Downloaded 44 times
![Elaine Showwalter
Elaine Showalter (born January 21, 1941) is
an American literary critic, feminist, and writer on
cultural and social issues. She is one of the founders of
feminist literary criticism in United States academia,
developing the concept and practice of gynocritics.
Best known in academic and popular cultural
fields,[1] she has written and edited numerous books and
articles focused on a variety of subjects, from feminist
literary criticismto fashion, sometimes sparking
widespread controversy, especially with her work on
illnesses. Showalter has been a television critic
for People magazine and a commentator on BBC radio
and television
Wikipedia](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture4-141022001434-conversion-gate01/75/Pakistani-Literature-Lecture-4-5-2048.jpg)
![ Cultural Feminists:
As radical feminism died out as a movement, cultural feminism got
rolling. In fact, many of the same people moved from the former to
the latter. They carried the name "radical feminism" with them, and
some cultural feminists use that name still. (Jaggar and Rothenberg
[Feminist Frameworks] don't even list cultural feminism as a
framework separate from radical feminism, but Echols spells out
the distinctions in great detail.) The difference between the two is
quite striking: whereas radical feminism was a movement to
transform society, cultural feminism retreated to vanguardism,
working instead to build a women's culture. Some of this effort has
had some social benefit: rape crisis centers, for example; and of
course many cultural feminists have been active in social issues (but
as individuals, not as part of a movement).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lecture4-141022001434-conversion-gate01/75/Pakistani-Literature-Lecture-4-27-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byAbdullah Saleem
Pakistani Literature ...Lecture 4 ..
This document provides an overview of feminism and key figures in its development. It discusses Mary Wollstonecraft as one of the early advocates for women's rights and education. It also mentions Rebecca West's definition of feminism as the belief that women are equal to men. The document then focuses on Elaine Showalter and her development of feminist literary criticism and the concept of gynocritics. It provides various waves of feminism and examples of feminist writers and texts.
More Related Content
Similar to Pakistani Literature ...Lecture 4 ..
More from Abdullah Saleem
Pakistani Literature ...Lecture 4 ..
- 1. Introduction to feminism Mary Wollstonecraft
- 2. Mary Wollstonecraft(/ˈwʊlstən.krɑːft/; 27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797) was an eighteenth-century English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book. Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason. Wikipedia
- 3. What is Feminism? Rebecca West says, “Feminism is the radical notion that women are people” Feminism is the belief that women should have equal rights to men
- 5. Elaine Showwalter Elaine Showalter (born January 21, 1941) is an American literary critic, feminist, and writer on cultural and social issues. She is one of the founders of feminist literary criticism in United States academia, developing the concept and practice of gynocritics. Best known in academic and popular cultural fields,[1] she has written and edited numerous books and articles focused on a variety of subjects, from feminist literary criticismto fashion, sometimes sparking widespread controversy, especially with her work on illnesses. Showalter has been a television critic for People magazine and a commentator on BBC radio and television Wikipedia
- 6. Towards a FeministPoetics Woman as Readers: The consumer of male produced Literature. Its subject includes the images and literary stereotypes of women in Literature, omissions and misconceptions and the fissures in male-constructed literary history. Feminist Poetics
- 7. Woman As Writers Woman as the producer of textual meaning, with the history, themes, genres and structures of Literature by Women. Subjects Include: Psychodynamics of female creativity: linguistics and the problem of a female language; the trajectory of the individual or collective female literary career; literary history; and of course, studies of particular writers and works.
- 8. La gynocritique OR“Gynocritics”
- 9. CONTD Thefeminist critique is essentially polemical and political, with theoretical affiliations to Marxist sociology and aesthetics. According to Showalter gynocritics is more self-contained and experimental, with connections to other modes of new feminist research.
- 10. Gynocritics CharlotteBronte: Jane Eyre (1847) Pen Name: Currer Bell Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights (1847) Pen Name: Ellis Bell George Eliot (Pen Name): Middlemarch (1872) Mary Ann Evans Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Aurora Leigh (1856)
- 11. Feminism and ThreeWaves The Feminine Phase (1840-1880)Used Pen Names Women wrote in an effort to equal the intellectual achievements of the male culture, internalized its assumptions about female culture. Distinguishing sign of this period is the male pseudonym became national characterstic of English women writers American women during the same period adopted superfeminine names like Fanny Fern, Grace Greenwood.
- 12. The Feminist Phase1880-1920 From 1880-1920 led to Winning of Vote Enabled to reject the accomodating postures of femininity Used Literature to dramatize the ordeals of wronged womanhood e.g Elizabeth Gaskell, Frances Trollope.
