Patterns of organization of speech, and how to lead discussions and seminars

BIS 1104 – COMMUNICATION SKILLS FOR IT-ASSIGNMENT 3
GROUP ASSIGNMENT 3
PRESENTATION
BY
EVENING GROUP
Tuesday, 10 December 2013

Questions For Evening Group
(i) What is a pattern of
organization
(ii) Organizational
patterns for speeches
1. Patterns of
organisation of
speech
3.,
seminarDiscussion
s and tutorials
(i) How to lead a
discussion, seminar and
tutorial
(ii) How to participate in a
discussion

1. Patterns of organisation of speech
• A pattern of organization is the structure of how
information is organized in a writing, presentation, a
speech, etc.
• Once one has identified the main points to support his or
her idea statement, one needs to organize these for
presentation.
• Developing a clear pattern of organization makes it easier
for him or her to stay focused on the topic and for the
audience to follow the presenter’s line of reasoning.
(i) What is a pattern of organization?

The common organizational patterns for speeches include
the following:
1. Chronological pattern:
2. Spatial pattern.
3. Causal pattern.
4. Problem-solution pattern.
5. Topical order pattern
(ii) Organizational patterns for speeches

• The Chronological pattern is a pattern that organises
points in a time or sequential order.
• It explains what comes first and what follows during
speech delivery.
• For example, the chronological pattern is suitable for
using when delivering speeches concerning biographical
speeches, historical events, stages, or cycles.
• Chronological pattern order signal words include: first,
third…; next; then; finally; eventually; following this, …
1. Chronological pattern:

• To illustrate this pattern of organisation of
speech, Let’s consider the case of baby’s first
year.
1. Chronological pattern:- Example

• Spatial pattern is a method of speech organization in
which the main points follow a directional pattern.
• It gives emphasis on whereabouts of a thing or things.
Spatial pattern is good for speeches on location/places.
(Guide, tour)
• The Spatial pattern uses words like above, adjacent to,
below, beyond, then, close by, elsewhere, inside, nearby,
next to, opposite, within, without, behind, in front of, to
left…
2. Spatial pattern:

• The following
example
illustrates the
spatial pattern
for a speech
describing the
Makerere
University Jinja
Campus Main
Building
2. Spatial pattern:- Example

• Casual pattern is a method of speech organization in
which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.
• It presents a reason or condition and the subsequent
effect or conclusion.
• The casual of pattern commonly involves use of words like
accordingly, affect, as a result, and, because,
consequently, hence in short, may be due to, reasons,
results, then, therefore, thus…
3. Casual pattern:

• The following
speech about
Violence and Video
Games is an
example of a speech
organised according
to a casual pattern
3. Casual pattern:-
Example

• The Problem – Solution Pattern is a method of speech
organization in which the first main point deals with the
existence and seriousness of a problem and the second
main point presents a solution to the problem.
• The pattern presents a significant problem and explains it
in detail. Then, a possible solution is proposed.
• Problem and Solution pattern signal words include:
– Problem, need, difficulty, dilemma, enigma, challenge, issue…
– Solution answer, propose, suggest, indicate, solve, resolve,
improve, plan, and respond to a need...
4. Problem – Solution Pattern:

• As an example
of a speech
organised
according to the
problem-
solution
pattern, lets
look at the
written speech
below:
4. Problem –
Solution Pattern:-
Example

• The Topical Pattern is a method of speech organization in
which the main points divide the topic into logical and
consistent subtopics.
• It Classifies the major points into topic or subdivision. The
points could be arranged based on the major topic.
• It can be used for a speech in which one makes Analysis of
where events, ideas, or facts fit in with other events,
ideas, and facts.
• Words usually used during this kind of speech include:
category, field, rank, group, various, elements,
characteristics, some feature, types, parts, etc.
5. Topical Pattern:

• The following example is an outline of a speech organised
according to the topical pattern.
5. Topical Pattern:- Example

3. Discussion, Seminars And Tutorials
• Do the following during your preparation session:
– Begin by identifying the main issues to be discussed.
– Carry out background reading/research to develop your
understanding and interest.
– Make notes as you read.
– Keep track of useful examples or quotations as these will provide
important evidence for discussion.
– Develop both a broad understanding of the subject matter as well
as a list of things that you’re having difficulty with.
– Make a list of points that you’d like to make or problems you’d like
to find solutions to.
3(i)(a) How to lead a discussion in general:

• You can lead a discussion by:
– introducing yourself and stating the purpose of the discussion
– asking questions to stimulate the discussion
– making sure no one dominates the discussion by inviting and
encouraging contributions from all participants
– ensuring only one member of the group speaks at a time
– ensuring the discussion remains relevant and doesn't drift off
topic
– summarising or rephrasing a speaker's point
– summarising the discussion, re-echoing the main points and
conclusions reached during the discussion.

