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Osmotic Fragility Test
- 1. OSMOTIC FRAGILITY TEST DrUMME HABIBA
- 3. PRINCIPLE The osmoticfragility test (OFT) is used to measure erythrocyte resistance to hemolysis while being exposed to varying levels of dilution of a saline solution. When erythrocytes are exposed to a hypotonic environment, water enters the cell and causes swelling and eventual lysis. Small volumes of blood are mixed with a large excess of buffered saline solutions of varying concentration.The fraction of red cells lysed at each saline concentration is determined colorimetrically. The test is normally carried out at room temperature (15–25 °C).
- 6. REAGENTS Prepare astock solution of buffered sodium chloride, osmotically equivalent to 100 g/l (1.71 mol/l) NaCl.This solution will keep for months at 4 °C in a well-stoppered bottle. Salt crystals may form on storage and must be thoroughly redissolved before use. In preparing hypotonic solutions for use, it is convenient to make first a 10 g/l solution from the 100 g/l NaCl stock solution by dilution with water. Dilutions equivalent to 9.0, 7.5, 6.5, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, 2.0 and 1.0 g/l are convenient concentrations. Intermediate concentrations such as 4.75 and 5.25 g/l are useful in critical work and an additional 12.0 g/l dilution should be used for incubated samples. It is convenient to make up 50 ml of each dilution.The solutions keep well at 4 °C if sterile, but should be inspected for moulds before use and discarded if moulds develop.
- 7. METHOD Heparinised venous bloodor defibrinated blood may be used; oxalated or citrated blood is not suitable because of the additional salts added to it.The test should be carried out within 2 h of collection with blood stored at room temperature or within 6 h if the blood has been kept at 4 °C. 1. Deliver 5.0 ml of each of the 11 saline solutions into 12 × 75 mm test tubes. Add 5.0 ml of water to the 12th tube. 2. Add to each tube 50 μl of well-mixed blood and mix immediately by inverting the tubes several times, avoiding foam. 3. Leave the suspensions for 30 min at room temperature. Mix again and then centrifuge for 5 min at 1200 g.
- 8. METHOD 4. Remove thesupernatants and estimate the amount of lysis in each using a spectrometer at a wavelength setting of 540 nm or a photoelectric colorimeter provided with a yellow–green (e.g. Ilford 625) filter. Use as a blank the supernatant from tube 1 (osmotically equivalent to 9 g/l NaCl). 5. Assign a value of 100% lysis to the reading with the supernatant of tube 12 (water) and express the readings from the other tubes as a percentage of the value of tube 12. Plot the results against the NaCl concentration Notes 1. The measurement of osmotic fragility is a simple procedure that requires a minimum of equipment. It will yield gratifying results if carried out carefully. 2. The blood must be delivered into the 12 tubes with great care.The critical point is not that the amount be exactly 50 μl, but rather that the amount added to each tube must be the same.
- 11. FACTORS AFFECTING OSMOTICFRAGILITY TESTS In carrying out osmotic fragility tests by any method, three variables capable of markedly affecting the results must be controlled, quite apart from the accuracy with which the saline solutions have been made up. These are as follows: 1.The relative volumes of blood and saline 2.The final pH of the blood in saline suspension 3.The temperature at which the tests are carried out.
- 15. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS The osmotic fragility of freshly taken red cells reflects their ability to take up a certain amount of water before lysing.This is determined by their volume-to-surface area ratio.The ability of the normal red cell to withstand hypotonicity results from its biconcave shape, which allows the cell to increase its volume by about 70% before the surface membrane is stretched; once this limit is reached lysis occurs. Spherocytes have an increased volume-to-surface area ratio; their ability to take in water before stretching the surface membrane is thus more limited than normal, and they are therefore particularly susceptible to osmotic lysis.The increase in osmotic fragility is a property of the spheroidal shape of the cell and is independent of the cause of the spherocytosis Decreased osmotic fragility indicates the presence of unusually flattened red cells (leptocytes) in which the volume-to-surface area ratio is decreased. Such a change occurs in iron deficiency anaemia and thalassaemia in which the red cells with a low mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell volume (MCV) are unusually resistant to osmotic lysis
- 18. INCREASED OSMOTIC FRAGILITY Conditions associated with increased osmotic fragility have erythrocytes with smaller ratio of surface area to volume and are more susceptible to osmotic stress. Spherocytes are very susceptible for hypotonic solution lysis. Hereditary spherocytosis Autoimmune spherocytosis
- 19. DECREASED OSMOTIC FRAGILITY The conditions are associated with decreased fragility have increased surface area–to–volume ratio. Thalassemia Iron deficiency anemia
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