![• They are a diverse family of organic compound that are synthesised by
plants the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.
• Their name is derived from the 6 carbon aromatic phenyl ]group and 3
carbon propene tail of coumaric acid.
PHENYLPROPANOID
S](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/phenylpropanoidsflavonoid-230901055348-94b52dfc/85/Phenylpropanoids-Flavonoid-pptx-2-320.jpg)
![Uses :
• Podophyllum resin has used as a purgative.
• It has cytotoxic action and is used in treatment of soft
venereal and other warts
• Etoposide is a lignan derivative obtained semi-sy]nthetically
from podophyllotoxin and used in the treatment of lung
cancer and testicular cancer as well as lymphomas and
leukaemias
• In paediatric as neuro-blastoma.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/phenylpropanoidsflavonoid-230901055348-94b52dfc/85/Phenylpropanoids-Flavonoid-pptx-11-320.jpg)
Phenylpropanoids & Flavonoid.pptx
- 1. PHENYLPROPANOIDS & FLAVONOIDS Unit II ; Topic - II Lignans, Tea, Ruta Presented By Dr. Rajesh Nath ( PharmD) Asst. Professor Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Rama University
- 2. • They are a diverse family of organic compound that are synthesised by plants the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. • Their name is derived from the 6 carbon aromatic phenyl ]group and 3 carbon propene tail of coumaric acid. PHENYLPROPANOID S
- 3. • They are found throughout the plant kingdom, providing protection from ultraviolet lights, defend against herbivores and pathogen, mediate plant-pollinator interactions as floral pigments and scent compunds. • Concentration of Phenylpropanoids within plants Changes in resource availability.
- 4. FLAVONOID S The flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds possessing 15 carbon atoms; 2 benzene ring joined by a linear 3 carbon chain having the carbon skeleton C6- C3-C6 and they are plant pigment and they are having polar nature and is soluble in methanol and water.
- 5. • Flavanoid Constitutes one of the most characteristic classes of compounds in higher plants. • Many flavanoids are easily recognised as flower pigments in most angiosperm families (flowering plants) • However, their occurence is not restricted to flowers but include all parts of the plant. • They are secondary metabolites and effective in CNS disorders.
- 6. • They are responsible for the color of flowers, fruits and sometimes leaves. • Widely distributed in different amounts, according to the plant species, organ, developmental stage and growth conditions. • The flavonoids have aroused considerable interest recently because of their potential beneficial effects on human health as well as their role in plant metabolism. • They ensure tissue protection against the damaging effects of UV radiation. • They have been reported to have antiviral, antitumor, antiallergic, anti-platelet, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.
- 7. LIGNANS - • Lignans are dimeric compunds formed essentially by the union of two molecules of a phenylpropene derivative. • About 300 lignans have been isolated and categorized into a number of groups according to structural features. • It is an essential component of most woody tissue involves vessels,tracheids,fibres and scleroids. Variation in Lignin constituiton also arise as a result of random condensations of the appropriate alcohols with mesomeric free radicals formed from them by the action of a laccase type (oxidase) enzyme.
- 8. PODOPHYTTUAMN / PODOPHYTTUM Synonym: Podophyllum, Podophyllum Rhizome, May- apple Root, Wild Mandrake Biological Source : It consists of the dried rhizome and roots of podopbllunt peltatum Family: Berberidaceae
- 9. Cultivation & Collection: It is a perennial herb common in moist shady situations in the eastern parts of Tennesseae and India. The rhizome which is about a meter in length is dug up, cut into pieces about 10cm in length and dried. Geographical Source : Canada, USA, Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina Characteristics : Podophyllum occurs in subcylindrical reddish-brown pieces about 5-20cm long and 5-6mm thick. The outer surface is smooth (Autumn rhizome) or wrinkled (Summer rhizome)
- 10. Chemical Constituents : • The chief constituents of the root belong to the group of lignans. • Rhizomes and root contain resinous mixture called podophyllum resin or podophyllin • The primary constituents are lignin glycosides, podophyllotoxin, podophyllic acid and picropodophyllin, alpha-peltalin and beta-peltalin. 7 Podophyllotoxin 10
- 11. Uses : • Podophyllum resin has used as a purgative. • It has cytotoxic action and is used in treatment of soft venereal and other warts • Etoposide is a lignan derivative obtained semi-sy]nthetically from podophyllotoxin and used in the treatment of lung cancer and testicular cancer as well as lymphomas and leukaemias • In paediatric as neuro-blastoma.
- 13. Biological Source - It consists of prepared leaves and leaf buds of Theae sinensis Linne, Theae Viridis Folium (Green tea leaves), Theae Nigrae Folium (Black Tea Leaves) Family - Theaceae ( Ternstroemiaceae ) TE A Synonym - Camellia Thea
- 14. Geographical Source - China, India, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Indonesia and elsewhere. Green tea is produced in China and Japan. It is not processed and thus differs from black tea, which is fermented and produced in India, Sri Lanka and Kenya. Oolong tea is partially fermented.
