Paper 11 The Postcolonial Literature.

Paper 11 The Postcolonial Literature.

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  Name: Baldaniya VanitaVelabhai Semester: 3 Roll No: 29 Class: M. A. Part 2 Paper: 11 The Post Colonial Literature. Work: Presentation Email. Id: [email protected] Topic: Post Colonial Terms (Imperialism, Nation/Nationalism) Submitted by Smt. S. B. Gardi Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University. Department of English.
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  Imperialism • Imperialism isa type of advocacy of empire. Its name originated from the Latin word "imperium", which means to rule over large territories. Imperialism is "a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means". • Imperialism has greatly shaped the contemporary world. • The term imperialism has been applied to Western (and Japanese) political and economic dominance especially in Asia and Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its precise meaning continues to be debated by scholars. Some writers, such as Edward Said, use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organised with an imperial centre and a periphery. •
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  Imperialism is defined: •Imperialism is defined as "an unequal human and territorial relationship, usually in the form of an empire, based on ideas of superiority and practices of dominance, and involving the extension of authority and control of one state or people over another.“ • Imperialism is a process and ideology that does not only focus on political dominance, but rather, conquest over expansion. Imperialism is particularly focused on the control that one group, often a state power, has on another group of people. • There are "formal" or "informal" imperialism. "Formal imperialism" is, "the physical control or full-fledged colonial rule". • "Informal control" is less direct, however; it is still a powerful form of dominance. •
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  The definition ofimperialism • The definition of imperialism has not been finalized for centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers, or simply, general-purpose aggressiveness. Further on, some writers used the term imperialism, in slightly more discriminating fashion, to mean all kinds of domination or control by a group of people over another. To clear out this confusion about the definition of imperialism, one could speak of "formal" and "informal" imperialism. The first meaning physical control or "full-fledged colonial rule", while the second implied less direct rule though still contains perceivable kinds of dominance. •
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  • Informal ruleis generally less costly than taking over territories formally. This is because, with informal rule, the control is spread more subtly through technological superiority, enforcing land officials into large debts that cannot be repaid, ownership of private industries thus expanding the controlled area, or having countries agree to uneven trade agreements forcefully.
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  • It ismostly accepted that modern-day colonialism is an expression of imperialism and cannot exist without the latter. The extent to which "informal" imperialism with no formal colonies is properly described remains a controversial topic amongst historians. Both colonization and imperialism have been described by Tom Nairn and Paul James as early forms of globalization: • Even if a particular empire does not have a "global reach" as we would define it today, empires by their nature still tend to contribute to processes of globalization because of the way that imperial power tends to generate counter-power at its edge-lands and send out reverberations far beyond the territories of their immediate control. •
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  • The wordimperialism became common in Great Britain during the 1870s and was used with a negative connotation. In Britain, the word had until then mostly been used to refer to the politics of Napoleon III in obtaining favourable public opinion in France through foreign military interventions.
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  For Example
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  Nationalism • Nationalism isessentially a shared group feeling in the significance of a geographical and sometimes demographic region seeking independence for its culture and/or ethnicity that holds that group together, this can be expressed as a belief or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation. Nationalism involves national identity, by contrast with the related concept of patriotism, which involves the social conditioning and personal behaviours that support a state's decisions and actions.
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  • From apolitical or sociological perspective, there are two main perspectives on the origins and basis of nationalism. One is the primordialist perspective that describes nationalism as a reflection of the ancient and perceived evolutionary tendency of humans to organize into distinct groupings based on an affinity of birth. The other is the modernist perspective that describes nationalism as a recent phenomenon that requires the structural conditions of modern society in order to exist. • An alternative perspective to both of these lineages comes out of Engaged theory, and argues that while the form of nationalism is modern, the content and subjective reach of nationalism depends upon 'primordial' sentiments.
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  The nation hasbeen described by Benedict Anderson as an "imagined community“and by Paul James as an "abstract community". • It is an imagined community in the sense that the material conditions exist for imagining extended and shared connections. • It is an abstract community in the sense that it is objectively impersonal, even if each individual in the nation experiences him or herself as subjectively part of an embodied unity with others. For the most part, members of a nation remain strangers to each other and will never likely meet. • Hence the phrase, "a nation of strangers" used by such writers as Vance Packard.
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  Nation • Nation (fromLatin: natio, "people, tribe, kin, genus, class, flock") is a social concept with no uncontroversial definition,but which is most commonly used to designate larger groups or collectives of people with common characteristics attributed to them - including language, traditions, customs (mores), habits (habitués), and ethnicity. • A nation, by comparison, is more impersonal, abstract, and overtly political than an ethnic group. It is a cultural-political community that has become conscious of its autonomy, unity, and particular interests.
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  • According toFord's National Question: "a nation is not a racial or tribal, but a historically constituted community of people;" "a nation is not a casual or ephemeral conglomeration, but a stable community of people"; "a nation is formed only as a result of lengthy and systematic intercourse, as a result of people living together generation after generation"; and, in its entirety: "a nation is a historically constituted, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and psychological make-up manifested in a common culture.”