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PESTS OF MUSHROOM.pptx
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- 3. Introduction A pestis any animal or plant harmful to humans or human concerns. The term is particularly used for creatures that damage crops, livestock, and forestry or cause a nuisance to people, especially in their homes. Humans have modified the environment for their own purposes and are intolerant of other creatures occupying the same space when their activities impact adversely on human objectives. Thus, an elephant is unobjectionable in its natural habitat but a pest when it tramples crops. A pest is any living thing, whether animal, plant, or fungus, which humans consider troublesome to themselves, their possessions, or the environment. It is a loose concept, as an organism can be a pest in one setting but beneficial, domesticated, or acceptable in another. Microorganisms, whether bacteria, microscopic fungi, protists, or viruses that cause trouble, on the other hand, are generally thought of as causes of disease (pathogens) rather than as pests.
- 4. Impact of pests (i)Injury to crop plants, forests and ornamentals (ii) Annoyance, injury and death to humans and domesticated animals (iii) Destruction or value depreciation of stored products. Pests include insects, nematodes, mites, snails, slugs, etc. and vertebrates like rats, birds, etc
- 5. Types of damage Togetherpests and diseases cause up to 40% yield losses every year Direct Damage First, there is the direct injury they cause to the plants as they feed on the tissues; a reduction in leaf surface available for photosynthesis, distortion of growing shoots, a diminution of the plant's growth and vigour, and the wilting of shoots and branches caused by the insects' tunneling activities. In direct Damage there is the indirect damage, where the insects do little direct harm, but either transmit or allow entry of fungal, bacterial or viral infections.
- 6. Based on occurrencefollowing are pest categories Regular pest: Frequently occurs on crop - Close association e.g. Rice slem borer, Brinjal fruit borer Occasional pest: Infrequently occurs, no close association e.g. Caseworm on rice, Mango stem borer Seasonal pest: Occurs during a particular season every year e.g. Red hairy caterpillar on groundnut, Mango hoppers Persistent pests: Occurs on the crop throughout the year and is difficult to control e.g. Chilli thrips, mealy bug on guava Sporadic pests: Pest occurs in isolated localities during some period. e.g. Coconut slug caterpillar Based on level of infestation Pest epidemic: Sudden outbreak of a pest in a severe form in a region at a particular time e.g. BPH in Tanjore Endemic pest: Occurrence of the pest in a low level in few pockets, regularly and confined to particular area e.g. Rice gall midge in Madurai, Mango hoppers in Periyakulam
- 7. Parameters of insectpopulation levels General equilibrium position (GEP) The average density of a population over a long period of time, around which the pest population over a long period of time, around which the pest population tends to fluctuate due to biotic and abiotic factors and in the absence of permanent environmental changes. Economic threshold level (ETL) Population density at which control measure should be implemented to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching the EIL. Economic injury level (EIL) The lowest population density that will cause economic damage Damage boundary (DB) The lowest level of damage which can be measured. ETL is always less than EIL. Provides sufficient time for control measures.
