PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BROADCASTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING CLUSTER APPROACH

International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing( IJASUC ) Vol.1, No.2, June 2010.
10.5121/ijasuc.2010.1203 22
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BROADCASTING IN
MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING CLUSTER
APPROACH
D.Sivaganesan1
and Dr.R.Venkatesan2
1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Karpagam College of Engineering,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.
dsg_pol@rediffmail.com
2
Department of Information Technology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore,
Tamilnadu, India.
ABSTRACT
Broadcasting is a fundamental service in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Cluster based approach
are proposed in literature to reduce the network collision, to reduce delay of packet transmission, to
reduce the energy consumption and improves the throughput. In this paper, a cluster- based
infrastructure is proposed for broadcasting in MANETs. The backbone of the network takes advantage of
the cluster structure and only requires cluster- heads and some selected gateways to forward the
broadcast packet. Each cluster head selects some gateways to forward the packet when it sends the
packet to all the cluster heads in its coverage set. Cluster structures have been simulated using mobile
simulator Glomosim 2.03, which gives better performance to reduce the network collision, to reduce
delay of packet transmission, to reduce the energy consumption and improves the throughput.
KEYWORDS
MANET, Connected Dominating Set, Cluster, Ad Hoc Network
1. INTRODUCTION
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a special type of wireless mobile network which
forms a temporary network without the aid of an established infrastructure or a
centralised administration. Each node in MANET is a router. If a source node is unable to
send a message directly to its destination node due to limited transmission range, the
source node uses intermediate nodes to forward the message towards the destination node.
Broadcasting is the process in which a source node sends a message to all other
nodes in MANET[3]. Broadcasting is important in MANET for routing information
discovery,[1] for instance, protocols such as dynamic source routing (DSR) , ad hoc on
demand distance vector (AODV)[2][9] , and location aided routing use broadcasting to
establish routes. Broadcasting MANET poses more challenges than in wired networks
due to node mobility and scarce system resources. Because of the mobility there is no
single optimal scheme for all scenarios. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are collections
of autonomous mobile hosts without the help of centre base stations. Applying such networks
into practice brings many challenges to the protocol design, such as routing in highly dynamic
networks [10], allocating shared wireless channels and saving limited bandwidth. Trade offs are
needed in the protocol design to achieve these conflicting goals. The broadcast nature of
wireless transmissions, that all the neighbours of a host will receive the packet when the host
transmits a packet. Extremely limits the scalability of the network. When the size of the network
increases and the network becomes dense, even a simple broadcast operation may trigger a huge

