Perception
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This document discusses perception and the perceptual process. It defines perception as how people select, organize, and interpret sensory information. The perceptual process involves sensation, selection, organization, and translation of stimuli. Perception is influenced by factors in the perceiver, target, and situation. The document also discusses attribution theory, shortcuts in judgment like halo effect and stereotyping, and perceptual organization through figure-ground and grouping principles.
Perception
- 1. “ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.” By Dr. H.S. ABZAL BASHA, M.B.A., Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, G. Pullaiah College of Engineering & Technology, Kurnool.
- 2. 2 Organizational Behavior / Perception Perception Uma Sekharan defines perception as. " the process through which people select, organize and interpret or attach meaning to events happening in the environment:” Stephen P. Robbins defines perception as – “A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to the environment” According to Udai pareek, “perception can be defined as the process of receiving, selecting, organizing, interpreting, checking and reacting to sensory stimuli or data”
- 7. 3 Organizational Behavior / Perception The Perceptual Process 1.Sensation An individual’s ability to detect stimuli in the immediate environment. 2.Selection The process a person uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that have been sensed and to retain others for further processing. 3.Organization The process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a framework for “storage.” 3.Translation The stage of the perceptual process at which stimuli are interpreted and given meaning.
- 8. 4 Organizational Behavior / Perception Receiving Stimuli (External & Internal) Selecting Stimuli External factors : Nature, Location,Size,contrast, Movement,repetition,similarity Internal factors : Learning, needs,age,Interest, Organizing Figure Background , Perceptual Grouping ( similarity, proximity, closure, continuity) Response Covert: Attitudes , Motivation, Feeling Overt: Behavior Perceptual Process Interpreting Attribution ,Stereotyping, Halo Effect, Projection
- 9. 5 Organizational Behavior / Perception Factors influencing perception A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made.
- 10. 6 Organizational Behavior / Perception Factors influencing Perception Factors in the perceiver • Attitudes • Motives • Interests • Experience • Expectations Perception Factors in the Target • Novelty • Motion • Sounds • Size • Background • Proximity • Similarity Factors in the situation • Time • Work Setting • Social Setting
- 11. 7 Organizational Behavior / Perception Perceptual organization It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognizable and identifiable patterns and whole objects. Certain factors are considered to be important contributors on assembling, organizing and categorizing information in the human brain. These are - - Figure ground Perceptual grouping
- 12. 8 Organizational Behavior / Perception Figure-Ground Illustration Field-ground differentiation The tendency to distinguish and focus on a stimulus that is classified as figure as opposed to background.
- 13. 9 Organizational Behavior / Perception PERCEPTUAL GROUPING Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a meaningful and recognizable pattern. It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be inborn. Some factors underlying grouping are -continuity -closure -proximity -similarity
- 14. 10 Organizational Behavior / Perception Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others
- 15. 11 Organizational Behavior / Perception Attribution Theory When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. observation Interpretation Attribution of cause Consistency Consensus Distictinctiveness Individual behavior Internal External Internal External Internal External H L H L H L H –high L- Low
- 16. 12 Organizational Behavior / Perception Distictiveness Does this person behave in this manner in other situation Yes High Consistency No Low Consistency No Low Consensus Yes High Consensus YES Low Distinctiveness NO High Distinctiveness Consensus Do other person Behave in the Same manner? Consistency Does this person behave in this same manner at other times ? Internal Attribution External Attributi on
- 17. 13 Organizational Behavior / Perception Shortcuts in judging others Selective Perception : People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience and attitudes. Halo Effect : Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a single charecteristics.
- 18. 14 Organizational Behavior / Perception Contrast Effect : Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are effected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics. Projection : Attributing one's own characteristics to other people. Stereotyping : Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that persons belongs.
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- 20. 16 Organizational Behavior / Perception
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