Ottawa Foresight May 14

ICT and Climate Change Benefits to Canada Bill St. Arnaud CANARIE Inc – www.canarie.ca [email_address] Unless otherwise noted all material in this slide deck may be reproduced, modified or distributed without prior permission of the author

The Climate Change Threat Obama’s National Science Advisor John Holdren on Global Climate Disruption http://greenmonk.net/john-holdren-on-global-climatic-disruption Stephen Chu – new head of DoE – “Wake up America!!” http://www.thedailygreen.com/environmental-news/latest/california-agriculture-global-warming-47020402 MIT report predicts median temperature forecast of 5.2C 11C increase in Northern Canada http://globalchange.mit.edu/pubs/abstract.php?publication_id=990 Last Ice age average global temperature was 6C cooler than today Most of Canada was under 2-3 km ice

The Planet is Already Committed to a Dangerous Level of Warming V. Ramanathan and Y. Feng, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD September 23, 2008 www.pnas.orgcgidoi10.1073pnas.0803838105 Source: Larry Smarr CAL-It2 Temperature Threshold Range that Initiates the Climate-Tipping Additional Warming over 1750 Level 90% of the Additional 1.6 Degree Warming Will Occur in the 21 st Century

Climate tipping point – the next 911 USGS Abrupt Climate Change report finds that future climate shifts have been underestimated and warns of debilitating abrupt shift in climate that would be devastating. http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/sap/sap3-4/final-report/default.htm http://climateprogress.org/2008/11/24/what-are-the-near-term-climate-pearl-harbors/ Tipping elements in the Earth's climate -National Academies of Science http://www.pnas.org/content/105/6/1786.abstract?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=tipping+elements+lenton&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT “ Society may be lulled into a false sense of security by smooth projections of global change. Our synthesis of present knowledge suggests that a variety of tipping elements could reach their critical point within this century under anthropogenic climate change. “

Our Challenge 5 j j 26 tons/person 1 ton/person 2008 2050 ? j 2100 2 tons/person Source: Stern 2008

ICT and Cyber-infrastructure and CO2 emissions* It is estimated that the ICT industry alone produces CO2 emissions that is equivalent to the carbon output of the entire aviation industry 2-3% ICT emissions growth fastest of any sector in society, doubling about every 4 years One small computer server generates as much carbon dioxide as a SUV with a fuel efficiency of 15 miles per gallon Typical US university produces 200,000 – 500,000 metric tons CO2 per year of which 100,000 – 300,000 tons is from Cyber-infrastructure and ICT ICT represent 8-9.4% of total US electricity consumption, and 8% of global electricity consumption http://uclue.com/index.php?xq=724 *An Inefficient Tuth: http://www.globalactionplan.org.uk/event_detail.aspx?eid=2696e0e0-28fe-4121-bd36-3670c02eda49 6

ENERGY MANAGEMENT 1965 - 2008 Projected GHGs are based on Planned Growth in Ten Year Capital Plan Source: SFU Facilities Services University GHG emissions 9

SFU TASC2 Research Building CI major cause of GHG emissions 10

Growth Projections 50% of today’s Data Centers and major science facilities in the US will have insufficient power and cooling;* By 2010, half of all Data Centers will have to relocate or outsource applications to another facility.* During the next 5 years, 90% of all companies will experience some kind of power disruption. In that same period one in four companies will experience a significant business disruption* Data centers will consume 12% of electricity in the US by 2020 (TV Telecom) Source: Gartner; Meeting the DC power and cooling challenge *Sourcce: http://www.nanog.org/mtg-0802/levy.html

IT biggest power draw Heating, Cooling and Ventilation 58% Lighting 11% IT Equipment 25% Other 6% Sources: BOMA 2006, EIA 2006, AIA 2006 Energy Consumption Typical Building Energy Consumption World Wide Transportation 25% Manufacturing 25% Buildings 50%

ICT and Internet is critical to reducing CO2 Direct emissions of Internet and ICT are important at 2-3% of world emissions but, in order of impact, the most significant contribution we can make is through leveraged, or indirect, emissions reductions. According to SMART 2020 these represent as much as a 15% reduction opportunity in global emissions. (And SMART 2020 is one of the most conservative reports on the topic. Others identify even higher potential for savings). 11

