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![ď˝ Hormones &neurotransmitter receptors
ď˝ Enzymes
ď˝ Carrier molecules
ď˝ Ion channels [ligand gated or voltage operated]
ď˝ Idiosyncratic targets such as metal ion, surfactant
protein etc.
ď˝ Nucleic acid](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ravidhiman-200218160111/75/Pharmacodynamic-4-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byRavi kumar
Pharmacodynamic
The document discusses the mechanism of drug action, including the molecular targets that drugs bind to produce their pharmacological effects. It explains that the mechanism usually involves specific interactions with targets like enzymes or receptors. It then covers various aspects of mechanisms like the molecular, cellular, tissue and system-level effects of drugs. Various molecular targets that drugs can act on are described, including receptors, enzymes, ion channels, and genetic material. The different types of receptors like ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, and nuclear receptors are also summarized.
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- 1. Presented by: RaviKumar M.Pharmacy 1st Semester Department of pharmacology G.H.G Khalsa college of Pharmacy
- 2. Mechanism of drugaction- ⢠the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect ⢠A mechanism of action usually includes mention of the specific molecular targets to which the drug binds, such as an enzyme or receptor Pharmacodynamics: ď˝ Effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action ď˝ What does a drug do and how does it do it
- 3. Mechanism of drugaction- ď˝ study of drug effects ď˝ modification of one drugâs action by another Drugs acts in four different levels 1. molecular 2. Cellular 3. tissue 4. system
- 4. ď˝ Hormones &neurotransmitterreceptors ď˝ Enzymes ď˝ Carrier molecules ď˝ Ion channels [ligand gated or voltage operated] ď˝ Idiosyncratic targets such as metal ion, surfactant protein etc. ď˝ Nucleic acid
- 6. ďą The molecularselectivity of drug action Determine the similarity or divergence of structure of different molecular targets ďą The tissue selectivity of drug responses In accordance with the distribution of the molecular target throughout the body ďą The rapidity &persistence of the menifestation of cellular & tissue responses
- 7. ď˝ A proteinmolecular target for a drug ď˝ The largest number of drug act through them control effectors ď˝ Endogenous substances & drug ďą Regulate cell function by altering ď˝ Enzyme activity ď˝ Permeability to ions ď˝ Conformational features ď˝ Genetic material
- 9. ď Receptor: itis defined as a macromolecule or binding site located on the surface or inside the effector cell that serves to recognize the signal molecule and initiate the response to it but itself has no other function. ďą The following terms are used in describing drug receptor interaction ď Agonist ď Inverse agonist ď Antagonist ď Partial agonist ď Ligand
- 10. ď˝ Protein innature ď˝ Molecular weight 45-200kda ď˝ Subunits, subtype depending on tissue ď˝ Saturable ď˝ Can be up & down regulated etc.
- 11. ď˝ Ligand gatedion channel ď˝ G-protein coupled receptors ď˝ Enzyme linked receptor ď˝ Nuclear receptors Ion channel ď Localised on the cell membrane. ď Coupled directly to an ion channel. ď It is a channel with a receptor site. ď Agonists open the channel.
- 12. ď Antagonists preventagonist from opening the channel ď Inverse agonist closes an open channel ď Channel properties are determined by the composition of subunit isoforms 1. Agonist affinity 2. Ion permeability 3. Conductane properties 4. Activation and deactivation times 5. Desensitisation kinetics ď Activity can be regulated by varying composition of different subunits
- 13. Two main families 1.Nicotinic receptor family (include nACh receptors, GABAA, GABAC,glycine receptors and the 5-HT3 receptors) 2. Glutamate receptor family(several different receptor classified into NMDA receptor and non NMDA receptors)
- 14. ď G-protein coupledreceptor, also called seven transmembrane receptor or heptahelical receptor, located in the cell membrane that binds extracellular substances to an intracellular molecule called a G- protein(guanine nucleotide binding protein) ď G protein coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast and animals ď The ligand that bind and activate these receptors include light sensitive compounds, odors, hormones and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecule to peptide to large protein
- 16. There are twoprincipal signal transduction pathway involving the G-protein coupled receptors: 1. The CAMP signal pathway: the CAMP dependent pathway,so known as the adenylyl cyclase, is G protein coupled receptor triggered signaling cascade used in cell communication. 2. The phosphatidylinositol signal pathway: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate is an essential lipid involved in metabolic processes. It is integral to the cell membrane of all animal and plant cells and acts as a second messenger in a variety of signaling pathway
- 18. ď Nuclear receptorsare a class of proteins found within cells that are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules. ď Nuclear receptor have the ability to directly bind to DNA. hence these receptors are classified as transcription factors. ď Receptors is directly interact with and control the expression of genomic DNA.