philosophy report in THE LEARNING PROCESS

philosophy report in THE LEARNING PROCESS

• 1.
  THE LEARNING PROCESS
• 2.
  LEARNING DOMAINS In 1956,educational psychologist Dr. Benjamin Bloom created a system to classify learning objectives into a series of learning domains that encourage teachers to think holistically about education. His system came to be known as Bloom’s Taxonomy. Bloom identified three domains, or categories, of educational activities: • Cognitive Knowledge or Mental Skills • Affective Attitude or Emotions • Psychomotor Skills or Physical Skills When these learning domain ideas are applied to learning environments, active verbs are used to describe the kind of knowledge and intellectual engagement we want our students to demonstrate.
• 3.
  COGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE The CognitiveDomain develops six areas of intellectual skills that build sequentially from simple to complex behaviors. Bloom arranged them this way: • Knowledge (recall of information) • Comprehension (understanding of meaning) • Application (use of concept) • Analysis (deconstruction of concept) • Synthesis (combination of information to create meaning) • Evaluation (judgment of concept)
• 4.
  In time, thisarrangement evolved into what we now call Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy. Category names were changed from nouns to verbs, but are still ordered from simple to complex: • Remembering • Understanding • Applying • Analyzing • Evaluating • Creating The revised taxonomy is often represented as a pyramid, with the lower-order thinking skills (Remembering and Understanding) forming the base and the higher-order thinking skills (Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, and Creating) forming the apex. This structure emphasizes the progression from basic knowledge acquisition to more complex cognitive processes.
• 5.
  The cognitive domaininvolves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. This includes the recall or recognition of specific facts, procedural patterns, and concepts that serve in the development of intellectual abilities and skills. There are six major categories, which are listed in order below, starting from the simplest behavior to the most complex. The categories can be thought of as degrees of difficulties. That is, the first one must be mastered before the next one can take place.
• 7.
  AFFECTIVE ATTITUDE The AffectiveDomain includes five areas of emotional response, categorized as simple to complex ways of processing feelings and attitude. Bloom arranged them this way: • Receiving (passively paying attention) • Responding (actively learning and reacting) • Valuing (attaching worth to information) • Organizing (arranging and elaborating on information) • Characterizing (valuing belief that influences behavior)
• 8.
  AFFECTIVE DOMAIN The affectivedomain (Krathwohl, Bloom, Masia, 1973) includes the manner in which we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes. The five major categories are listed from the simplest behavior to the most complex.
• 10.
  PSYCHOMOTOR SKILLS The PsychomotorDomain, which focuses on physical skills, was identified, but not defined, by Dr. Bloom. His original ideas were expanded by 1970s educators, including Dr. Elizabeth Simpson, who developed them in this simple-to-complex order: • Perception (sensory guiding of motor activity) • Set (feeling ready to act) • Guided Response (beginning to learn complex skills) • Mechanism (developing basic proficiency) • Complex Overt Response (performing with advanced skill) • Adaptation (modifying movement to meet special circumstances) • Origination (creating situation-specific movements)
• 11.
  PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN The psychomotordomain (Simpson, 1972) includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor- skill areas. Development of these skills requires practice and is measured in terms of speed, precision, distance, procedures, or techniques in execution. The seven major categories are listed from the simplest behavior to the most complex: