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PLANNING IN MANAGEMENT,DEFINITION CHARACTERISTICS, IMPORTANCE AND LIMITATIONS
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- 2. Introduction • Planning isessential in every walk of life • Planning is the first and foremost function of management • The planner can develop his efficiency by preparing himself to face the future developments
- 3. Objectives • At theend of the chapter you will be able to understand – The characteristics, objectives and nature of planning – Importance and advantage of planning – Understand steps, methods and limitations of planning – Essentials of good planning and the obstacles involved
- 4. Meaning • Planning isas intellectual process of thinking resorted to decide a course of action which helps to achieve the pre-determined objectives of the organization in future
- 5. Definitions • According to –Koontz and O'Donnell: Planning is deciding in advance what to do, when and how to do and who is going to do it – Terry: Planning is the selecting and relating the facts – Allen: A plan is a trap laid to capture the future
- 6. Definitions • According to –Kast and Rosenzweig: A plan is determined course of action – J.P. Barger: Planning is an ability to visualize a future process and its results
- 7. Definitions • According to –Cyril L. Hudson: To plan is to produce a scheme for future action; to bring about specified results, at specified cost, in specified period of time
- 8. Definitions • According to –Hamilton Church: Planning is the exercise of foresight – Hart: Planning is the determination of the a line of action in advance by which certain results are to be achieved – Alford and Beatty: Planning is the thinking process, the organized foresight, the vision based on fact and experience that is required for intelligent action
- 9. Characteristics of Planning • Planningis looking into future • Planning discovers the best alternative out of available many alternatives • Continuous process • Done for specific period • Required at all levels of management • Directs the members of
- 10. Objectives of Planning •Reduces Uncertainty – Planning may convert the uncertainty into certainty • Bring co-operation and co-operation – Planning can bring co-operation and co- ordination among various sections of organizations • Economy in operation – Planning selects best alternatives
- 11. Objectives of Planning •Anticipates unpredictability contingencies – The planning provides a provision to meet contingencies and tackle them successfully • Achieving the pre determined goals – Planning activities are aimed at achieving the objectives of the enterprise
- 12. The Nature ofPlanning • Planning: looking ahead to chart the best courses of future action. • Strategic planning: Long range planning to set organizational goals, objectives, and policies to determine strategies, tactics, and programs for achieving them. – Top management makes strategic plans. – Middle Management makes annual plans (to implement the above).
- 13. Nature of Planning •Primary of planning – Planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling are the main functions of the management. But planning can be termed as the primary function among those • Planning contribute to objectives – Planning is based on objectives. It contributes to the attainment of objectives
- 14. Nature of Planning •Planning an intellectual activity – Planning includes the selection of the best alternative available and thinking before selection of the best alternative • Planning results in higher efficiency – Planning leads to maximum output with minimum expenditure • Planning is a continuous process – Planning is necessary throughout the running of the business concern as a
- 15. Nature of Planning •Planning is flexible – Planning selects the best alternative based on certain assumptions • Unity and consistency – Managerial actions of different managers are unified in order to achieve the objective • Planning is common to all – Planning work is done by every person who is working in a business
- 16. Nature of Planning •Basis for all managerial function – Top management – strategic planning – Middle management – administrative planning – Lower level management – operational planning • Getting co-ordination – Nothing can be co-ordinated without planning • Considering limiting factor – Every plan is formulated after
- 17. Forecasting • Forecasting: Predicting future needson the basis of historical data, present conditions, and assured future. • Forecasting controls staffing, purchasing, and production decisions.
- 18. Forecasting • Planning andforecasting are two different processes • Forecasting is nothing but the guessing of the future course of events correctly • According to Louis A. Allen, forecasting is a systematic attempt
- 19. Forecasting : The RiskFactor • You reduce risk when you collect relevant data and apply it to your forecast. • In some foodservices the degree of certainty about tomorrow is high. • Contingency Plan: Reduce risk by having a alternate plan in reserve. • Keeping records can reduce the risks for repetitive situations.
