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- 1. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURALSCIENCES, BENGALURU COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, VC FARM, MANDYA. “DISEASES OF PERIWINKLE” Presented by Maruthi H Patil PAMM0019 MSc. (Agri.) 1
- 2. CONTENT • INTRODUCTION • IMPORTANCE •MEDICINAL PROPERTIES • MAJOR DISEASES SYMTOMS ETIOLOGY EPIDEMOLOGY LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Botanical name: Catharanthus roseus • Other names : bright eyes, Cape periwinkle, graveyard plant, Madagascar periwinkle, old maid, pink periwinkle, rose periwinkle • Local name :Batlahoo, ganeshanahoo • Family : Apocynaceae • CH.No : 2n = 16 • Origin : Madagascar • Economic part : root and leaf
- 4. IMPORTANCE • Grown asan ornamental and medicinal • Important for decoration of gardens and fences. • Presence of alkloids like serpentine & reserpine in roots , which is well known for their hypotensive properties. • Vincristin and vinblastine anticancer agent . • It is also used for promoting wound healing, improving the way the immune system defends the body, and for “blood-purification.”
- 5. Increasing blood circulation: •increasing blood circulation in the brain. • supporting brain metabolism. • increasing mental productivity. • preventing memory and concentration problems. • improving memory and thinking ability. • preventing early aging of brain cells. •The soothing shade of periwinkle is used in chromo therapy to reduce anger and anxiety, making it an ideal flower to have around your home to secure against strife.
- 6. MEDICINAL PROPERTIES LEAVES • Vomit. • Used in diabetes (Enhanced secretion of insulin). • Young leaves for stomach cramps. • Alkaloids anti-cancer . • As application to wasp, bee stings.
- 7. Reduce hairfall, dandroff,and white hairs. Skin diseases.
- 8. ROOT • For dysentery •Antibacterial, antifungal. FLOWER • Extract used for eyewash in infants • Asthma. Skin tonning.
- 9. • Cough • Nosebleeds •Lung congestion. • Sore throat • mouth ulcers • Eye irritation, when applied to the eye. • Skin infections, when applied to the skin. • Stopping bleeding, when applied to the skin.
- 10. Important diseases Fungal diseases Powderymildew Grey mould foliage blight Cercospora leaf spot Root rot Bacterial diseses Phyllody
- 11. Viral diseases Catharanthus yellowmosaic virus (CYMV) Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV)
- 12. 1. Powdery mildew Causalorganism: Eryisphe spp. Symptoms: • white powdery dusting of the fungus developed on the upper leaf surfaces. • yellow and brown lesions in association with whitish masses. • Infected leaves may be distorted, and some leaf drop may occur.
- 14. TAXONOMY • Kingdom :Fungi •Division :Ascomycota • Class :Leptomycetes • Order :Erysiphales • Family :Erysiphaceae • Genus :Erysiphe • Species :E. cruciferarum
- 15. Etiology • Mycelia isseptate and ectoparasitc. • Intracellular haustoria. • Asexual spore- Barrel shaped conidia in chain. • Sexual spore- Ascospres borne on ascus present in cleistothecia. • PSI- Infected debris • SSI-Conidia.
- 16. Epidemiology: • Temperature:20-21oC • Relativehumidity:80-85% • It is most severe in shady areas and during cooler periods
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- 19. Management : • Collectionand burning of fallen leaves. • Spray with Wettable sulphur 0.3% (or) Carbendazim 0.1% 2-3 sprays at 15 days interval is effective. • Sulphur dust at 25 kg/ha. • Use of sulphur at higher temperature conditions will be phytotoxic.
- 20. 2.Grey mould Causalorganism: Botrytis cinerea. Symptoms: • Small brown to black spots at the margins of leaves. • The spots enlarge and extend inwards, covering entire leaf surface, giving the plant blight appearance. • development of cottony white growth which later converts into grey colour due to sporulation. • Affected portions break off at the point of infection. • Leaves which are in contact with the diseased are
- 22. TAXONOMY • Kingdom :Fungi •Division :Ascomycota • Class :Leptomycetes • Order :Helotiales • Family :Sclerotiniaceae • Genus :Botrytis • Species :B. cinerea
- 23. ETIOLOGY : • Conidiophoreslong, slender, branched, septate, apical cells enlarged or rounded bearing • clusters of conidia on short sterigmata. • Entire structure resembles a grape bunch. • Ash coloured, grey in mass, one-celled, globose to ovoid.
