Phonological CA
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The document provides an overview of phonetics and phonology, emphasizing the distinction between the two fields: phonetics studies the physical properties and perception of speech sounds, while phonology focuses on sound systems and their organization within languages. It details the subfields of articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics, along with the processes involved in conducting contrastive analysis between languages. Specific examples, like the phonemic inventories of Persian and English, and variations in allophones illustrate the complexities of pronunciation and sound distribution in different languages.
![Stating the allophones of each phoneme (a)
For two equated phonemes, one of L1 and one of L2, allophonic variants occur for
one but not the other.
Comparing the laterals /l/ of German and English we discover that German lateral is
always realized by a “clear” [l] while in English there are two allophones in
complementary distribution.
In English: [liԓks] for Links and [fƱɫ] for full
But in German: [liԓks] for links and [fᴈl] for full](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/phonologicalca-141125092745-conversion-gate01/85/Phonological-CA-15-320.jpg)
Phonological CA
- 1. Phonological CA By: Adel Rahimi
- 2. Contrastive Phonetics and Phonology Phonetics vs. phonology: Phonetics studies the nature of speech sounds: • their production by the vocal tract (articulatory phonetics) • their perception by the auditory system (auditory phonetics) • their physical properties as sound waves (acoustic phonetics) Phonology studies the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns: • the relationship between how sounds are pronounced and how they are stored in the mind • which phonetic distinctions are significant enough to signal differences in meaning • the ways sounds are organized within words
- 3. Contrastive Phonetics and Phonology Three main concentrations: i. Movement of the speech organs (Articulatory Phonetics) ii. Vibration of the sound in speech organs (Acoustic phonetics) iii. The process of Hearing (Auditory Phonetics)
- 5. Articulatory Phonetics Comparing the articulatory grid employed in the IPA; in this articulatory framework the similar sounds of L1 and L2 are being compared. The feasibility of this task is guaranteed by the the fact that the world’s languages do tend to employ sounds produced by a limited number of combinations of articulatory features.
- 6. Articulatory Phonetics Generally, articulatory phonetics is concerned with the transformation of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy. Aerodynamic energy refers to the airflow through the vocal tract. Its potential form is air pressure; its kinetic form is the actual dynamic airflow. Acoustic energy is variation in the air pressure that can be represented as sound waves, which are then perceived by the human auditory system as sound
- 7. Acoustic Phonetics Human voice spectrogram
- 8. Acoustic Phonetics Acoustic phonetics is a subfield of phonetics which deals with acoustic aspects of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics investigates properties like the mean squared amplitude of a waveform, its duration, its fundamental frequency, or other properties of its frequency spectrum, and the relationship of these properties to other branches of phonetics (e.g. articulatory or auditory phonetics), and to abstract linguistic concepts like phones, phrases, or utterances.
- 10. Auditory Phonetics the branch of phonetics dealing with the physiological processes involved in the reception of speech.
- 11. Executing CA in sound systems of two languages 1. Drawing up a phonemic inventory of L1 and L2 2. Equating the phonemes interlingually 3. Listing the phonemic variants for L1 and L2 4. Stating the distributional restrictions on the phonemes and allophones of each language
- 12. Inventorise the phonemes of L1 and L2 This step consists of equating phonological categories across the two languages. Note that for most languages phonemic inventory will already have been made available by a phonologist • IPA symbols are usually used for representing sounds • There are diactrics available to indicate any extra features e.g. Nasality (~) and Length (:)
- 13. Inventorise the phonemes of L1 and L2 The six vowels and two diphthongs of Persian language
- 14. Inventorise the phonemes of L1 and L2 English vowels Persian vowels
- 15. Stating the allophones of each phoneme (a) For two equated phonemes, one of L1 and one of L2, allophonic variants occur for one but not the other. Comparing the laterals /l/ of German and English we discover that German lateral is always realized by a “clear” [l] while in English there are two allophones in complementary distribution. In English: [liԓks] for Links and [fƱɫ] for full But in German: [liԓks] for links and [fᴈl] for full
- 16. Stating the allophones of each phoneme (b) What is an allophone of L1 is a phoneme in L. Clear /l/ in English and equated with palatal /ļ/ of Russian. The former has allophonic status, the latter phonemic status.
- 17. Stating the allophones of each phoneme (c) This category of contrast applies to pair of L1 and L2 sounds that stand in a one-to-one relationship, not the one-to-many characteristics of category, here the two equated segments have different absolute statuses in their respective phonological systems.
- 18. State the distributional restrictions of allophones and phonemes of L1 and L2 What is called for now is a detailed and fully explicit account of the environment in which allophones occur. Both English and Spanish have /ԓ/ and /n/ sound. The environment determining occurrence of /ԓ/ are different.
- 19. Phonological Models There is two-way choice for phonological models: Taxonomic phonology Aims in the setting out phoneme systems, combinatorial possibilities of phonemes and non-distinctive variations of these units in different languages Generative phonology Derived from deep-structure phonology by means of transformation and is a component of generative grammar that assigns the correct phonetic representations to utterances in such a way as to reflect a native speaker’s internalized grammar
- 20. Further Reading • http://www.multicsd.org/?q=node/153 • http://www- 01.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsGenerativePhonology.htm • http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/auditory.html