- 20. Importance of Planning •Planning is an important and basic function of management • Orderly procedure is possible through planning • According to George Terry, planning is basic to the other fundamental management functions
- 21. Importance of Planning •Defective planning and inadequate planning leads to failure of the organization • Without plans, action must become merely random activity producing nothing but chaos • It is very difficult to continue the business under uncertain and ever
- 22. Important Reasons for PlanningFunction • To manage by objectives – Planning makes the organization focus on the objectives for early achievement • Convert uncertainty into certainty – The planning provides necessary provisions to face the uncertainties predicted by forecasting • Economy in operation – Planning selects any one of the available
- 23. Important Reasons for PlanningFunction • Help in co-ordination – Co-ordination is obtained by the management through planning, published policies, programs and procedures • Tackling increasing complexities of business – Many people with different qualifications are needed to run the business • Effective control
- 24. Important Reasons for PlanningFunction • Effective utilization of resources – Planning involves deciding in advance of the business activities • Avoiding business failure – Planning includes the selection of the best objectives, economy in operation, co- ordination and avoiding the business failure
- 25. Advantages of Planning • Betterutilization of resources – Planning decides what to produce and how to produce • Helps in achieving the objectives – Planning sets goals for the organization which gives effective direction to the control of employees of the organization • Economy in operation – Unnecessary production, ineffective utilization and unnecessary activities are eliminated through planning
- 26. Advantages of Planning • Minimizesfuture uncertainties – Planning foresees the changes and uncertainties taking shape in future and devices methods to face them • Improves competitive strength – Competitive strength is improved by adding new line of products changes in quality. • Effective control – Control is only when there is a well-
- 27. Advantages of Planning • Motivation –A well-prepared plan encourages the employees of an organization and gives them sense of effective participation • Co-operation – Planning helps the management pull the individual to achieve common objectives or goals • Promote growth and improvement – Planning sets a standard to control
- 28. Advantages of Planning • Developsrationality among management executives – Disciplined thinking of management executives in geared up through formal planning • Prevents hasty judgment – It is possible to plan in advance as to what will be done and know how it will be done • Reduces red-tapism
- 29. Advantages of Planning • Encouragesinnovative thought – A good plan should provide a basis for new thinking in any individual • Improves ability to cope with change – Planning helps managers improve their ability to cope with changes but it can not prevent the changes from happening • Creates forward looking attitude in management – Planning helps a manager to become
- 30. Advantages of Planning • Developmentof efficient methods – Planning helps the management develop efficient methods and procedure of actions • Delegation of authority facilitation – A well-prepared plan will always facilitate the delegation of authority • Anticipation of crisis – With careful planning , the management can reduce the internal organizational
- 31. • Plan whatis to be done • Organize how it is to be done including staffing and coordinating • Direct the work that is to be done • Control or evaluate what has been The Management Process
- 32. • Define thepurpose or problem and set objectives • Collect and evaluate data relevant to forecasting the future (focus on the present) • Develop alternative courses of action • Decide on the best course of action • Carry out the plan The Planning Process
- 33. Steps in Planning Process •Analysis of external environment – It is necessary to consider the external environment of an organization which includes socio-economic conditions and political conditions prevailing in the country • Analysis of internal environment – It can be called as Resource audit, which means analysis of the strength and weaknesses of an organization
- 34. Steps in Planning Process •Determination of objectives – The objectives of an organization are pre-planned which specify the result expected • Determining planning premises and constraints – Planning is forward looking and based on forecasting which can be done in following ways: • The expectations of volume of sales • What kind of products are to be sold and in
- 35. Steps in Planning Process •Examination of alternative courses of action – Management should find the alternative ways and examine them in the light of planning premises • Weighing alternative course of action – There is need for weighing all the alternatives to determine the best alternative since all the alternatives are not suitable for an organization
- 36. Steps in Planning Process •Selection of the best alternative course of action – The selection of the best alternative id based on the weighing of various alternatives. • Establishing the sequence of activities – The determined course of action is adopted for each section or department, product, for a quarter, month, week etc. • Formulation of action programmes – The term action programmes includes
- 37. Steps in Planning Process •Determining secondary plans – The preparation of a secondary plan is necessary to expedite the achievement of the basic plan • Securing participation of employees – The successful execution of any plan depends upon the extent of participation of employees • Follow-up and evaluation – The shortcomings of planning can be identified through a follow-up action
- 38. Methods of Planning •According to the usage and nature of planning, the methods of planning are divided in 3 categories – Objective Plans – Standing Plans – Master Plans • Objective plans – Objectives are treated as basic plans. – Basic plans are necessary for all types of planning operation
- 39. Methods of Planning •Standing plans – These include policies and procedures – Are liable to repetitive actions – Provide a ready guideline for solving recurring problems – Standing plans limit the freedom of the manager for ensuring integrated and co- operative actions
- 40. Methods of Planning •Master plans – Covers the complete course of action along with consideration of time and strategy – If plans are prepared function-wise, may be concerned with production, sales, purchase, and similar activities
- 41. Limitations of Planning •Inflexibility – Inflexibility arises an account of the philosophy of management • Limitation of forecasts – If there is any defect in forecasts, the planning will lose its value since it is fully based on forecasts • Unsuitability – There is need for modernization of alteration of framed objectives and policies in the light of new opportunities
- 42. Limitations of Planning •Time consuming – To prepare a plan, the management has to collect various information and hold discussions with others hence planning is time consuming process • Costly – Procedures in the planning work can not be completed without incurring any expenses • Mental ability – Planning is a mental exercise. The most
- 43. Limitations of Planning •False sense of security – The course of action in planning is limited and planning become precise • Delay during emergency period – Planning does not give nay benefits to an organization during the emergency period • Capital investment – If the sizable amounts are invested in fixed assets, the ability to change future course of action will be limited and
- 44. Limitations of Planning •Political climate – Government can change its attitudes according to the changes of the political climate • Trade union – The freedom of planning is restricted through the organization of trade union at national level • Technological changes – The management has to face the number of problems where there is a
- 45. Obstacles in Planning Planningmay face certain difficulties in the planning which are summarized below: • Unreliability of forecasts • Recurring of same type of problems • Expensive • Loss of initiative
- 46. Summary • Planning thefirst and foremost function of management • Some of the characteristics of planning are looking into the future, involves predetermined line actions • Planning contributes to objectives • Planning is an intellectual activity
- 47. Summary • Planning giveeconomy in operation, motivation • Some of the steps of planning include analysis external and internal environment • Planning is sometimes inflexible, unsuitable
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