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![History of gossyplure applications :-
•In USA[1] :- [1] -Flint and Doane ( 2009 ) .
Conventional insecticides have not provided a long-term
solution to the pink bollworm problem (Henneberry 1986).
Considerable amounts of basic biological and ecological
information have been accumulated and applied in developing
PBW control programs. No single control method is
completely satisfactory. The possibility of combining a number
of methods into a single control system appears to be the most
promising approach (Henneberry et al. 1980).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pheromonetechnology-150103081837-conversion-gate02/75/Pheromone-technology-16-2048.jpg)
![Table ( 2 ) : Pheromone treated area in Egypt
#
year
Cotton area Pheromone area
%
( Feddan ) ( Feddan )
1
1982 1,065,841.00 500.00 0.05
2
1983 998,277.00 1,250.00 0.13
3
1984 983,560.00 13,000.00 1.32
4
1985 1,081,009.00 37,000.00 3.42
5
1986 1,054,860.00 61,000.00 5.78
6
1987 969,793.00 6,000.00 0.62
7
1988 1,013,960.00 30,000.00 2.96
8
1989 1,005,533.00 40,000.00 3.98
9
1990 993,047.00 0.00 0.00
10
1991 851,283.00 7,500.00 0.88
11
1992 840,296.00 40,000.00 4.76
12
1993 884,310.00 100,000.00 11.31
[1] - Khider 2007.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pheromonetechnology-150103081837-conversion-gate02/75/Pheromone-technology-53-2048.jpg)
![Table ( 3 ) : Gossyplure formulations used In disruption technique In Egypt
Campany Product Formulation
Concentration Application rte
a.i.
( gm)
a.i.(gm)/L. or Kgm / feddan / Feddan
ICI Pectone Microencapsulated 20 200 ml 4
Sandoz Nomate Hollow Fiber 76 15 gm 1.14
Bassif Hircon micro flakes 28 60 gm 1.68
Feromone Stirrup Concentrated liqued 6.32 gm 240 ml 1.52
Somotomo Pb-Rope Long tube 1 = 144 mgm 150 tube 21.6
Ecogen Nomate Gelatin Ring 1 = 155 mgm 200 ring 31
Agrisence Sellibete Rubber ring 1 = 254 mgm 104 ring 26.4
[1] - Khider 2007.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pheromonetechnology-150103081837-conversion-gate02/75/Pheromone-technology-54-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byAbdallah Albeltagy
Pheromone technology
This document discusses the use of pheromone technology in integrated pest management programs for cotton fields in Egypt. It provides context on the discovery of insect pheromones in 1959, 20 years after the discovery of the first chemical insecticide, DDT. The author then outlines several tactics for applying pheromone technology that were used in Egypt, including pheromone traps for monitoring and mass trapping of pests, and pheromone disruption techniques like using pink bollworm sex pheromone formulations to disrupt mating. The document emphasizes that pheromone strategies differ from insecticide strategies and were an important part of IPM programs in Egypt.
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Overview of pheromone technology applications in cotton fields in Egypt, emphasizing its importance in pest management and modern agricultural practices. Details the historical timeline of insecticides and pheromones, discussing issues such as environmental risks, human health, and ecological effects of chemical pesticides.
Defines IPM as a holistic approach that combines various pest control methods, including pheromones, emphasizing ecological principles for effective pest management.
Highlights the main uses of pheromones in IPM for pest detection and mating disruption, with specific focus on the pink bollworm pheromone technology.
Focuses on gossyplure, a pink bollworm sex pheromone, its discovery, and its significance in pest management strategies in cotton fields.
Explores various tactics and applications of pheromone traps in Egypt for pest monitoring, mass trapping, and mating disruption in cotton agriculture.
Discusses the use of pheromone traps in monitoring insecticide resistance and assessing attracticide efficacy across pest populations.
Lists the advantages of using pheromone applications in agriculture, highlighting environmental benefits and boosting farmer profitability.
Thank you slide concluding the presentation and emphasizing the significance of continued research in pheromone applications.
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Pheromone technology
- 1. Pheromone Technology Applications In TheCotton Fields In Egypt Abdallah M. Albeltagy Plant Protection Research Institute [email protected]
- 2. Only 20 yearsaltered the discovery and identification of the first insect pheromone, Bombykol, the silk worm Bombyx mori sex – pheromone by Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt in 1959 ( The Noble Prize in Chemistry 1939, discovery of human female sex – hormones, estrone and other primary female sex hormones, received in 1949) after the discovery of the insecticidal efficacy of DDT , the first chemical insecticide in 1939 by Paul Hermann Muller in 1939 (Noble Prize in medicine 1948 ).
