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Pesticides and their application methods
This document provides an overview of pesticides including their classification, qualities of an effective pesticide, examining pesticide labels, and equipment and methods for pesticide application. Pesticides are classified based on their target pest, toxicity, mode of entry or action, and chemical structure. Effective pesticides are potent, fast-acting, broad spectrum, affordable, and cause minimal environmental pollution. Proper pesticide application requires protective equipment, calibrated equipment like knapsack or boom sprayers, and following precautions to avoid hazards.
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Pesticides and their application methods
- 1. BY UMAIR RASOOLAZMI Pesticides and their Application
- 2. Course contents Pesticide. Classification ofPesticide. • Based on toxicity. • Based on mode of entry. • Based on mode of action. • Based on chemical structure. Qualities of a good pesticide. Pesticide bottle Examination. Field application. • Apparatus. • Precautions. • Hazards.
- 3. Pesticide A pesticideis a chemical used to kill pests. Pest is any organism that threatens human directly by creating annoyance or indirectly by damaging our crops .
- 4. Classification of Pesticide Insecticide: To kill insects. Herbicide: To kill herbs. Weedicide: To kill weeds. Fungicide: To kill Fungi. Bactericide: To kill Bacteria. Acaricide/Miticide: To kill Mites. Nematocide: To kill Nematodes. Rodenticide: To kill Rodents.
- 5. Classification based onToxicity Toxicity refers to “degree to which a substance can damage an organism.” It is measured in LD50 and LC50. Oral toxins: kill through oral cavity or Stomach. Dermal toxins: kill through Skin. Respiratory toxins: kill through respiratory System.
- 6. Classification based onMode of Entry How a chemical enters into the insect body cavity? Stomach poison. Contact Poison. Systemic Poison. Fumigant Poison. Trans-laminar Poison.
- 7. Classification based onMode of Action How a pesticide acts after entering in body of insect? • Nerve Poison. • Muscle Poison. • Physical Poison. • Metabolic Poison.
- 8. Classification based onchemical structure Based on chemical structure Pesticides are of five types: 1. Organochlorine (DDT, Chlordane). 2. Organophosphate (Profenofos, Chloropyrifos). 3. Carbamates (Carbaril, Carbosulfan, Carbofuran). 4. Pyrethrides (Bifenthrine, Lambda-cyhalothrine). 5. New chemistry (Imedacloprid, Acetamiprid, Leufenuron, Amamactin etc.).
- 9. Classification based onFormulation Formulation is the mixture of active and inactive ingredient in a specific proportion for specific purposes. Solid Formulations Liquid Formulations Gas Formulations
- 10. Solid Formulations SolublePowder Wet-able Powder Dust Granules Baits Slow Release Tablets
- 11. Liquid Formulations EmulsifableConcentrate Flow-able Concentrates Aerosol Solution • Low Concentrate • High Concentrate • Ultra Low Volume
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- 13. Qualities of aGood Pesticide Highly potent. Quick Knockdown Effect. Broad Spectrum Activity. Cheap. Compatible with other pesticides. Non inflammable/ Non corrosive. Not off taste the crop. Easy Formulation. Optimum Residue Persistence. Least environmental pollution. Non-Phototoxic. Low possibility of insect Resistance. Activation in insects. Safe for beneficial Insects.
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- 15. Apparatus for Application About Nozzles. Knap Sack Sprayer. ULV Sprayer. Compressed Sprayer. Boom Sprayer.
- 16. Nozzles Nozzle Spray AnglePressure (bars) Drop size Target Hollow Cone 65-110 3 100-150 Cotton foliage Solid Cone 25-70 3 100-200 Spot treatment Variable Cone 0-110 3-10 100-200 Orchards Flat-Fan 80-110 2-3 200-250 Pre-emergence Flood Jet 90-140 1-2 Less than 250 Post- emergence Dual Fluid 90-140 1-2 Less than 250 Foliage emergence
- 17. Knap Sack Sprayer Components: • Main body • Straps • filler hole • Pump • Pump handle • Pressure chamber • Hose pipe • Trigger • Lance • Nozzle Working: When a stroke is made, pressure is created in pressure chamber. When trigger is pushed, the pesticide solution is ejaculated with a pressure. The drop size depends upon the type of nozzle attached.
- 18. Ultra Low VolumeSprayer Vegetable oil is used instead of water. It is battery operated. Drop Drift chances are very low due to high density of oil. Pesticide consumption is very low 0.6-4.7liters per acre.
- 19. Compressed Sprayer Itis used in Gardens. It has a big lance and also has high pressure as compared to a normal sprayer.
- 20. Boom Sprayer Itis used at large scale. Battery operated. High pressure pump. Auto-leveling mechanism in field.
- 21. Precautions Pesticides arechemicals use them carefully. Wear gloves, cowboy shoes and mask while application. Wear the straps properly and keep lance at 1ft. to the height of the plant. Only use a pesticide according to recommended dose. Do not make mixture of any kind of pesticides unless it is recommended. When using Herbicides/Weedicides spray a row only once as these chemicals can burn plants. After application wash the tank properly. In case of any personnel accident, take the victim to a doctor immediately along with pesticide bottle.
- 22. Hazards Killing ofnatural enemies. Insect Resistance problems. Residual hazards. Upsetting of natural balance. • Air pollution–-water pollution—Soil pollution. Hazards to personnel and domestic animals. High cost of pesticides, labour, Maintenance of equipments.