- 8. PEST CATEGORIES ACCORDINGTO EIL, GEP AND DB Key pest - Most severe and damaging pests - GEP lies above EIL always - Spray temporarily bring population below EIL - These are persistent pests - The environment must be changed to bring GEP below EIL e.g. Cotton bollworm, Diamond backmoth Major pest - GEP lies very close to EIL or coincides with EIL - Economic damage can be prevented by timely and repeated sprays e.g. Cotton jassid, Rice stem borer Minor pest/Occasional pest - GEP is below the EIL usually - Rarely they cross EIL - Can be controlled by spraying e.g. Cotton stainers, Rice hispa, Ash weevils. Sporadic pests - GEP generally below EIL - Sometimes it crosses EIL and cause severe loss in some places/periods e.g. Sugarcane pyrilla, White grub, Hairy caterpillar Potential pests - They are not pests at present - GEP always less than EIL - If environment changed may cause economic loss e.g. S. litura is potentia pest in North India
- 9. Causes of PestOutbreak The following are some human interventions - Reason from outbreak i. Deforestation an bringing under cultivation - Pest feeding on forest trees are forced to feed on cropped - Biomass/unit area more in forests than agricultural land - Weather factors also altered - Affects insect development ii. Destruction of natural enemies - Due to excess use of insecticides, natural enemies are killed - This affects the natural control mechanism and pest outbreak occurs, e.g. Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides kill NE. iii. Intensive and Extensive cultivation Monoculture (Intensive) leads to multiplication of pests Extensive cultivation of susceptible variety in large area - No competition for food - multiplication increases e.g. Stem borers in rice and sugarcane iv. Introduction of new varieties and crops. Varieties with favourable physiological and morphological factors cause multiplication of insects. e.g. Succulent, dwarf rice varieties favour leaf folder Combodia cotton favours stem weevil and spotted bollworm Hybrid sorghum (CSH 1), cumbu (HB1) favour shoot flies and gall midges v. Improved agronomic practices Increased N fertilizer - High leaf folder incidence on rice Closer planting - BPH and leaf folder increases Granular insecticides - Possess phytotonic effect on rice vi. Introduction of new pest in new environment Pest multiplies due to absence of natural enemies in new area Apple wooly aphid Eriosoma lanigerum multiplied fast due to absence of Aphelinus mali (Parasit)
- 10. INSECT-PEST MANAGEMENT INCULTIVATED MUSHROOM Throughout the world Sciarid flies, phorid flies, cecids, springtails, mites and nematodes are important pests of cultivated mushrooms. These pests damage the crop right from spawning to harvesting of the crop. Mushroom flies damage the crop directly and also help in spreading various mushroom diseases. Phorid fly Sciarid fly
- 11. Sciarid Flies Sciarid flies,the small fungal gnats, are mosquito type flies with size varying from 1.5 to 5 mm . Colour of flies varies from brown black to black. Its larvae feed on compost, mycelium and mushrooms. Larvae enter the mushrooms, start feeding and make tunnel within a stipe. Eventually they reach the pileus and feed vigorously. When larval attack occurs at pin head stage, further development of pinheads completely stops and pin heads eventually die.
- 12. Phorid Flies PhoridFlies are small hump backed black or light to dark brown flies of size 1.9 to 3 mm These flies are smaller version of house flies. They move rapidly with jerky movements. Adult phorids are most common in early summer and are attracted to light. These also eat into mushrooms, though phorid flies are less harmful than sciarid flies.
- 13. Cecid Flies (GallMidges) Cecid flies are rarely visible and smaller than even sciarid flies and are dark brown in colour. Larvae feed on mycelium and make vertical grooves in the stipe. They feed on the outside of stipe at the junction of stipe and gills where later on bacteria may grow and cause discoloration. Infection mainly comes through casing soil and hence it is important to use pasteurized casing soil. Larve are sticky and may spread through tools, clothes, etc of workers.
- 14. IPM for controlof Flies: They can effectively control major disease (wet bubble) and mushroom flies by integrated use of the following: Composting on cemented floor Maintenance of proper moisture in compost and proper pasteurization i.e. 59°C for 6 hours with ample aeration. Proper pasteurization of casing at 65°C with 65% moisture. Treatment of empty room with 2% formalin. Application of malathion on walls @ 0.01% after 7 day of casing. Application of deltamethrin @ 0.01% on walls after first flush. Application of dichlorvos @ 0.01% on walls after second flush. Use light trap for monitoring and controlling fungal gnats.
- 15. MITES • Button andother cultivated mushrooms are infested by several groups of mites. • The initial infestation of mites in mushroom houses comes through raw material used for the preparation of mushroom beds. • occasionally phorid flies also transport mushroom mites. • Their presence generally indicates poor compost.
- 16. NEMATODES o In mushroomsthere are a specific type of nematodes that eat mycelium. If present, these can lead to complete crop failure. o These nematodes are normally found in compost made by long method or also in short method where proper phase II is not done and there are pockets/ lumps where required temperature does not reach. o These also spread from crop to crop and were a common problem when wooden trays were being used. o There will be blank areas on casing soil and whitish fugal growth (Botrytis) will occur on casing soil.