- 13. Female Phase 1920-----to Present Women reject both imitation and protest Turn to female experience as the source of an autonomous art Extended the feminist analysis of culture to the forms and techniques of Literature Virginia Woolf started thinking in terms of male and female sentences and divided their work into “masculine journalism” and “feminine fictions” Redefined internal and external experiences
- 14. Their experimentswere both enriching and imprisoning retreats into the celebration of consciousness. “A luminous halo, a semi-transparent envelope surrounding us from the beginning of consciousness to the end” (Showalter)
- 15. Three Waves andWoman Situation The first Wave: 19th and 20th Century UK and US Won improved rights for women in Marriage and property Biggest achievement was winning political power Suffragetes and suffragists campaigned for the women’s vote
- 16. CONTD In1918: Women over 30 who owned property won the vote and in 1928 it was extended to all women over 21.
- 17. Feminism and Pakistan Under Colonialism Literature was produced all around the world Pre -Partition: Twilight in Delhi(1948) Woman Situation Post -Partition: The Heart Divided (1948) The beginning of Pakistani Feminist writings in English. Women were doubly colonized (a) by colonizers (b) by patriarchal society
- 18. After independencewomen were confined and restricted Spivak: “As Subalterns”.OR “Othered” Mohanty: “Produced as Subjects” Women are shown as oppressed as well as fighting oppression
- 19. Feminism -Politics -Pakistan Rana Liaquat founded the united front for women’s rights. Had the right to vote Representation reserved for them in Parliament Woman Movements ignored the role of socio/political forces of feudals, tribals and military. Pakistan Vs India In the decade of 70’s efforts were made to modernize the State Representation increased to 10% in National Assembly and 5% in Provincial Assembly. No substantial forum was provided to woman Zia regime proved quite discriminatory as women were restricted and confined
- 20. CONTD In1988 Bhutto became the first woman Prime minister of Pakistan. Not much was done for woman. On her return to power again in 1993-0nwards efforts were made to make domestic violence a crime Musharraf Era : Women Friendly Women Protecion Act 2006: Facilitated release of women detained on various charges
- 21. CONTD ZardariEra: Protection Against Harassment of Women at the Workplace (2011) Acid Control and Acid Crime Prevention Act (2011) The Prevention of Anti Women Practices 2011 To deprive women of rightful inheritance To give girls in badle-e- sulha to settle disputes Force the women to marriage with Quran
- 22. Domestic ViolenceAct 2012 National Commission on the status of women Act 2012. To promote legal, economic and political , social rights of women.
- 23. Voices From Pakistan Bilquis Jamal, Kaneez Fatima, Safia Shamim, Deputy Nazir Ahmed, Asmat Chughtai Fehmida Riaz, Kishwar Naheed, Farzana Bari, Mumtaz Shaheed
- 24. Feminism Types Liberal Feminism This is the variety of feminism that works within the structure of mainstream society to integrate women into that structure. Its roots stretch back to the social contract theory of government instituted by the American Revolution.
- 25. Radical Feminism: This term refers to the feminist movement that sprung out of the civil rights and peace movements in 1967-1968. The reason this group gets the "radical" label is that they view the oppression of women as the most fundamental form of oppression, one that cuts across boundaries of race, culture, and economic class.
- 26. Marxist and SocialistFeminism Marxism recognizes that women are oppressed, and attributes the oppression to the capitalist/private property system. Thus they insist that the only way to end the oppression of women is to overthrow the capitalist system. Socialist feminism is the result of Marxism meeting radical feminism.
- 27. Cultural Feminists: As radical feminism died out as a movement, cultural feminism got rolling. In fact, many of the same people moved from the former to the latter. They carried the name "radical feminism" with them, and some cultural feminists use that name still. (Jaggar and Rothenberg [Feminist Frameworks] don't even list cultural feminism as a framework separate from radical feminism, but Echols spells out the distinctions in great detail.) The difference between the two is quite striking: whereas radical feminism was a movement to transform society, cultural feminism retreated to vanguardism, working instead to build a women's culture. Some of this effort has had some social benefit: rape crisis centers, for example; and of course many cultural feminists have been active in social issues (but as individuals, not as part of a movement).
- 28. Eco-Feminism Thisbranch of feminism is much more spiritual than political or theoretical in nature. It may or may not be wrapped up with Goddess worship and vegetarianism. Its basic tenet is that a patriarchal society will exploit its resources without regard to long term consequences as a direct result of the attitudes fostered in a patriarchal/hierarchical society. Parallels are often drawn between society's treatment of the environment, animals, or resources and its treatment of women. In resisting patriarchal culture, eco-feminists feel that they are also resisting plundering and destroying the Earth