23
transmission collision and contention that may lead to the collapse of the whole network [16].
This is referred to as the broadcast storm problem [4]. Therefore, building some type of
backbone infrastructure for a network can enhance the performance of the whole network when
the network becomes dense. Basically, the backbone of a network converts a dense network to a
sparse one to relieve the communication overhead of the whole network. The cluster structure is
a simple backbone infrastructure which has only two levels of hierarchical structure. The
network is partitioned into a group of clusters. Each cluster has one cluster head that dominates
all other members in the cluster. Two cluster heads cannot be neighbours. Gateways are those
non-cluster head nodes that have at least one neighbour that belongs to other clusters. It is easy
to see that cluster heads and gateways form a backbone of the original network. Theoretically,
we can describe a MANET as a unit disk graph G=(V, E), where the node set V represents a set
of wireless mobile hosts and the edge set E represents a set of bi-directional links between the
neighbouring hosts, assuming all hosts have the same transmission range r. Two hosts are
considered neighbours if and only if their geographic distance is less than r. We use Nk
(v) to
represent v’s h-hop neighbour set, including v itself. Generally, a backbone infrastructure of a
network can he considered as a connected dominating set (CDS) [7] of a given graph. A
dominating set (DS) is a subset of nodes such that every node in the graph is either in the set or
has an edge linked to a node in the set. If the sub graph induced from a DS of the graph is
connected, the DS is a CDS. Another concept, an independent set (IS) is defined as a set of
nodes of the network; in which each pair of nodes are not neighbours. In a cluster network, the
set of cluster heads is an IS and the set of the cluster heads and gateways is a CDS [15].
2. RELATED WORK
Flooding is one of the earliest protocols for multicasting and broadcasting in ad hoc networks
[2], [3]. In flooding, every node in the network transmits the message to its neighbours after
receiving it. Flooding can lead to severe contention ,collision and redundant transmissions: a
situation referred to as broadcast storm [1].In a series of papers [4], [5], [6], it was proposed that
a connected dominating set (CDS)[7] can be used as a virtual backbone for routing in ad hoc
networks. Williams and Camp [3] have classified the broadcast protocols into flooding,
probability-based, counter based, distance-based, location-based and neighbour knowledge
schemes. Similarly, neighbour knowledge schemes can be divided into selecting forwarding
neighbours and clustering-based. In counter-based scheme inhibits the rebroadcast if the packet
has already been received for more than a given number of times. In the probabilistic scheme
when receiving a broadcast packet for the first time, a node rebroadcasts the packet with a
probability p; when p=1, this scheme reduces to blind flooding. In the distance-based scheme a
node rebroadcasts the packet only if the distance between the sender and the receiver is larger
than a given threshold. In the location-based scheme, a node rebroadcasts a packet only when
the additional coverage due to the new emission is larger than a certain bound. In the selecting
forwarding neighbours a broadcasting node selects some of its1-hop neighbours as rebroadcast
nodes. Finally, the cluster structure is a simple backbone infrastructure whereby the network is
partitioned into a group of clusters. Each cluster has one cluster head that dominates all other
members in the cluster. A node is called a gateway if it lies within the transmission range of two
or more cluster heads. Gateway nodes are generally used for routing between clusters. The
rebroadcast is performed by cluster heads and gateways.
In this paper, we report results from Glomosim. 2.03 as the simulation platform. Glomosim 2.03
is a popular network simulator which has originally been designed for wireless networks and
has been support simulations in MANET settings in order to characterise neighbourhood’s
information, such as the average number of neighbours of a given node by means of ‘Hello’
packet exchanges. We proposed cluster structure for broadcasting in MANETs for analysing the
performance of network collision, delay for packet transmission, energy consumption and the
throughput.

24
3. PRELIMINARIES
3.1. Ad Hoc Broadcasting Approach
In this approach, only nodes selected as gateway nodes and a broadcast message header are
allowed to rebroadcast the message. The approach is described as follow
1. Locate all two hop neighbours that can only be reached by a one hop neighbour.
Select these one hop neighbours as gateways.
2. Calculate the cover set that will receive the message from the current gateway set.
3. For the neighbours not yet in the gateway set, find the one that would cover the most two
hop neighbours not in the cover set. Set this one hop neighbour as a gateway.
4. Repeat process 2 and 3 until all two hop neighbours are covered.
5. When a node receives a message and is a gateway, this node determines which of its
Neighbours already received the message in the same transmission. These neighbours
are considered already covered and are dropped from the neighbour used to select the
next hop gateways.
In Figure 1. node 2 has 1, 5 and 6 nodes as one hop neighbours, 3 and 4 nodes has two hop
neighbours. Node 3 can be reached through node 1 as a one hop neighbour of node 2. Node 4
can be reached through node 1 or node 5 as one hop neighbours of node 2. Node 3 selects node
1 as a gateway to rebroadcast the message to nodes 3 and 4. Upon receiving the message node 5
will not rebroadcast the message as it is not a gateway.
The Limitations are deduced from a detailed comparative study in [12].
1. All methods apart from neighbour based methods require more rebroadcasts,
with respect to the number of retransmitting nodes [15].
2. Because it does not use local information to decide whether to rebroadcast or
not, the Ad hoc broadcasting approaches have difficulties in a very high
mobile MANET.
Figure 1. Ad Hoc Broadcasting Approach
3.2. Cluster Network
The clustering problem can now be defined formally. We are given an undirected graph G
= (V, E) representing a communication network where the vertices are the nodes in the
network and the edges are the communication links. The clustering process first divides V
into a collection of (not necessarily disjoint) subsets {V1 , V2 , . . . , Vk }, such that each
subset Vi induces a connected sub graph of G. Note that these induced sub graphs can
overlap. Each such vertex subset is a cluster [11] [12] [13]. Ideally, the size of the