- 24. Isolation 1% Sodium hypochlori te Take a disease infectedplant specimen Infected plant tissue along with adjacent small unaffected tissue cut into small pieces Surface sterilization of tissue with 1% Sodium hypochlorite Rinse 3-4 times with sterile distilled water Transfer to PDA plates Incubate at room temperature for 3- 4days for growth
- 25. Disease rating Scale Description 1No symptom 2 1-5 spot/leaf 3 6-10 spots/leaf 5 20-25 % area covered 7 26-50 % area covered 9 > 50% area covered
- 26. Epidemiology • Cool, rainyspring and summer weather usually around 15°C . • Gray mold can be particularly damaging when rainy, drizzly weather continues over several days.
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- 28. Management : • Properspacing. • Remove diseased parts. • Spray carbendazim(Bavistin) @0.1% before the onset of cyclonic rains. • Based on weather forecast followed by second spray soon after rains have receded.
- 29. Foliage Blight Causal organism:Phytophthora spp Symptoms • Water soaked irregular pale green lesion appear mostly near tips and margins of leaves • Lesion rapidly grow into large and become brown to purplish black necrotic spots. • During morning hours a white mildew consists of sporangia and sporangiophores of the pathogen can be seen on the corresponding lower surface of the leaf spot.
- 30. • Light todark brown lesion appear on stems or petioles that elongate and encircle the stem. • Affected stems or petioles become week at the infection and may collapse. • Entire crop gives blackened blighted appearance and may be killed within a week.
- 31. Etiology • Mycelium coenocyticproduce lemon shaped detachable, papillate sporangia on sympodially branched sporangiophores of indeterminate growth. • Reproduce mainly through asexual spore-zoospore& sexual by oospore
- 32. Epidemology • Sporangia productionstarts with in 8hrs at100% RH +18-200C • Zoospores production by sporangia starts with in 30min at120 C • Zoospores disseminated by splashing rain drops. • Zoospores produce germ tube and appresoria in presence of free water and • Penetrate within 2-21/2 hr at 10-25 0 C. • Subsequent development disease symptom develop a t17-250C
- 33. Sources of inoculum •Infected plants • Oospores present in soil. • Volunteer host plants • Alternate host plant
- 35. • Fungicides: Metalaxyl+Mancozeb •Cymoxamil+Mancozeb • Antagonistic microorganisms – Trichoderma viride • Penicillium viridicatum • Pseudomonas syringae • Cultural methods: Minimising irrigation after disease appear Use of disease free seeds and sedlings. Elimination of crop debris of earlier crop
- 36. CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOT •Symptomsappear predominantly as red-brown to grey leaf spot. •Lesions intially form on lower surface of leaves •Lesions may coalesce as disease advances with adjacent lesions resulting in severe blighting of the entire leaf •Leaves falling occur in severe case. SYMPTOMS CCAUSAL ORGANISM : Cercospora sps
- 38. ETIOLOGY Septate mycelia, Inter cellularmycelia and intracellular haustoria. Asexual spores- whip like conidia on conidiophores, Sexual spores- Ascospores borne in ascus inside the Pseudothecium Vegetative structure is dormant mycelia.
- 39. SCORING: Disease severity onthe plant was estimated visually on a scale of 0-5, where, 0= no disease 1=up to 3% coverage 2=up to 10% 3=up to 30% 4= upto 40% 5= more than 40% Ngegba et al. (2017)
- 40. EPIDEMIOLOGY • Temperature :30-32°C, • RH : 85-90 per cent, • cloudy weather, • poor management. Source of inoculum – Primary source of inoculum: Dormant mycelia. – Secondary source of inoculum: Air borne conidia
- 41. DISEASE CYCLE OFCercospora sp
- 42. MANAGEMENT 1.Regulatory measures: • preventsthe introduction of a pathogen into a region. • Major practices includes quarantine, inspection and certification, seed treatment 2.Cultural practices: • Avoid high density plantation. • Proper nutrient management of the soil. • Collect the older leaves and burn.
- 43. 3.Chemical Application 4.Biological control Trichodermaviride 5g+ Psedomonas fluorescens 5g Sl.no. Common name Trade name Recommende d dose 1 Mancozeb Indofil M45 2g/lit 2 Chlorothalonil Kavach 2g/lit
- 44. Root rot CAUSAL ORGANISM: Rhizoctonia solani SYMPTOMS • The symptoms of the disease are characterized by water soaked lesions followed by brown discoloration on the collar region of the plant resulting collapsing and toppling down the affected seedling • Stem near the soil level shows large number of black pycnidial bodies. • Stem portion can be easily pulled out leaving rotten roots in the soil. • Bark of the affected roots shred and shredding even extends above the ground level. • Large number of dark brown/black sclerotia is seen on the inner walls of the shredded bark.