- 15. Tea has been grown from seed at kew as well as being brought in as young plants. The tea bushes growing outside in the woodland glade were planted and have prove to be hardy, surviving snow and winter temperatures of - 8 degree celcius. Mulch is applied around the bushes to encourage healthy growth and in the spring they are fed with a controlled release fertiliser. The soil they are grown in has a low pH, which suits tea as it requires acidic soil. The bushes are watered during long dry spells. Cultivation and Collection
- 16. Characteristics- An evergreen shrub which can grow up to 17m high. In cultivation, it is usually kept below 2m high by pruning. Leaves - Bright green, Shiny, often with a hairy underside. Flowers - Scented occuring singly or in clusters of two to four Fruits-Brownish-green containing one to four spherical or flattened seeds.
- 17. Chemical Constituents - Tea contains caffeine (1%-3%) and much smaller amounts of other xanthines such as theophylline and theobromine. The polyphenols are the antioxidants constituents (in green tea - epigallocatechin ) together with theogallin, trigalloyl glucose. In black tea, they have been oxidised to form the ‘tea pigments’, the theaflavins, thearubigens and theaflavic acids. Caffein e Theobromine Theophyllin e
- 18. Uses - Green tea is used medicinally more frequently than black tea. The stimulant and diuretic properties (Caffeine) and the astrigency and antioxidant effects (polyphenols). The polyphenols in green tea have cancer chemo-protective properties due to their antioxidant properties. Habitual consumption of green tea is generally associated with a lower incidence of cancer and from ischaemic heart disease. Anti-inflammatory and antitumour effects due to inhibition of the transcription factor NF-kB and the risk of breast and stomach cancer appears to be lower for green tea drinkers.
- 19. Tea is also antimicrobial and is even reputed to help weight loss, refreshing, mildly stimulating and analgesic effects. Tea is a beverage is non-toxic in the usual amount ingested, although it can cause gastrointestinal upsets and nervous irritability due to the caffeine content. However there is now some concern about the safety of concentrated preparations or excessive consumption of green tea. Cases of hepatotoxicity have been reported with consumption of high doses of green tea (10-29 mg/kg/d p.o). In most cases, patients presented with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin levels and in some cases liver biopsies were performed and periportal and portal inflammation were observed.
- 20. SYNONYM - Rue BIOLOGICAL SOURCE - It consists of dried herb of Ruta graveolens L FAMILY - Rutaceae GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE:- Mostly found in regions of mediterranean region, Macaronesia and southwest asia. RUT A
- 22. Rue is easy to grow. The tiny seeds, if strewn onto a garden plot or a container of potting soil and covered with a light sprinkling of soil and moistened, will sprout in a week or so. Soil Ph - 6 - 8. The leaves were shade dried at room temperature (32-35 temp) to constant wait over a period of 60 days. 100 gm of plant part were coarsely powdered using a mixy and put through a sieve in order to seperate the fine from the coarse particles. CULTIVATION & COLLECTION
- 23. • It requires mild, cold and tropical climates. • It tolerates hot and dry conditions and prefers open spaces under bright sunlight • Optimum temperature - 15 - 28 degree celcius • Relative humidity - 60-75% • Commonly Propagated by Seeds and stems cuttings • Season - April-May • Sowing - 1.5 -2 cm depth, covered with soil, seeds germinate in 20-30 days • Transplanting - Seedling of 20-25 cm in height and 50-55 days old, spacing 40 x 40 cm.
- 24. CHARACTERISTICS Strongly scented ever green subshrubs. 20 - 60 cm tall, Perennial (Existing for long time), scented (having a pleasant scent) and glabrous(free from hair) herb or a sub-shrub. Stem is slender, smooth, pale glaucous green and reaches up to a meter in height. Leaves are alternate, gland-dotted, glaueous compound, 2-3 pinnate, Blue- green in colour. The flowers are yellow with 4-5 petals about 1 cm diameter and borne in cymes. The fruits are 4-5 lobed capsules containing numerous seeds.
- 25. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Ruta contains many secondary metabolites such as furocoumarins, furoquinolines and acridone alkaloids, mainly present in the leaves. The major constituents were Rutine, 2-undecanone(33.9%), 2-Heptanol acetate(17.5%) Rutin
- 26. THERAPEUTIC Uses:- • Ruta posess antibacterial activity. • Extracts from rue have been used to treat eyestrain, sore eyes and as insect repellent. • Rue has been used internally as an antispasmodic as a treatment for menstrual problems as an aborticient and as a sedative. • It is used to treat strains and sprains, injuries of the cartilage and tendons around the joints, injuries to tissues lying over the bone, injuries of the periosteum and sciatica. • Ruta is often used for pain and stiffness in the hands, wrists, feet and legs.
- 27. • Anti-helmintic for children from juice, antidote, emetic, expectorants, haemostatic, opthalmic, strongly stimulant. • An essential oil extract of it is used in food flavouring industry. • Cures several skin diseases like Psoriasis and Vitiligo. • Extracts of Rue used as an antidote for toxins of snakes and scorpion venoms. • The fresh leaves are used for rheumatalgia. • The dried leaves, powdered and combined with aromatics are given as a remedy for dyspepsia and with fresh leaves a tincture is made which is used as an eternal remedy in first stages of paralysis.
- 28. MARKETED PRODUCTS :- It is one of the ingredients of the preparation known as homeopathic eye drops and topical creams.