ICT’s Enabling Effect is Significant Can deliver carbon emission reductions five times size of sector’s own footprint by 2020 7.8 Giga-tons carbon dioxide equivalent Greater than US or China’s current annual emissions Key sectors include Transportation, Buildings, Industrial Processes, and Power No other sector can achieve this enabler effect !! Source: SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age, 2008 12

Canada’s ICT enabler effect ICT sector contributes one megatonne of GHG emissions or < 1% of Canada’s total Enabling effect estimated at between 19.1 – 36 MT of CO2e Telework, Car pools, Transportation logistics, Virtual Meetings, Smart Buildings & e-commerce Estimated financial benefit between $7.5 billion – $12.9 billion Source: Industry Canada

Why is this important? RFPs from customers to include shadow carbon accounting UK government is planning to link the funding available to universities and colleges with their performance in reducing carbon emissions. All Government RFP responses must include shadow cost carbon accounting EU and other nations expected to follow soon http://www.carbonoffsetsdaily.com/global/government-funding-to-reward-greenest-universities-3996.htm 21

Public Sector to be carbon neutral by 2010 in BC British Columbia was first government to introduce carbon tax in Western Hemisphere Provincial Government in province of British Columbia has mandated all public sector institutions to be carbon neutral by 2010 Other provinces exploring to implement the same policy New Zealand has also made the same requirements Many universities and businesses are adopting voluntary carbon neutrality objectives Dell, Cisco, Google etc This will have big impact on university research and optical networks

The Carbon Economy $500 billion - Value of low-carbon energy markets by 2050 $100 billion - Demand for projects generating GHG missions credits by 2030 Global carbon market expected to grow 58% this year to $92 billion $57 trillion - Carbon Disclosure Project signatories, 1000s of companies participating, expanding to supply chain accounting Obama’s cap and trade (Waxman-Markey) bill will force emitters to spend $1.25 on carbon offsets for every $1.00 on emission permits Source: ClimateCheck 20

The Falsehood of Energy Efficiency Most current approaches to reduce carbon footprint are focused on increased energy efficiency of equipment and processes But growth in ICT deployment of equipment and services is outstripping any gains made in efficiency Which is likely to accelerate as ICT is used to support abatement in other fields such as smart homes, smart buildings, smart grids etc Also greater efficiency can paradoxically increase energy consumption by reducing overall cost service and therefore stimulates demand Khazzoom-Brookes postulate (aka Jevons paradox aka rebound effect) In last Energy crisis in 1973 Congress passed first energy efficiency laws (CAFÉ) which mandate minimum mileage for cars, home insulation and appliances Net effect was to reduce cost of driving car, heating or cooling home, and electricity required for appliances Consumer response was to drive further, buy bigger homes and appliances 14

Zero Carbon strategy essential Zero carbon strategy using renewable energy critically important if governments mandate carbon neutrality, or if there is a climate catastrophe With a zero carbon strategy growth in demand for ICT services will not effect GHG emissions Anything times zero is always zero Wind and solar power are most likely candidates because of opportunity cost/benefit analysis especially time to deploy Nuclear has high opportunity cost because of time to deploy http://climateprogress.org/2008/12/14/stanford-study-part-1-wind-solar-baseload-easily-beat-nuclear-and-they-all-best-clean-coal/ But renewable energy sites are usually located far from cities and electrical distribution systems are not designed to carry load http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/12/pdf/renewable_transmission.pdf 15

Purchasing green power locally is expensive with significant transmission line losses Demand for green power within cities expected to grow dramatically ICT facilities DON’T NEED TO BE LOCATED IN CITIES -Cooling also a major problem in cities But most renewable energy sites are very remote and impractical to connect to electrical grid. Can be easily reached by an optical network Provide independence from electrical utility and high costs in wheeling power Savings in transmission line losses (up to 15%) alone, plus carbon offsets can pay for moving ICT facilities to renewable energy site ICT is only industry ideally suited to relocate to renewable energy sites Also ideal for business continuity in event of climate catastrophe “ Zero Carbon” Computing and data centers 16

Many examples Hydro-electric powered data centers Data Islandia Digital Data Archive ASIO solar powered data centers Wind powered data centers 17 Ecotricity in UK builds windmills at data center locations with no capital cost to user

Relocation of Nordic HPC facilities to Iceland

“ Zero Carbon” data centers connected by optical networks Turbine Spin up Power

Impact on networks Building zero carbon data centers in remote locations creates impact on network in terms of large data volumes being carried greater distances More fossil based energy will be consumed in transmission facilities (versus reduction at data centers) Optical networks will have modest increase in power consumption especially with new 100G and 1000G waves Electronic equipment such as routers and aggregators will have much larger impact