- 46. Taxonomy • Kingdom :Fungi •Division :Basidiomycota • Class :Agaricomycetes • Order : Cantharellales • Family :Ceratobasidiaceae • Genus :Rhizoctonia • Species :R. solani
- 47. ETIOLOGY • produces greyishwhite, inter and intracellular, septate, thick mycelium with right angle branching near septum. • During asexual reproduction,dark brown,globose pycnidia with an ostiole are produced on the surface of the stem • Inner wall of the pycnidium is lined with pycnidiospores • Pycnidiophores are hyaline,short and rod shaped • At the end of the growing season the fungus produces spherical, black and smooth sclerotia on the inner walls of the root bark • Sclerotia survive and initiate new infection
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- 49. 1. placing seedsdirectly on fungus culture. 2. Sowing seed in soil mixed with culture. 3. Innoculating basal stems of 10 day old seedlings. INNOCULATION METHODS
- 50. DISEASE CYCLE OFROOT ROT
- 51. MANAGEMENT Deep summer ploughing Avoidexcess moisture Bioagents- Trichoderma viridae @ 2kg/acre Seed treatment carbendizim 2-3g/kg seeds
- 52. Phyllody Causal organism:phytoplasm Symptoms • Short internodes, proliferation of auxiliary branches. • Floral parts turns to leaf like strucure. • flattening of stem covered with mass of highly reduced leaves. • extreme dwarfing of the plant. • Witches broom. • Yellow dwarf
- 54. Etiology • Shape :Pleomorphic – round to elongate • Size : 80-800 micro meter. • Structure & composition: i. Do not posses cell wall, have membrane. ii. Ribosome like granules in cytoplasm. iii.DNA is genetic material. • Multiplication: budding • Location in plants: phloem tissues of infected plants. • Sensitive to antibiotics of tetracycline group. • Vetcor: leaf hopper(Orosius albicintus) Plant hoppers Symptoms are more pronounced at low temp. 15-200 C
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- 56. MANAGEMENT • Remove anddestroy infected plants. • To control vector, spray Dimethoate 30 EC (500 ml/ha). • Seed treatment with Imidachloprid 5g/kg. • Spray of Tetramycin @ 0.5 g/litre of water.
- 57. Catharanthus yellow mosaicvirus (CYMV) • mosaic • vein clearing and vein banding • stunting • necrosis. • mottling, • leaf curling • yellowing.
- 58. (a) healthy periwinkleplant; (b) leaf distortion; (c) chlorosis; (d) yellowing; (e) deformation of apical leaves; (f) fleck (g) mottling; (h) mosaic; (i) rosette and stunting; (j) blotching and flower distortion; (k) vein clearing and flower variegation; (l) vein necrosis and mottling. (
- 59. Taxonomy • Realm :Riboviria •Kingdom :Orthornavirae • Phylum :Pisuviricota • Class :Stelpaviricetes • Order :Patatavirales • Family :Potyviridae • Genus :Potyvirus
- 60. PROTOCOL FOR THEPARTIAL PURIFICATION. 1.Grind leaves in 0.5M citrate buffer, pH 6.5 and chloroform, containing0.1 per cent thioglycollic acid. 2. Centrifuge at 5,000 rpm for 15 min, retain aqueous supernatant, discard pellet and solvent. 3. Add polyethylene glycol to supernatant (100 wt/ vol) and shake until dissolved, leave for 30 min. 4. Centrifuge at 8000 rpm for 20 min, discard supernatant and re- suspend pellet in 0.05 M Citrate buffer (pH 7.0), containing 2% triton , leave overnight. 5. Centrifuge at 15,000 rpm for 20 min, retain supernatant, discard pellet. 6. Centrifuge at 75,000 rpm For 150 min, discard supernatant, re- suspend pellet in 0.05 M Citrate buffer. 7. Centrifuge at 5000 rpm for 10 min, discard pellet, retain supernatant (The partially purified virus)
- 61. Tomato Spotted WiltVirus (TSWV) SYMTOMS • Black concentric ring spots or line patterns. • yellowing. • Stunting and distortion. • TSWV transmitted by thrips.
- 63. Taxonomy • Realm :Riboviria •Kingdom :Orthornavirae • Phylum :Negarnaviricota • Class :Ellioviricetes • Order :Bunyavirales • Family :Tospoviridae • Genus :Orthotospovirus • Species: Tomato spotted wilt virus.
- 64. MANAGEMENT • Inspect plantsfor virus symptoms prior to purchase. • Remove all diseased plants from flowerbeds. • Avoid planting near vegetable gardens, as many vegetables are also susceptible. • Controlling weeds is also essential because many weeds can harbor both thrips and the virus • Select disease free seed. • Rouging and eradication of infected plants. • Regular infection and removal of severely infected plants. • using insecticide to control the aphid vectors. • cross protection.
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