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Perception mod.
Perception is the process by which individuals assign meaning to their environment and it may differ from objective reality. It is influenced by factors within the target, perceiver, and situation. There are key differences between sensation, which deals with basic physiological responses, and perception, which involves cognitive processing of sensory information. People form self-concepts consisting of their self-beliefs and evaluations. These self-concepts can be positive through self-enhancement or reinforced through social interactions. Attribution theory seeks to explain how and why people make causal explanations for behaviors. Common biases include overemphasizing dispositions over situations and taking credit for successes but blaming failures on external factors.
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Perception mod.
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- 2. WHAT IS PERCEPTION? •The process by which individual assigns meaning to environment in which he lives which may be far away from reality • Two individual may see the same situation but may perceive it differently • It is significant for OB to understand perception of individuals to understand their behavior
- 3. • Sensation VsPerception – Sensation deals with the basic behavior of individuals caused by his physiological functions – Perception is a complex concept in which we take the raw data thru senses then refines, modifies or completely change it through our cognitive process
- 4. How we perceiveourselves? • Self concept- refers to individuals self belief and self evaluations, “who am I?” it has three characteristics:- – Complexity- how many distinct roles and /or identities people perceive about themselves – Consistency- how compatible are self concepts with different roles and individual values – Clarity-to what extent person defines himself and provide same description of himself across times
- 5. Processes which influenceself concept • Self enhancement- person perceive himself above average • Self verification- people convey their self concept to co-workers so that they can provide the feedback that reinforces their self concept • Self evaluation-almost everyone strives to have positive self concept. Can be defined through:- – Self esteem – Self efficacy – Locus of control • The social self- some acheivement differentiates you from others in the group
- 6. FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION FACTORSIN TARGET Novelty Motion Sounds Proximity Background Size Similarity PERCEPTION FACTORS IN SITUATION Time Work setting Social setting FACTORS IN PERCEIVER Attitude Experience Motives Expectation Interest
- 7. SOCIAL PERCEPTION • Itdeals with as how an individual perceives other individuals. • The following characteristics influence the perception of individual – The individual well understands his own personality – Personal characteristics of individual – Individual with high self-esteem will find favorable aspects – Multi skill of individuals – Status of individual being perceived – Visible personality traits of individual being perceived
- 8. Attribution Theory People aremotivated to understand the causes of behavior. Attribution theory seeks to explain how and why people make these causal attributions. Attributions - are the reasons we we give for our own and others behaviors.
- 9. Why is thisbaby smiling?
- 10. • Fritz Heiderargued that there are two general types of attributions that people make: –Personal /dispositional attributions –Situational attributions
- 11. Personal attributions • Explanationsin terms of personal characteristics. For example: –“The baby must be a happy baby.” • Other examples: –“He scored well on the exam because he is smart.” –“She tripped because she is clumsy.”
- 12. Situational attributions • Explanationsin terms of situational factors. For example: –“Someone must have just played with the baby .” • Other examples: –“He scored well because it was an easy test.” –“She tripped because a squirrel ran in front of her.”
- 13. The Fundamental AttributonError is that we overestimate the power of the person and underestimate the power of the situation. The availability heuristic partly explains why this error occurs.
- 14. Why do peoplemake the fundamental attribution error? • The situation is not salient when people make attributions for the behavior of others, but the situation is salient when making attributions for one’s own behavior. • Thus, people are more inclined to take the situation into account when explaining their own behavior.
- 15. Self-serving bias • Peopledo not make objective situational / personal attributions for their own behavior, though. • They tend to attribute their successes to dispositional factors, and their failures to situational factors. • For example: “I did well on the test because I am smart,” or “I did poor on the test because I didn’t get enough sleep.
- 16. How do peoplemake attributions? • Kelley argued that people take three factors into account when making a personal vs. situational attribution: – Consistency: “how often did the person act this way in the past” Is the baby always smiling? If frequently then high consistency if seldom then low – Distinctiveness: “how often does the person acts this way in other settings” Are there occasions on which the baby doesn’t smile? If frequently then low distinctiveness if seldom then high distinctiveness – Consensus: “how often do other people act this way in similar situation” Do all babies smile? If frequently then consensus is high and if seldom then low consensus.
- 17. • If consistencyis high, and distinctiveness / consensus are low, then a personal attribution is more likely: – “The baby is always smiling, never displays other emotions (like crying), and this is not typical of babies in general. Therefore, this baby must have a happy disposition.” • If consistency is high, and distinctiveness / consensus are also high, then a situational attribution is more likely. – “The baby is always smiling when tickled, but displays different emotions in other circumstances. Smiling when tickled is typical of all babies. Therefore, this baby is smiling because it was tickled”
- 18. THEORIES OF MAKINGJUDGMENTS AND THEIR SHORTCOMINGS • Attribution theory- (Errors- Fundamental attribution error, self serving bias) INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR DISTINCTIVENESS EXTERNAL INTERNAL CONSENSUS EXTERNAL INTERNAL CONSISTENCY EXTERNAL INTERNAL OBSERVATION ATTRIBUTION OF CAUSEINTERPRETATION
- 19. OTHER SHORTCUTS WHILEJUDGING • Selective perception- not possible to observe everything, select observations according to our interest • Hallo effect- only prominent trait is considered • Contrast effect- when compared with other • Projection/false consensus effect- when own traits are projected • Stereotyping – when judged according to the group he/she belongs • Primacy effect- when judged on the basis of first information • Recency effect- when most recent information dominates our perception
- 20. SPECIFIC APPLICATION IN ORGANIZATION •Employment interview- Ist impression is generally the last impression • Performance expectations- individuals behavior is judged as per self expectations, example of survey of Israeli army trainers. • Ethnic profiling- judged according to color, race, caste etc. • Performance evaluation- where targets can not be quantified the appraisal is done on the basis of subjective measures. • Employee effort- sometimes the appraisal is done on the basis of individual efforts and it is a subjective judgment
- 21. How one candevelop perceptual skills • Perceiving oneself accurately • Enhancing self concept • Having positive attitude • Being empathic • Communicating more openly • Avoiding common perceptual distortions • Developing a global mindset
- 22. Johari window-developed byJoseph Luft & Harry Ingram known to self unknown to self Known to self Unknown to others Increase open area by disclosing your hidden area to them and taking feedback for blind area to reduce perceptual biases. Open area Blind area Hidden area unknown area