25
clusters falls in a desired range and the induced sub graphs have small diameters. Note
that the clustering approach has been used to address traffic coordination schemes,
routing problems and fault tolerance issues. Note that cluster approach proposed in
[15] was adopted in order to reduce the complexity of the storm broadcasting problem .
Each node in a MANET periodically sends ”Hello” messages to advertise its presence.
Each node has a unique ID. A cluster is a set of nodes formed as follows. A node with a
local minimal ID will elect itself as a cluster head. All surrounding nodes of a head are
members of the cluster identified by the heads ID. Within a cluster, a member that can
communicate with a node in another cluster is a gateway. To take mobility into account,
when two heads meet, the one with a larger ID gives up its head role. This cluster
formation is depicted in Figure 2.
Figure 2.Clustered MANET
In a cluster, the heads rebroadcast can cover all other nodes in its cluster. To rebroadcast
message to nodes in other clusters, gateway nodes are used, hence there is no need for
a non-gateway nodes to rebroadcast the message [17].
3.3. Graph Dominating Set
A dominating set of a graph G = (V, E) is a subset S ⊆ V, such that every vertex v ∈ V is
either in S or adjacent to a vertex of S [5]. The solid black vertices in Figure 3. form a
dominating set of the graph. A vertex of S is said to dominate it self and all adjacent
vertices. We say that an edge is dominated if either of its endpoints is in S and refer to
other edges as free. In general, a vertex subset S is called a distance-k dominating set if
every vertex v is within the closed distance-k neighbourhood of some vertex of S. The
solid black vertices in Figure 3 . Form a dominating set of the graph. A vertex of S is
said to dominate itself and all adjacent vertices. We say that an edge is dominated if
either of its endpoints is in S and refer to other edges as free. In general, a vertex subset S
is called a distance-k dominating set if every vertex v is within the closed distance-k
neighbourhood of some vertex of S. A dominating set is an independent dominating set
if no two vertices in the dominating set are adjacent. An example is shown in Figure 4.
Another important variant is the connected dominating set.

26
Figure 3. Dominating Set Figure 4. Connected Dominating Set
4. BROADCASTING IN CLUSTER MANET
4.1. The Cluster Broadcasting
Considering the case that the backbone of the network consists of the fixed cluster heads and
dynamically selected gateways that depend on the source of a broadcast; that is, the gateways
are selected at the time when a cluster head needs to relay the packet. Since this backbone is
constructed step by step as the broadcast traverses the network, some pruning techniques can be
used to reduce the. Broadcast redundancy. Generally, pruning techniques can eliminate some
redundant broadcasting operations between two downstream neighbours of a sender if these two
neighbours know that they have received a broadcast packet from the same upstream sender.
For a simple network with 3 nodes in Fig 5. Suppose node u broadcasts a packet, both nodes v
and w receive the packet, and then they rebroadcast the packet to each other. Apparently, the
last two transmissions are redundant. There is many ways to reduce this kind of transmission
redundancy. When a node receives a broadcast packet, if it can back-off a short period of time
before it relays the packet, it may receive more copies of the same packet from its other
neighbours. If all of its neighbours can be covered by these already received broadcast copies, it
can resign its role of re-broadcast operation. For the network in Fig 5, when both v and w
receive the packet from u, if both v and w have a random delay before they relay the packet, and
w receives the duplicated packet from v before its delay times out, w realizes that all its
neighbours (u and v) have already received the packet. Therefore, it does not relay the packet. In
this case, one redundant transmission is saved. Another way to reduce transmission redundancy
is to piggyback the covered nodes with the broadcast packet when the sender broadcasts a
packet. From the information of the piggybacked packet, each receiver can compute which
subset of its neighbour set has already received the packet.
Figure 5. An illustration of the transmission redundancy in a network with three nodes
u
v
w

