Philosophy of education
- 2. PERENNIALISM Aim of education: - is to ensure that students acquire under- standing about the great ideas of Western Civilization. the focus is to teach ideas that are everlasting, to seek enduring truths which are constant, not changing, as the natural and human
- 3. worlds at their most essential level, do not change. -humans are rational beings, and their minds need to be developed. The demanding curriculum focuses on attaining cultural literacy, stressing students growth in enduring disciplines. -literature, art, and the laws of principle of science.
- 4. -advocated by Robert Maynard Hutchins.
- 5. ESSENTIALISM - The emphasis in this conservative perspective is on intellectual and moral standards that school should teach. -the core of the curriculum is essential knowledge and skills and academic rigor. -this core curriculum may change. -schooling should be practical, preparing students to become valuable members of society.
- 6. - students should be taught hardwork, respect for authority and discipline. - proponent William Bagley, James D. Koerner (1959), H.G Rickover (1959), Paul Copperman (1978) and Theodore Sizer( 1985).
- 7. PROGRESSIVISM -believe that education should focus on whole child, rather than on the content or the teacher. - stresses that students should test ideas by active experimentation. Learning is rooted in the questions of learners that arise through experiencing the world -it is active not passive.
- 8. -the learner is a problem solver and thinker who makes meaning through his or her individual experience in the physical and cultural context. Effective teachers provide experiences so that students can learn by doing. - curriculum content is derived from student interest and questions. The scientific method is used by progressivist educators so that students can study matter and events systematically and first hand. -proponent John Dewey.
- 9. RECONSTRUCTIONISM/CRITICAL THEORY -Emphasizes the addressing of social questions and a quest to create a better society and Worldwide Democracy. -focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of education. -Theodore Brameld. (1904-1987)