Renewable power is not reliable How do you provide mission critical ICT services when energy source is unreliable? Ebbing wind or setting sun Back up diesel and batteries are not an option because they are not zero carbon and power outages can last for days or weeks Need new network architectures and business models to ensure reliable service delivery by quickly moving compute jobs and data sets around the world to sites that have available power Will require high bandwidth networks and routing architectures to quickly move jobs and data sets from site to site 26

Vertical Windmills for networks MAGENN AIR ROTOR SYSTEM (M.A.R.S.) Windports Verticainc

Wind powered Cell phone tower Over 100,000 cell phone towers to be powered by renewable energy by 2012 Vertical axis turbines and solar Ericsson (Montreal) world leader in these developments

CANARIE Green-IT Pilot $3m allocation for Green cyber-infrastructure-IT pilot testbed Two objectives: Technical viability and usability for relocating computers to zero carbon data centers and follow the sun/follow the wind network Business case viability of offering carbon offsets (and or equivalent in services) to IT departments and university researchers who reduce their carbon footprint by relocating computers and instrumentation to zero carbon data centers International partnership with possible zero carbon nodes using virtual router/computers in Spain, Ireland, California, Australia, British Columbia, Ottawa, Quebec and Nova Scotia 25

What are carbon offsets? Companies or individuals buy carbon offsets from projects that remove or reduce carbon Planting trees, building hydro dams, installing energy efficient processes, etc Many companies and universities that claim to be carbon neutral do so, not by reducing their CO2 footprint but by purchasing offsets Two types of markets Regulated markets – Alberta, BC , Europe and New England Voluntary markets – Air Canada, Chicago, etc Carbon buying and selling is done through registries or exchanges Pacific Carbon Trust, Montreal Carbon exchange, REGI In regulated markets all big emitters such as power plants, steel mills, universities , etc must purchase permits based on cap and trade

ISO 14064/2/3 ISO 14064 is the accounting process required to validate whether a project actually reduces CO2 ISO 14062/3 sets the measurement process for “life cycle” CO2 emissions for a product or service You need to implement ISO 14064 process to demonstrate actual CO2 reductions Vendors need to provide 14062/3 data for products and services

Calculating 14064 for your network or ICT business 14062 life cycle operation 5 years coal Optical Switch 4 tons 20 tons Router 16 tons 500 tons Optical Amplifiers 2 tons 40 tons Computer server 12 tons 40 tons Ethernet switch 8 tons 20 tons PC 20 tons 5 tons Travel to install and repair - 100 tons Virtualized network can save 50% of your carbon emissions

PROMPT – Next Generation Internet to Reduce Global Warming Research on router, optical, W/W-less and distributed computing architectures, applications, grids, clouds, Web services, virtualization, dematerialization, remote instrumentation and sensors, etc. Share infrastructure & maximize lower cost power by “following wind & sun” networks. Sources: GENI and Inocybe 27

Virtual carbon trading systems where carbon offsets are traded for access to grid computational cycles, wide area network bandwidth, research funding and or other virtual services; Creation of a multi-sector pilot of a generalized ICT carbon trading system including government, industry, and universities; Innovative Research funding model

Strong Interest worldwide Over $15M commitments by 11 companies, 15 Canadian universities & institutions and 11 international organizations; Open initiative: Expanding MOU across California, Canada & ROW.

Possible research areas Dynamic all optical networks with solar or wind powered optical repeaters Wireless mesh ad-hoc networks with mini-solar panels at nodes New shortest energy path Internet architectures with servers, computers and storage collocated at remote renewable energy sites such as hydro dams, windmill farms, etc Topology and architecture issues to stretch the network and move routers and switches from major intersections New routing and resiliency architectures for wired and wireless networks for massively disruptive topology changes due to setting sun or waning winds that power routers and servers New stats and measurement analysis of bits per carbon (bpc) utilization, optimized “carbon” routing tables, etc

The “VM Turntable” Demonstrator seamless remote rendering Korea Chicago Calgary VMs Dynamic Lightpaths Starlight CA*net4 KREOnet APEC TEL 33, Calgary, AL, Apr 24-27 2006 Live VMs migrated from Calgary to Chicago with transit through S. Korea, resulting in just a 1.011 second of application downtime . DRAC sets up and tears down a lightpath w/ each migration.