Coping with Conflict
– Discussions can become so lively that they lead to strong
disagreement between group members.
– It is important to remember that in a discussion, ideas should
be challenged, never people.
– If you see other people getting angry try to play an active
role in the group, intervening with some of the above
strategies.
– Observation or agreement can be very effective ways of
drawing attention to disagreement before it gets out of
hand, for example: “We appear to be saying the same thing
here”.

Conclusion
• The key to successful discussion is for everyone to be fully
engaged; not for everyone to have fully developed ideas.
• Always listen to all the ideas of the participants.
• A questioning approach to your preparation opens your
mind and creates a fertile ground for a discussion and
debate.

• When leading a seminar, you must communicate in a
positive way to assist the speakers in accomplishing their
objective.
• The skills below can be used to influence other people
positively and help your seminar achieve its purpose.
– introducing the subject matter and purpose of the seminar
– introducing yourself and the other speakers
– making sure all members have approximately the same time to
speak
– thanking group members for their contribution
– being objective in summarising the seminar’s conclusions and
achievements.
3(i)(b) Leading a seminar

To effectively lead a tutorial, you will be expected to give a
talk and to generate discussion. Through your reading, asking
questions and initiating discussion, you should show that you
are able to think ‘around’ the topic and come to terms with
the main ideas.
Do the following a lead a tutorial effectively:
• Begin by drawing up a rough plan of your talk.
• Read to gain an overview of your topic.
• Develop your own questions about the topic.
• For a tutorial to work well, you need to:
• prepare: do the reading!
3(i)(c) Leading a tutorial

Do the following a lead a tutorial effectively (cont’d)
• test out ideas
• ask questions
• summarize what others have said
• listen actively and intelligently
• encourage others to share their ideas
• provide illustrations and examples of supporting and
conflicting evidence
• challenge ideas in appropriate ways.
3(i)(c) Leading a tutorial

To be a good discussion participant, the following
principles should be observed:
• don't wait until you arrive at the ‘big idea’: say
something simple and often to help build
discussion;
• share responsibility with the group: don’t dominate
or leave others to do all of the talking;
• be positive and respectful of other people's ideas.
3(ii) HOW TO PARTICIPATE IN A DISCUSSION

With the above principles in mind, using the
following strategies helps to build your contributions
to group discussions.
a. Verbal/non-verbal acknowledgements
• Show that you’re a good listener by paying close
attention to what is being said. Acknowledge other
people’s contributions by saying “yes” or nodding
your head.
3(ii) HOW TO PARTICIPATE IN A DISCUSSION (cont’d)

• b. Agreements
• Agreeing with a point someone has made can take your
contributions to the next stage. Statements like “That’s a good idea”
or “I’d not thought of that” offer non-threatening speaking strategies.
• c. Observation
• Try commenting on the discussion, showing other group members
that you’re aware of what’s going on and are playing an active role in
listening and shaping the argument.
• This can be particularly useful when trying to avoid distractions and
keeping the discussion on course: “Haven’t we moved away from the
point that Moses was making about ...?”

d. Presenting alternative views
• Offering alternative points of view indicates a high level of involvement and can be a
very effective way of helping to develop your own ideas and the ideas of others.
Don’t be afraid to disagree with someone, simply make sure that you do so in a
constructive way.
e. Involvement
• This level shows very strong levels of engagement. In addition to all of the above
strategies, the involved student will also try to make new points, leading the
discussion into new ground.
f. Using Openers
• Using a simple opening statement will get you started and draw people’s attention to
the fact that you want to speak. Examples include: “I think…”, “I disagree,…”, “That’s
a good point…”, “Can I say that...?”, “Hold on; haven’t we ignored.…”

Patterns of organization of speech, and how to lead discussions and seminars

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