls_mandatory_ciphers=high tls_high_cipherlist=EDH+CAMELLIA:EDH+aRSA:[..] master.cf: 587 inet n - - - - smtpd -o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt -o tls_preempt_cipherlist=yes MSA (Mail Submission Agent) your mailserver receives mail from your clients MUAs MTA (Mail Transmission Agent, MX) sending MTA (SMTP client) MSA: • listen on submission port 587 w/ mandatory TLS • enforce SMTP AUTH even for local networks • do not allow SMTP AUTH on unencrypted connections • optionally use the recommended cipher suites if supported by all clients MTA: * use opportunistic encryption (If available - use it) * do not use self-signed certificates
  • 65. dovecot #dovecot defaults already require TLS and prohibit plaintext authentication over insecure links ssl_cipher_list = 'EDH+CAMELLIA:EDH+aRSA:[..]' ...another important part when validating security of your network is to see if you've missed any services
  • 66. Scanning for services $ nmap -sV example.org [..] Not shown: 988 closed ports PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION 21/tcp open ftp ProFTPD 1.3.4a 22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 6.0p1 Debian 4+deb7u1 (protocol 2.0) 25/tcp open smtp Postfix smtpd 80/tcp open http Apache httpd 143/tcp open imap Dovecot imapd 443/tcp open ssl/http Apache httpd 587/tcp open smtp Postfix smtpd 993/tcp open ssl/imap Dovecot imapd unfortunately there's no comprehensive scanner suite nmap is a good start - it comes with scripting support, and somebody already implemented Protocol scanning Lists SSL for implicit TLS only, no STARTTLS support yet
  • 67. SSLyze •Python based SSL scanner •Project from iSECPartners •Supports XML output for automation •GPLv2 sslyze is a great python based ssl scanner comes with bundled openssl
  • 68. $ ./sslyze.py --regular example.org:443 SCAN RESULTS FOR EXAMPLE.ORG:443 --------------------------------------------------------------------- * Compression : DEFLATE Compression: Disabled * Session Renegotiation : Client-initiated Renegotiations: Rejected Secure Renegotiation: Supported * TLSV1_2 Cipher Suites : Rejected Cipher Suite(s): Hidden Preferred Cipher Suite: DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 256 bits HTTP 200 OK Accepted Cipher Suite(s): DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA256-SHA 256 bits HTTP 200 OK DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256 256 bits HTTP 200 OK DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA 256 bits HTTP 200 OK DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 256 bits HTTP 200 OK CAMELLIA256-SHA 256 bits HTTP 200 OK AES256-SHA 256 bits HTTP 200 OK DHE-RSA-CAMELLIA128-SHA 128 bits HTTP 200 OK DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256 128 bits HTTP 200 OK DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA 128 bits HTTP 200 OK DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 128 bits HTTP 200 OK CAMELLIA128-SHA 128 bits HTTP 200 OK AES128-SHA 128 bits HTTP 200 OK [..] Typical output for a sslyze run...
  • 69. Web Services Galore •HTTP: https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest •XMPP: https://xmpp.net/ •SMTP: https://checktls.com/ •Browser: https://www.howsmyssl.com/ There are also various webservices which help with auditing
  • 70. Unfortunately there's no modern ssldump Would be nice to have tool to run at network edges sniffs out all TLS handshakes complains when weak cipher suites are offered or chosen.
  • 71. Thanks to •The bettercrypto.org team •Aaron Zauner - @a_z_e_t  •All the people devoting their time to security research •You, for listening And that's it for the material I prepared... I'd like to say thanks to...