Policy approaches to reducing CO2 Carbon taxes Politically difficult to sell Cap and trade Useful for big emitters like power companies Addresses only supply side of CO2 Carbon Neutrality imposed by law Growing in popularity especially as protests over gas tax escalates But there may be an additional approach…. 28

Carbon Rewards rather carbon taxes – “gCommerce” Although carbon taxes are revenue neutral, they payee rarely sees any direct benefit No incentive other than higher cost to reduce footprint Rather than penalize consumers and businesses for carbon emissions, can we reward them for reducing their carbon emissions? Carbon rewards can be “virtual” products delivered over broadband networks such movies, books, education, health services, collarboartive education and research technologies etc Carbon reward can also be free ICT services (with low carbon footprint) such as Internet, cellphone, fiber to the home, etc 29

Virtualization and De-materialization Source: European Commission Joint Research Centre, “The Future Impact of ICTs on Environmental Sustainability”, August 2004 Direct replacement of physical goods – 10% impact

Virtualization is key Movies and music delivered over Internet Virtual applications Google docs, ESERIs 4 out of top 10 virtualization companies are in Canada, CIO magazine University Internet “culture” and early adoption MIT’s Sixth sense

Case Western pilot with Kindle DX One pound of printer paper generates 4 pounds of CO2 One pound of newspaper produces 3 pounds of CO2 One pound of textbooks produces 5 pounds of CO2 Babcock school of Management textbooks for 160 students alone produces 45 Tons CO2 http://www.stewartmarion.com/carbon-footprint/html/carbon-footprint-stuff.html

Other sectors (40%) (e.g. manufacturing, coal mining, export transport) Emissions under direct consumer control (35%) Consumer influenced sectors (25%) (e.g. retail, food and drink, wholesale, agriculture, public sector) Heating Private cars Electricity Other transport Consumers control or influence 60 per cent of emissions http://www.cbi.org.uk/pdf/climatereport2007full.pdf 30

Free Wifi on Buses There’s a school bus service called The Green Bus in Birmingham, UK which operates double-decker, low-carbon emissions buses that carry over 1400 kids to school every day (saving over 2000 car journeys). In addition to encouraging kids to play peer-to-peer games, the access points allow the bus company to monitor where the buses are in the city in real time. Parents as well as staff can follow the progress of any bus via Google maps. Business bus service in San Francisco offers office on the move – free wifi, femto cell service etc http://www.muniwireless.com/2009/01/14/school-kids-enjoy-wi-fi-on-green-bus/ 32

Carbon Reward Strategy for last mile infrastructure Provide free high speed Internet and fiber to the home with resale of electrical and gas power (ESCOs) http://www.newamerica.net/files/HomesWithTails_wu_slater.pdf Pilots in Cleveland, Switzerland, Ottawa, etc Customer pays a premium on their gas and electric bill Customers encouraged to save money through reduced energy consumption and reduced carbon output Customer NOT penalized if they reduce energy consumption May end up paying substantially less then they do now for gas + electricity + broadband + telephone + cable Network operator gets guaranteed revenue based on energy consumption rather than fickle triple play 33

Green ICT MOU Between UCSD, Univ. British Columbia, and PROMPT Agree to Develop Methods to Share Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Data in Connection with ISO Standards For ICT Equipment (ISO 14062) and Baseline Emission Data for Cyberinfrastructure and Networks (ISO 14064) Work With R&E Networks to Explore Methodologies and Architectures to Decrease GHG Emissions Including Options such as Relocation of Resources to Renewable Energy Sites, Virtualization, Etc Oct. 27, 2008

American College & University President’s Climate Commitment “ Signatories agree to… Create institutional structures Select & implement tangible actions to reduce greenhouse gases Complete a comprehensive greenhouse gas inventory Develop a climate-neutral action plan Make information publicly available” 22

Train your IT staff in offsets Not for profit eLearning institute The institute offers rigorous online training and workshops on GHG accounting, auditing and management. Most participants are from IT industry Absolutely essential if you want to sell carbon offsets http://www.ghginstitute.org/ 35

Final remarks The problem we face is NOT energy consumption, but carbon emissions Think carbon, not energy Optical networks and components will play a critical role in helping us move to a zero carbon society

Thank you More information http://green-broadband.blogspot.com http://free-fiber-to-the-home.blogspot.com/ 33

Ottawa Foresight May 14

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Ottawa Foresight May 14