- 3. Pheromone technology couldbe used in many different tactics throughout the integrated pest management ( IPM ) strategy for the monitoring and control actions of the insect pest complex in the cotton fields. This article emphasizes on the pheromone technology tactics, applications, advantages and benefits in the modern cotton industry.
- 4. Introduction :- Insecticides areused in agriculture, medicine, industry and the household. The use of insecticides is believed to be one of the major factors behind the increase in agricultural productivity in the 20th century. Nearly all insecticides have the potential to significantly alter ecosystems; many are toxic to humans; and others are concentrated in the food chain.
- 5. Although the firstchemical insecticide ( DDT ) was discovered it biological activity( insecticidal activity ) in 1939, the first pheromone was ( Bombykol ) was characterized in 1959, it’s only 20 years that altered the pheromones use after the insecticides use.
- 6. Insecticide Problems :- Theheavy use of insecticides almost causes one or more of these problems :- 1- It acts as environmental pollutants. 2- It has many risks to human health. 3- It has many side effects on beneficial insects especially natural enemies. 4- It causes the outbreak of secondary pests. 5- It causes the problems of what so-called “ insecticide resistance “. 6- It has a side effects on the treated crops and causes what so-called “ Phytotoxicity “. 7- It affects the soil fertility. - Albeltagy 1990.
- 7. Costs of Insecticideproblems :- Although , the above mentioned pesticide problems, we have to pay a huge amount of money to overcome some of its side effects . The return on pesticide- intensive agricultural practices has proved unrealized, considering billions of dollars in secondary or externalized costs — from $2.2 billion in annual pesticide poisonings, water treatment and pollination, according to two Iowa State University economists, to $10 billion, according to the research of Cornell University professor David Pimentel. - Feldman J. ( 2012 ) .
- 8. Integrated Pest management(IPM ) :- IPM definitions :- "Integrated pest management, or IPM is a systematic approach to crop protection that uses increased information and improved decision- making paradigms to reduce purchased inputs and improve economic, social, and environmental conditions on the farm and in society. Moreover, the concept emphasizes the integrattion of pest suppression technologies that include biological, chemical, legal, and cultural controls - Anonymous (1997), CICP.
- 9. Bombykol Discovery andthe beginning of the pheromone Era ( 1959 )
- 10. Pheromones applications The conceptof IPM is based on the recognition that no single approach to pest control offers a universal solution, and that the best crop protection can be provided by a fusion of various tactics and practices based on sound ecological principles. Pheromones are a commonly used component of many insect IPM programs.
- 11. Uses of Pheromonesin IPM :- 1- Detection and Monitoring 2- Mating Disruption Global main uses :-
- 12. Pink Bollworm SexPheromone 1- Hexalure
- 13. Although the firstchemical insecticide ( DDT ) was discovered it biological activity( insecticidal activity ) in 1939, the first pheromone was ( Bombykol ) was characterized in 1959, it’s only 20 years that altered the pheromones use after the insecticides use.
- 14.
- 15. IUPAC: 1:1 mixture of(7Z,11E)- and (7Z,11Z)-hexadeca- 7,11-dien-1-yl acetate or 1:1 mixture of (Z,E)- and (Z,Z)-hexadeca-7,11- dien-1-yl acetate CAS: (7Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate Reg. No.: 50933-33-0 Formula: C18H32O2
- 16. History of gossyplureapplications :- •In USA[1] :- [1] -Flint and Doane ( 2009 ) . Conventional insecticides have not provided a long-term solution to the pink bollworm problem (Henneberry 1986). Considerable amounts of basic biological and ecological information have been accumulated and applied in developing PBW control programs. No single control method is completely satisfactory. The possibility of combining a number of methods into a single control system appears to be the most promising approach (Henneberry et al. 1980).
- 17. A. M. Albeltagy22/2/2009 17 T. J. Henneberry Director of the WCRL, Phoenix, Az And Holioth Flint WCRL, Phoenix, Az
- 18. Efforts to controlthe pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), by mating disruption began with the sex attractant "hexalure" in the early 1970's. The discovery of the pink bollworm sex pheromone ( gossyplure ) in 1973 ( Hummel et al. 1973 ) led to the first successful commercial formulation in 1978 (see review by Baker et al. 1991).
- 19. Mating Disruption withPBW Sex Pheromone (gossyplure) :- Behavioral insect control by mating disruption with sex pheromone was suggested by Knipling and McGuire (1966). Hummel et al., (1973) identified a mixture of the Z,Z- and Z,E-isomers of 7,11- hexadecadienyl acetate as the pink bollworm sex pheromone and proposed the name “gossyplure.” Shorey et al., (1976) initiated studies to evaluate the mating disruption method, in which the atmosphere of the cotton field was permeated with gossyplure, for PBW control. - Grefenstette et. al. 2009.