27
For example, in Figure 5. u broadcasts a packet that piggybacks v and w because they
have received the packet when u broadcasts the packet. At the time that v and w receive
the packet, they know that all of their neighbours (for v they are w and u; for w they are
u and v) have received the broadcast, therefore, none of them will relay the packet
again. In this case, two redundant transmissions are saved. Of course, these methods
will introduce some extra cost, for example, the first one will lead to more delay time
and the second one will increase the message length. By using the pruning technique of
attaching the sender’s coverage set and selected gateways will broadcast the packet.
4.2. Working Principle of the Cluster
1. If the source is not a cluster head, it just sends the broadcast packet to its cluster head.
2. When a cluster head receives the broadcast packet from its upstream cluster head
sender for the first time, it executes the selection process: It chooses some gateways,
called forward nodes, to forward the packet to all the cluster heads in its coverage set.
Its overage set is updated by excluding the cluster head sender and those cluster heads
in the sender’s coverage set that are piggybacked with the broadcast packet. The
coverage set of this cluster head, together with its selected forward nodes, are
piggybacked with the broadcast packet for the forwarding purpose. A Cluster head will
do nothing if it receives a duplicated packet.
3. When a non-cluster head node receive the broadcast packet for the first time and if it is
a forward node, it relays the packet; otherwise, it does nothing.
5. SIMULATION RESULT
The simulation was carried out using Glomosim. 2.03. The parameters used in the following
simulation experiments are listed in Table 1. The MAC layer scheme follows the IEEE 802.11
MAC specification. We have used the broadcast mode with RTS/CTS/ACK mechanisms for all
packet transmissions. The following graph shows the simulation output for ad-hoc networks
with IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. Figure 6. Shows the reduction of the collision rate. Figure 7.
Shows the reduction of energy consumption. Figure 8.Shows the reduction of delay of
transmission of packets between the clusters heads. Figure 9.Shows throughput for cluster
structure MANET.
Table 1. The parameters used in the simulation
Parameter Value
Simulator Glomosim. 2.03
Network Area 900 x 900 m2
Transmission Range 100~300 meter
MAC Layer IEEE 802.11
Bandwidth 2 M b /s
Data Packet Size 512 bytes
Number of Nodes 20~100
Routing-Protocol AODV
Simulation Time 100 s
Number of Trials 10

28
Figure 6. Number of Nodes Vs Collision Rate
Figure 7. Number Nodes Vs Energy Consumption.

29
Figure 8. Nodes Vs Delay
Figure 9.Nodes Vs Throughput

30
6. CONCLUSIONS
The broadcast nature of wireless transmissions, that all the neighbours of a host will receive the
packet when the host transmits a packet. Extremely limits the scalability of the network. When
the size of the network increases and the network becomes dense, even a simple broadcast
operation may trigger a huge transmission collision and contention that may lead to the collapse
of the whole network [16]. This is referred to as the broadcast storm problem. To reduce this
problem, we proposed cluster structure for broadcasting in MANETs. We describe the
construction of the cluster-based networks. It point out that maintaining a network without
collision at all times for broadcasting is costly and unnecessary rebroadcast will occur.
Therefore, building a Cluster Networks is better choice for collision free transmission in
MANET. Based on our simulation results, we conclude that cluster structure is best to reduce
the network collision, to reduce delay of packet transmission, to reduce the energy consumption
and improves the throughput.
REFERENCES
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for Mobile Ad hoc Networks. Internet Draft: draft-ietf-manet-dsr-09.txt.
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Routing in wireless networks, Tech. Report CS-TR-4103, University of Maryland,
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[15] K. M. Aizoubi. P. J. Wan and O. Frieder, (2002), Message-Optimal Connected Dominating Sets
In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Proc.of ACM Mobihoc’2002. Pages 157-164.
[16] H. Lim and C. Kim, ( 2001), Flooding In Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. Computer
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Networks, Accepted To Appear In Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, A Special Issue
On Algorithmic, Geometric, Graph, Combinatorial, And Vector Aspects.
Authors
Mr.D.Sivaganesan received BE degree in Computer Science Engineering in
1999, M.Tech degree in Information Technology in 2004.He is currently working
as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, Karpagam College of Engineering, Coimbatore.He is currently
pursuing Ph.D. His research interest includes Mobile Computing, Object
Computing, Simulation and Microprocessors Based Systems. He has published
12 technical papers in International, National Conferences and Journals.
Dr.R.Venkatesan received Ph.D degree in Computer Science and Engineering.
He is currently working as Professor and Head, Department of Information
Technology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore. His research interest
includes Simulation and Modeling, Software Engineering, Software, Algorithm
Design, Database Technology, Software Project Management, Software Process
Management. He has published 26 technical papers in International, National
Conferences and Journals.

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