- 20. Different Pheromone tacticsapplied in Egypt :- - Albeltagy ( 2012 ) . Pheromones strategy differs completely in its tactics than the insecticide strategy (because of their different aims and targets). In Egypt, pheromone strategy was used widely with many different tactics as an important part of the IPM program conducted then. Some of these tactics are:-
- 21. •1) Pheromone trapsfor monitoring and detection technique :- 1- The use of pheromone traps, of different types and shapes, for monitoring insect pest field population density and dynamics over place (village, district, Governorate, region, countrywide), ( Campion et.al., 1978, Campion et.al., 1980, Doane and Brooks 1980, Nasr, El- Sayed et.al., 1984, El- Deeb et. Al., 1987, Albeltagy et. al. 1991a, Hosny et.al., 1991, Khider et. al., 1991 and Albeltagy 2012 a).
- 23. A. M. Albeltagy22/2/2009 23
- 24. A. M. Albeltagy22/2/2009 24
- 25. A. M. Albeltagy22/2/2009 25
- 26. A. M. Albeltagy22/2/2009 26
- 27. A. M. Albeltagy22/2/2009 27
- 28. 2- The useof pheromone traps, of different types and shapes, for monitoring insect pest field population density and dynamics over time (day, week, month, season, year), ( Albeltagy et. al. 1993a ).
- 29. 3- The useof pheromone traps, especially delta traps, as a control indicator to differentiate between different kinds of control actions as a mean of IPM (Albeltagy et. Al.1996a).
- 30. 4-The use ofpheromone traps, especially delta traps, as a control trigger for insect pest control decision for different kinds of control actions as a mean of IPM, (Albeltagy1999). 5- The use of pheromone traps, especially delta traps , to evaluate the pheromone release rates and its corresponding effect on crop infestations ( Albeltagy et. al. 1993 c ) .
- 31. •6- The useof pheromone traps, especially delta traps, to indicate the relationship between trap catches and crop infestation (Albeltagy et. Al. 1995 a). 7- The use of pheromone traps, especially delta traps, to build up computer simulation models for different insect pest control strategies and tactics (Albeltagy et. Al. 1995b ) .
- 32. •6- The useof pheromone traps, especially delta traps, to indicate the relationship between trap catches and crop infestation (Albeltagy et. Al. 1995 a). 7- The use of pheromone traps, especially delta traps, to build up computer simulation models for different insect pest control strategies and tactics (Albeltagy et. Al. 1995b ) .
- 33. A. M. Albeltagy22/2/2009 33
- 34. •6- The useof pheromone traps, especially delta traps, to indicate the relationship between trap catches and crop infestation (Albeltagy et. Al. 1995 a). 7- The use of pheromone traps, especially delta traps, to build up computer simulation models for different insect pest control strategies and tactics (Albeltagy et. Al. 1995b ) .
- 35. Sterlling & Texcim A.M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 35 Leio ٍSterlling, Computer Modeling
- 36. •2) Pheromone trapsfor mass trapping technique :- •The use of many different pheromone trap types ( delta, funnel and / or water ) as a mass trapping technique against many different insect pest field strains (Campion and Nesbitt 1981, Crithley and El-Deeb 1981, Albeltagy et. al. 1991b and Hamid and Albeltagy 1995, khidr 1997 and Albeltagy 2012a)
- 38. •3) Pheromone disruptiontechnique:- • 1- Pink bollworm (PBW) rope gossyplure ( the sex pheromone of PBW ) formulation was used against pink bollworm on large scale applications ( thousands of acres ) in cotton fields for many years ( Albeltagy 1993 and Albeltagy et.al. 1993 b ) . 2-The use of pheromone disruption technique as a part of IPM program against cotton insect complex pests ( Albeltagy et. al. 1993d ) .
- 39. 1- Jio. Leggette2-Bob. Staten( APHIS) 3- Jor. Butler, Jr. 4- Steve Naranjo (WCRL) A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 39
- 40. Bollworm moths matingat night A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 40
- 41. •3) Pheromone disruptiontechnique:- • 1- Pink bollworm (PBW) rope gossyplure ( the sex pheromone of PBW ) formulation was used against pink bollworm on large scale applications ( thousands of acres ) in cotton fields for many years ( Albeltagy 1993 and Albeltagy et.al. 1993 b ) . 2-The use of pheromone disruption technique as a part of IPM program against cotton insect complex pests ( Albeltagy et. al. 1993d ) .
- 42. 2- Pheromones Technology A.M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 42 A. M. Albeltagy 2009
- 43. PBW – Ropedispensers 43 A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009
- 44. Disruption Technique, 1991, 2000Feddan A. M. Albeltagy 22/2/2009 44
- 45. A. M. Albeltagy22/2/2009 45
- 46. A. M. Albeltagy22/2/2009 46
- 47. •3) Pheromone disruptiontechnique:- • 1- Pink bollworm (PBW) rope gossyplure ( the sex pheromone of PBW ) formulation was used against pink bollworm on large scale applications ( thousands of acres ) in cotton fields for many years ( Albeltagy 1993 and Albeltagy et.al. 1993 b ) . 2-The use of pheromone disruption technique as a part of IPM program against cotton insect complex pests ( Albeltagy et. al. 1993d ) .
- 48. •3- The useof pheromone disruption technique as a part of IPM program to enhance the role of biological control agents in cotton fields ( Mostafa et. al. 1994 ) . •4- The use of different pheromone confusion techniques, disruption – lure and kill, in different formulation types (dispensers, rubbers, microencapsulated), (Brooks et. al., 1979, Kydonieus 1981, Hall et.al. 1982, Campion 1983, Critchley et. al. 1983, Critchley et. al. 1985, El-Adel and Gaston 1985, Khider et al., 1986, Gadallah et. al. 1990, Abdo et. al. 1991 , Moawad et. al., 1991 , Albeltagy and Haroun 1996, and Albeltagy 2012a ) .
- 49. •4) Attracticide resistancemonitoring technique( ARMT ) :- •The use of pheromone traps in the attracticide resistance monitoring technique as a simple, easy , effective, accurate, and quick tool for monitoring and detecting insecticide resistance in insect pest field populations ( Albeltagy et. al. 1996 b , Albeltagy et. al. 2000 , Khider et. al. 2002, Albeltagy et. al. 2010, and Albeltagy 2012b) .
- 50. Riverside, CA. A. M.Albeltagy 22/2/2009 50
- 51. •4) Attracticide resistancemonitoring technique( ARMT ) :- •The use of pheromone traps in the attracticide resistance monitoring technique as a simple, easy , effective, accurate, and quick tool for monitoring and detecting insecticide resistance in insect pest field populations ( Albeltagy et. al. 1996 b , Albeltagy et. al. 2000 , Khider et. al. 2002, Albeltagy et. al. 2010, and Albeltagy 2012b) .
- 52. •5) Attracticide efficacyassaying technique ( AEAT ) :- •The use of pheromone traps in the attracticide effecacy assaying technique as a simple, easy , effective, accurate, and quick tool for monitoring and detecting insecticide resistance in insect pest field populations (Albeltagy 2012) .
- 53. Table ( 2) : Pheromone treated area in Egypt # year Cotton area Pheromone area % ( Feddan ) ( Feddan ) 1 1982 1,065,841.00 500.00 0.05 2 1983 998,277.00 1,250.00 0.13 3 1984 983,560.00 13,000.00 1.32 4 1985 1,081,009.00 37,000.00 3.42 5 1986 1,054,860.00 61,000.00 5.78 6 1987 969,793.00 6,000.00 0.62 7 1988 1,013,960.00 30,000.00 2.96 8 1989 1,005,533.00 40,000.00 3.98 9 1990 993,047.00 0.00 0.00 10 1991 851,283.00 7,500.00 0.88 11 1992 840,296.00 40,000.00 4.76 12 1993 884,310.00 100,000.00 11.31 [1] - Khider 2007.
- 54. Table ( 3) : Gossyplure formulations used In disruption technique In Egypt Campany Product Formulation Concentration Application rte a.i. ( gm) a.i.(gm)/L. or Kgm / feddan / Feddan ICI Pectone Microencapsulated 20 200 ml 4 Sandoz Nomate Hollow Fiber 76 15 gm 1.14 Bassif Hircon micro flakes 28 60 gm 1.68 Feromone Stirrup Concentrated liqued 6.32 gm 240 ml 1.52 Somotomo Pb-Rope Long tube 1 = 144 mgm 150 tube 21.6 Ecogen Nomate Gelatin Ring 1 = 155 mgm 200 ring 31 Agrisence Sellibete Rubber ring 1 = 254 mgm 104 ring 26.4 [1] - Khider 2007.
- 55. Advantages of pheromoneapplications :- 1. Decreases number of insecticide applications. 2. Rationalizes insecticides usages. 3. Keeps the susceptibility of insect pest field populations. 4. Keeps the efficiency of insecticides. 5. Increases pollinators. 6. Increases crop productions. 7. Decreases environmental pollutions. 8. Enhances biological control agents. 9. Increases honey- bee populations and honey productions. 10. Increases farmer benefits.
- 56. Recommendations :- We mustexpand in using pheromone technology tactics for insect pest management ( ipm ) in different agricultural crops ( especially cotton ) and horticultures, and also against medical and livestock insect pests as mentioned previously to obtain these results :- •1-To overcome the above mentioned pesticide problems. •2-To gain the advantages of pheromone technology use. •3- For farmers to gain good profits of their cultivations, instead of their annual losses .
- 57.